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Acknowledgments
We seem to be specializing in knock-down-drag-out clashes between men of titanic gifts. Our previous books focused on a ten-minute argument in 1946 between Ludwig Wittgenstein and Karl Popper, and a two-month battle for the world chess crown in 1972 between Bobby Fischer of the United States and Boris Spassky of the Soviet Union. This time, we have become involved in a violent eighteen-month relationship in the eighteenth century between two of history’s most influential philosophers.
In our earlier works there were dozens of witnesses to the central action, many of whom we were able to interview. Here, our wholly deceased cast live on, but only through their books and essays, and their vivid letters, journals, and memoirs. Our debts to the quick are therefore less numerous: nonetheless, they are equally heartfelt.
We have to start with Dr. Nigel Warburton, to whom we are profoundly grateful. Nigel had penned a fascinating article on the Ramsay portraits of Rousseau and Hume, and when we approached him about this he mentioned that he intended to write a book on Rousseau in England. Hearing of our similar intention, he decided not to write his book but instead to hand over all his notes. Later, he explained that this act of extraordinary generosity was motivated in part by an author who had been equally generous in donating all his research for a book Nigel has written on the architect Erno Goldfinger.
We like to walk the ground. Wittgenstein’s Poker took us to Cambridge and Vienna, Bobby Fischer Goes to War, to Reykjavik and Moscow. This time we retrod Rousseau’s footsteps, in Switzerland along Lake Neuchâtel (in Môtiers, Rousseau’s expulsion was explained by his predatory lusting after the young women of the village), and in England from London west to Chiswick, north to Staffordshire, and east to Lincolnshire. A tour of Strawberry Hill illuminated Horace Walpole through his passion for black rooms lit by a single candle. In Wootton, the Hon. Johnny Greenall, who has built a neo-Georgian mansion on the site of Wootton Hall, kindly allowed us to wander around the grounds, where we could pause in the remains of “Rousseau’s grotto.” Several miles away, William Podmore, who as a boy had gone with his father to the original Wootton Hall, when it was demolished in 1931, to take possession of the great staircase and the grotto, showed us both purchases—lovingly reconstructed. On David’s first trip around Staffordshire, accompanied by the philosopher and writer Jonathan Rée, they were shepherded by Wootton-based artists Simon and Jo Munby through the area’s maze of fields and narrow country lanes. In Chiswick, local historians James Wisdom and Val Bott shared their passion for the area with the present authors over lunch in their Chiswick home. Their tour of Chiswick was so vivid that the eighteenth-century village rose up before our eyes, while the busy roundabout on the A40 magically vanished. Carolyn Hammond, at Chiswick Library, prepared the microfiches and rate-books for our perusal and then in her spare time tracked down some fascinating documentation on Rousseau’s Chiswick landlord.
John would like to acknowledge two engrossing and scholarly lectures in the Wallace Collection series Fleshly Olympus: Libertine and Liberty: Literature in the Age of Reason by Professor David Coward, and Drawing Room to Picture Frame: Women and Celebrity in the Eighteenth Century by Stella Tillyard.
David would like to thank the staff in the British Library, who make this as pleasant a salt mine as an author could hope for. John would like to salute the London Library:
an essential resource in the helpfulness of its staff, the browsing permitted by its open shelves, the breadth of its collection, and the freedom to take out its books, even original volumes of eighteenth-century journals.
We are indebted to our hawk-eyed readers and experts who read all or parts of the manuscript, and identified errors of fact or interpretation. They are Hannah Edmonds, David Franklin, Peter Mangold, Derek Matravers, Christopher Dickson, Jonathan Rée, Zina Rohan, Neville Shack, Christopher Tugendhat, Nigel Warburton, Andrew Yorke. A few of these readers are now our text-checking veterans, having performed a similarly unremunerated service for the previous books. Simon Gray put aside work on his drama for a comprehensive reading of ours, its meaning and moral. Marilyn Butler discussed with us Rousseau’s literary legacy.
Our story not only spanned the English Channel, it involved a culture that assumed a knowledge of Latin and its classic works. Several linguists helped with or checked translations in French and Latin and explicated the references in each language: Sara Beck, Hannah Edmonds, Elisabeth Eidinow, Esther Eidinow, Sam Eidinow, Isabel Raphael. In Paris, Catherine and Gérard Hubert zestfully followed up our research requests, as did Christopher Dickson in Switzerland. From Geneva, Alfred Dufour put his deep knowledge of that city’s history at our disposal.
The book would not have been possible without the superb professional skills and support of our agent and publishers: at David Higham, Jacqueline Kom, Georgina Ruffhead and Ania Corless; at Faber Julian Loose, and Henry Volans; at Ecco, Julia Serebrinsky, Lee Boudreaux, Gheña Glijansky, Marty Karlow, and Jane Beirn.
Index
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A
Académie de Dijon (Dijon Academy), 10–13
Adam, Robert, 259
Albon, Comtesse d’, 291
Alembert, Jean-Baptiste Le Rond d’, 34, 71, 74, 80, 89, 152, 153, 287, 295
de L’Espinasse’s relationship with, 71, 287, 289, 291
DH-JJR conflict and, 185, 199–200, 203, 206–7, 209, 213, 268
DH’s correspondence with, 183, 185, 199–200, 200, 203, 204
JJR’s clash with, 29–30
King of Prussia letter and, 161, 165, 172, 200, 206–7
at salons, 73, 75, 289
American Revolution, 258, 299, 303
amour de soi, 138–39
amour propre, 138–39, 266
animals, humans compared with, 137–38, 139
Animula (Eliot), 5
Annan dale, Marquess of, 17, 113
Aristotle, 271
Arty, Mme de, 288
atheists, 74, 144, 145, 288, 291
Augusta, Dowager Princess, 296
Augustine, Saint, 229, 230
Ayer, Sir Freddie, 264
B
Bagehot, Walter, 55
Baldwin, Henry, 165
Bally, Henri, 291
Barbantane, Marquise de, 79, 152
DH’s correspondence with, 112, 121, 122, 126, 131, 162, 163, 204
Beaumont, Christophe de, 47
bel esprit, 77, 79
Berlin, 83, 251
Bernard (Rousseau’s cousin), 6, 7, 238
Bernardine monks, 71
Berne, canton of, 50–51, 87
Blacklock, Thomas, 20
Blair, Rev. Hugh, 20, 295
DH’s correspondence with, 63, 67, 74, 86, 122, 132–33, 145, 148, 149, 151–52, 176–77, 184–85, 191, 241, 295
book burning, 34, 36, 38, 290
booksellers, 34, 84
in London, 22, 94, 104, 171
Boothby, Sir Brooke, 165, 226, 227, 237, 253, 298
Boston, 234, 242, 245
Boswell, James, 100, 112, 168, 189, 214, 258, 260, 295–96, 302
Le Vasseur’s relationship with, 46–47, 107, 109, 112, 117–19
in Môtiers, 45–47, 271
botany, 226, 302
JJR’s interest in, 50, 115–16, 156, 222, 223, 226, 247, 252, 255, 272, 294, 302
Boufflers, Duc de, 292
Boufflers, Mme de (Comtesse de Boufflers-Rouverel), 36, 42, 65, 75–80, 87–88, 90, 230, 235, 248, 287–88
Confessions and, 254
as Conti’s mistress, 75, 76, 79, 200, 287, 288–89
DH-JJR link and, 35, 40–41, 75, 266, 288
DH’s correspondence with, 40–41, 76–79, 91, 105, 121, 125–26, 127, 130–31, 132, 152, 160, 161, 163–64, 165, 177, 177–78, 184, 193, 198, 200–201, 213, 215–19, 241, 248, 256, 257, 259, 267, 270, 288
DH’s relationship with, 75–76, 76–80, 199, 270, 288
JJR’s correspondence with, 38, 118, 160, 171, 213, 216–17, 228, 259
JJR’s finances and, 127, 130–31, 199, 201, 267
King of Prussia letter and, 132, 159–65, 206
marriage of, 75, 287
“Rule of Life” of, 76, 183, 268
Boufflers-Rouverel, édouard, Comte de, 75, 79, 287
Brady, Frank, 118
Brand, Sir Thomas, 58, 162
British Museum, 207
Brunswick, Prince of, 96
Buccleuch, Duke of, 185, 298
Buckingham, George Villiers, Duke of, 103
Bunbury, Lady Sarah, 106–7, 299
Bunbury, Sir Charles, 53, 60, 62, 299
Burke, Edmund, 22, 224, 260, 261–62, 303
Burney, Charles, 218
Burton, John Hill, 115–16
Bute, John Stuart, Earl of, 20, 23, 25, 57, 61, 63, 115, 296, 297, 301
Byng, Admiral, 56
Byron, George Gordon, Lord, 262
C
Calais, 91, 160, 173, 250
Calvin, John, 7
Calvinism, 7, 12, 29, 49
Calwich Abbey, 224–26, 300, 301
Camden, Lord, 241
Canada, 17, 56
Catherine the Great, 290
Catholicism, Roman, 5, 67, 144, 145, 295
cats, dogs vs., 271
cause and effect, 135, 260–61
censorship:
in France, 9, 34, 48, 74, 290
in Geneva, 47, 48
in Scotland, 20
Cerjat, Jean-François-Maximilian, 238, 242
Charlemont, Lord, 18, 68, 130
Charles I, King of England, 21, 22, 23
Charles II, King of England, 54
Charles X, King of France, 66
Charlotte Sophia, Queen of Great Britain and Ireland, 98, 100–101, 204, 224, 297, 300
Chenonceaux, Mme de, 173
Cheshire, 227, 235, 238–40
children, 229
JJR’s abandonment of own, 11, 12, 49, 230
upbringing of, 2, 32, 33—34, 94, 140
Chiswick, 106, 111–16, 118, 119, 151, 156, 239, 296, 302
Choiseul, étienne-François, Comte de Stainville, Duc de, 57, 60, 89, 288
Chute, John, 159
cicisbeo, 79
cities:
DH’s views on, 143–44
JJR’s views on, 11, 27, 42, 102, 105, 112, 113, 143, 222
civilization:
corrupting influence of, 10
DH on benefits of, 143
Clairaut, Alexis-Claude, 81–83
Clarissa (Richardson), 59
Coindet, François, 204, 271
Coke, Lady Mary, 90
Cole, Rev. Mr., 160–61
Colombiers, 42
Comedian, The (Fielding), 94
Concise Account (Hume), 193, 208, 212, 218, 270
Confessions (Augustine), 229
Confessions (Rousseau), 2, 5, 7, 11, 31, 37, 49, 127, 261, 262
controversy in, 34–35
DH’s concerns about, 191, 218
friendship in, 270–71
happiness in, 140–41
Le Vasseur in, 107–11
Mme de Boufflers in, 35, 76
, 251
Mme de Verdelin in, 82, 251
Môtiers attack in, 50
nature in, 143
Paris in, 11
publication of, 241, 246, 288
readings from, 253–54
secret jealousies in, 28–29
virtue in, 29
writing of, 220, 228–32
Considerations on the Government of Poland (Rousseau), 253
Conti, Louis-François de Bourbon, Prince de, 35–36, 89, 216, 249, 252, 288–89
King of Prussia letter and, 159, 160
Mme de Boufflers and, 75, 76, 79, 200, 287, 289
Temple residence of, 75, 81, 86, 256, 287
Conway, Francis Seymour, see Hertford, Francis Seymour Conway, Earl of
Conway, Henry Seymour, 52, 54–55, 60–63, 96, 127–29, 187, 198, 219, 244, 299, 301
DH-JJR conflict and, 187, 188, 198, 201, 270
JJR’s correspondence with, 245
JJR’s dinner invitation from, 149, 151
JJR’s royal pension and, 128–29, 176–78, 188, 195, 201, 202, 219, 236–37
King of Prussia letter and, 158–59
in Rockingham administration, 62–63, 127–28, 303
Conway, Mrs. Henry Seymour, 149, 178
Correspondance littéraire, 28, 73, 87, 290
cosmopolitanism, 8, 143
Council of Bern, 38
Cowper, John, 227
Cranston, Maurice, 107
Craufurd, John (“Fish”), 162, 163, 164, 296
Critical and Historical Essays (Macaulay), 52
Critical Review, 21
Critique of Pure Reason (Kant), 260
Cunning Man, The (Rousseau), 218–19
Curchod, Suzanne, see Necker, Suzanne
D
Darwin, Erasmus, 223
Davenport, Davies, 226, 253, 300
Davenport, Phoebe, 226, 240, 251, 252, 300
Davenport, Richard, 122–23, 148, 149, 191, 195, 235–41, 253, 299–300
DH’s correspondence with, 177, 182, 187, 192, 241, 243, 244, 247
DH’s description of, 122, 299
on JJR, 233
JJR’s correspondence with, 157, 169–70, 183, 222, 235–36, 238, 239–40, 243–44, 245–46, 249, 251–52
JJR’s relationship with, 194, 226, 233, 237, 252