adverbials
and commas 244–9
and hyphens 268–9
advertisements 170–71
Ælfric 11–12, 25, 140
aerated script 9
aesthetic factors 91–2, 138, 309, 325
air quotes 313
Alcuin 24
Alford, Henry 72–3, 80, 177, 343
Alfred, King 1, 17
Alfred Jewel 1–2
Ambrose, St 7
American vs British English 134, 165, 207, 226, 262, 269, 295, 302, 307, 309, 311, 335–6
anaphora 231
Anderson, James Byron 214
angle brackets 303, 334
anonymity 154
Anthony, Piers 339
aposiopesis 154
apostrophe 275–94, 318
early uses 51, 82, 277–81
first recorded use 37
greengrocers 283–4, 342
hunt 275–6, 290
in business 285–8
marking elision 277–9
marking plural 279, 283
marking possession 279–82, 285
not related to his 278
omission 93–4
spacing 80
vs quotation marks 309–10
Apostrophe Protection Society xiii, 276, 290
Aristotle 5
asterisk 82–3, 118
Internet use 332
triple 118
vs dash 332
asterism 118
Augustine, St 7, 12–14, 89, 329
Austen, Jane 97–102, 144, 154
B
backslash 333–4
Baird, Martha 359
Barfoot, Cedric 286
Baron, Naomi 173–4
Bazin, Hervé 339
Beale, John 52
Beckett, Samuel 140
Bede 17, 19
Benbow, John 261
Benedict, St 23–4
bibliographies 224, 258
Bierce, Andrew 339
Billings, Josh 340
Blake, Norman 33
Block, Giles 40
block quotation 315
Bodley, Thomas 53
bold type 132, 319–20, 326
Book of Common Prayer, The 115–16, 278
Boot, Jesse 287
Borge, Victor 360
brace 82, 302–3
bracket
first use 37
nesting 297
round 295–306
square 82, 297–8, 302
types 302–3
Bradley, Henry 101
breve 82
British English usage see American vs British English
Brontë, Charlotte 69
Brook, Peter 40
Brown, Goold 176, 283
Browne, John 194
Bulawayo, NoViolet 94, 96, 315
bullets 129–30, 148
Bullokar, William 50
Burton, Virginia Lee 128–9
Butcher, Judith 254
Byron, Lord 69
C
Caesar, Julius 229, 232
camel case 8, 331
capitalization 131–2, 195, 225, 318–20, 334
capitulum 27
caret 82, 335
Caretaker, The 159–60
Carey, G V 255, 347
Cawdrey, Robert 54
Caxton, William 32–6, 67
Chapman, R W 101–2
Charlemagne 24
chevrons 303
child point of view 357–9
choice 87–8, 108–9, 141–3, 354–5
Christie, Agatha 161, 166
Churchill, Winston 232
Cicero 5, 20
circumflex 82
Cobbett, William 144–5, 227, 236, 276–7, 344, 346
colash 219
Coleridge, Samuel Taylor 67
colon 216–26
double 223, 339
early uses 46, 51, 100
first recorded use 37
followed by capital 225
frequency 228
in headings 113–14, 133
one per sentence 222
vs comma 226, 233
vs hyphen 101–2
vs period 220–23
vs semicolon 58–9, 207, 218, 220–22
with dash 219
Colter, Mary 275
comma 227–58
disputed 76–7
early uses 46, 51
ending a sentence 312
first recorded use 37
frequency 228
given priority 84
length factors 236–9, 244–9
omission 234–5
overused 72
Oxford/serial 60–61, 250–58
separating decimals 136, 258
vs colon 226, 233
vs dash 148–9, 235
vs parentheses 298–300
vs period 233
vs semicolon 203–6, 230–33
with adverbials 244–9
command (in grammar) 142, 182, 190
commash 219
compositors 75–6, 79–80
compounds and hyphens 261–71
Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language, A 134, 228
concrete poetry 200
consistency 138, 356–7
continuation dots 158
copy-editors/correctors 71, 263, 328
correlatives 148, 258, 295–316
Cotgrave, Randle 176
Crair, Ben 172–3
crotchet 82, 302
Crystal, Hilary 116–18
Cummings, E E 95, 305–6, 347, 355, 360
Cunningham, William 278
D
dagger 335
Dahl, Roald 355
dash 37, 94, 144–56, 178, 206–7
frequency 228
in Jane Austen 100
long 151
swung 147–8
vs asterisk 332
vs comma 148–9, 235, 245
vs hyphen 145–7
vs parentheses 148–50, 298–9
vs quotation marks 151, 315
with colon 219
Davies, Evan R 103
Davison, Peter 209
Davy, Humphry 67–8
Day, John 278
Deck, Jeff 294–5
Defoe, Daniel 102–3
Denham, Henry 194
de Quincey, Thomas 59
detective stories 161
Dexter, Timothy 340–41
diastole 21, 22
Dickens, Charles 59, 139, 202, 204–6
Dickinson, Emily 106, 144
dictionaries 54, 128, 148, 270, 301
dieresis 45, 82
diglossia/digraphia 329
dingbats 118, 130
dinkus 118
diple 15, 115, 308
direct speech 224–5, 307–16, 324
domain names see Internet Donne, John 202
dot 136, 331
Downing, John 357
drop capital 131
Dryden, John 68
E
Eats, Shoots and Leaves ix, xiii, 13, 47, 89, 329, 342
eccentricity 340–41
editorial emendations 100–101
electronic communication 161–2, 171–5, 291–2, 303–4, 326, 327–39
Eliot, T S 169, 323
ellipsis dots 82, 157–66, 206, 245, 331
extended 162–3
spacing 163–5
elocution 61–4
email 127, 212, 291–2, 327, 334
em dash 80, 145, 153
emoji 338
emoticon 174–5, 212, 223, 336–8
en dash 145, 270
Eusebius 17
exclamation (in grammar) 142
exclamation mark/point 176–86, 350
adapted 339
early uses 26, 43, 51
frequency 228
gender differences 179
in Internet 179–81, 331
in names 184–5
i
nverted 187
overused 72–3, 177, 182
vs question mark 186, 193–4
Expert Orthographist, The 89
F
Ferlinghetti, Lawrence 169
Ferreiro, Emilia 357
Finch, Peter 200
finger quotes 313
First Folio 39–43, 153, 194, 216–17, 261, 279, 299–300, 308, 324
Fitzgerald, F Scott 177, 184
fleuron 118
floating hyphen 270
fonts 119, 132, 135, 197, 319
Ford, Richard 199
forward slash 333–4
Fowler, Henry Watson 104, 182–3, 219, 235, 252–3, 256, 260, 262, 266–7, 283
Franks, Augustus 2
Franks casket 2–3
full-block style 126–7
full stop see period
G
Gaertner-Johnston, Lynn 126–7
genre see stylistic varieties
glossaries 10, 18
Good Child’s Book of Stops, The 86
Gowers, Ernest 182, 253, 255, 258, 261, 283
Gowers, Rebecca 253
grammar 27, 50, 55, 80–84, 108–9, 140–42, 157, 189, 224–5, 230, 241, 268, 330, 352
parallelism 206, 225, 232, 253
grammatical/semantic vs phonetic/elocutional/rhetorical approaches 28, 39, 55, 61–4, 84–5, 191, 217–18, 236, 346
graphic design 111–12, 318–26
graphology 351
Gray, Thomas 68–9
greengrocers see apostrophe
Gregory, St 17
Gutenberg, Johannes 32
H
Hale, Constance 328–9
Hall, Nigel 358
hand mark 82, 335
handwriting 100, 128, 130–31, 144, 161, 197, 319, 326
Hanff, Helene 185
hanging hyphen 270
hanging indention 128–9
Harrod, Charles Henry 285–6
Hart, Horace 79–81, 251, 262, 268, 309, 311, 315, 321, 324
Hart, John 38, 43, 260
hash 335–6
hashtag 335
Hazlitt, William 208
heavy vs light punctuation 52, 61, 64–6, 81, 101, 103, 112–13, 135, 165, 177, 207, 244, 252, 308–9
hedera 15, 115, 118
Herrick, Robert 194
Herson, Benjamin D 294–5
hierarchy 84, 104–5, 107–10, 345–6, 354–5
Historical Thesaurus 119–20, 128
Hughes, Ted 139–40
hyphen 260–72, 318
early uses 46, 82
first recorded use 37
floating/hanging 270
in Jane Austen 101
in names 271–2
vs comma 101–2
vs dash 145–7
vs period 137
vs space 3, 262–70, 331
with inflections 271
I
IATEFL 174, 179
identity
shown by apostrophes 288–9
shown by hyphens 271–2
incompleteness 157–66
indentation/indention 80, 119, 126–33
child usage 128–9
hanging/reverse 128–9
old styles 131
indexes 128, 224, 301
index mark 82, 258, 335
inscriptions 9
Internet 327–39
angle brackets 303, 334
apostrophes 290–92
asterisks 332
domain names 6, 8, 136, 223, 270–71, 291, 331, 334
ellipsis dots 162–3, 166
exclamation marks 179–81
hyphenation 262
italics 326
paragraphing 127
period omission 138, 142, 171–2
semicolons 207
URLs 198
website designers 319–20
see also emoticon
interpunct 19, 134
interrobang 42, 186
interrogation see question
interruptions 153–4
intonation see tone of voice
inverted commas see quotation marks
inverted marks 187
irony marks 339
italics 132, 197, 318–26
in loanwords 324
in titles 322–3
with punctuation 325–6
ivy-leaf 15, 115
J
Jay-Z 271
Johnson, Samuel, Dr 64, 176, 266
Jones, Cynan 94
Jonson, Ben 50–52, 57, 62, 67–8, 134, 202, 278–9
Jonsonians vs Wordsworthians 67–9
Joyce, James 93–4, 104, 169, 189, 315, 347, 355, 360
K
Keats, John 68
keyboards 147, 179, 264, 309, 320, 327
Kimmelman, Ken 359
L
language policy 356–7
LARR test 357–8
layout 111–24, 318
Ledgard, F W 108
Leigh, Percival 90, 176, 352, 360
Leinstein Madame 86
length of constructions 236–9, 265, 315
letter-writing 131, 178–9, 226, 327
Lewis, Mark 55
ligatures 12, 21
light punctuation see heavy vs light punctuation
Lily, William 50
Lindisfarne Gospels 13
Ling, Rich 173–4
lists 129–30, 148, 195, 270, 301
literacy 114, 127, 345
liturgy 22, 115, 347
Lloyds story 286–7
Lowth, Bishop 56, 60, 61, 83, 176
ludic function 346
M
Mackay, David 121–3
Mackellar, Thomas 71–2
Maggin, Elliot S! 185–6
magic number five/seven 236–9, 247, 297
Marlowe, Christopher 49–50
Mason, C P 281
Maugham, Somerset 214–15
maximalism 327
Mayer, Peter 200
McCarthy, Cormac 92–4, 105, 168, 315, 327
McGough, Roger 167–8
McKean, Erin 215
McWhorter, John 242, 253
Memors, The 116–18, 157
metalanguage 358
Microsoft Word 115
Miller, George 236
Miller, Michael 207
Milne, A. A. 30, 178
minimalism 92–6, 254, 327
miscues 5, 203–4, 269
monasteries 16–17, 23–4, 26
Morgenstern, Christian 359
Moxon, Edward 68
Moxon, Joseph 75
Mulcaster, Richard 45–6, 57
Murray, John 69, 100
Murray, Lindley 59–61, 63, 72, 76, 79, 81–3, 102, 144, 167, 176, 196, 218, 235, 243, 251, 256, 281, 309, 332, 334–5
N
names
and hyphens 271
and italics 324
nesting brackets 297
Norris, Mary 214
note of exclamation 37
O
obelisk 82, 335
oral fluency 352–3
orthography 351
Orwell, George 209
outdenting 15, 126, 128
Oxford comma 251
Oxford English Dictionary
comma policy 264–6
first usages 37, 283
Historical Thesaurus 119, 128
Oxford Gazette 113, 131
P
paragraph 125–33
length 125
mark 82
quotation marks with 310
vs section 115–16
parallelism see grammar
parallels 82, 335
paraph 27, 82, 115
parentheses 295–306
early uses 46, 51
frequency 228
vs comma 298–300
vs dash 148–50, 298–9
vs quotation marks 298–9
Parker, Henry 102
Partridge, Eric 253, 347
pausing 21–2, 62, 159–
60
formula 38, 60, 71, 76, 86, 108, 216
percontation point 194, 339
period 134–43
early uses 46
first recorded use 37
frequency 228
in abbreviations 137–8
Internet use 170–75, 331
priority of 84, 108
teaching 107–8
vs colon 220–23
vs semicolon 202–8
with questions 196–7
pilcrow 27, 115–16
Pine-Coffin, R S 7
Pinter, Harold 159–60, 166
pipe 334
place-names
and apostrophes 288
and hyphens 272
Plain English Campaign 120
plays, punctuation in 47–50, 53
Poe, Edgar Allen 144, 152–3, 218
poetry 167–70, 292, 304–6, 346
pointing 134
positurae 24–9
pound 335–6
Powell, Padgett 198–9
pragmatic approach 87–95, 111, 289, 321, 329–30, 342–8, 351–2
apostrophes 287–91
brackets 297–8
colons 226
commas 244, 254
dashes 148
ellipsis dots 165
hyphens 263–4
Internet 175
italics 325
paragraphing 126–8, 132
parentheses 301
periods 135, 137–8
poetry 168–9
quotation marks 309–12, 315
sections 118–19
vs dogmatic 342
Pratchett, Terry 177, 183–4, 355
prefixation 269
prescriptivism 56, 147, 251, 345
Priestley, Joseph 281
printing 31–6, 44, 51–4, 67–83
proof-readers 71–2
prosodic features 353
psycholinguistics 236–9, 330–31, 346
Punch 60, 131, 133, 155–6, 178, 258–9, 273–4, 317, 332
punctus admirativus 26
punctus elevatus 25
punctus interrogativus 25–6
punctus versus 24–5
puns 268
Puttenham, George 38
Q
quadpoints 339
question (in grammar) 142, 182, 189–90
question mark 188–99, 349
adapted 339
early uses 46, 51
first recorded use 37
frequency 228
in First Folio 41–2
inverted 43
reversed 194
vs exclamation mark 186, 193–4
question-mark tavern xi–xii
Quintilian 5
Quirk, Randolph 228
quotation 223–5
block 315
element omitted 157
typesetting 129
quotation marks 307–16, 350
early uses 66, 69–70, 82, 308–9
first recorded use 37
omission 92–3, 129
scare 312–13, 317, 319
vs apostrophe 309–10
vs dash 151, 315
vs parentheses 298–9
vs space 315
with paragraphs 310
quotation quadrats 37
R
Rao, Sirish 359
relative clauses 241–2
reverse indention 128–9
rhetorical questions 42, 194
Richards, John 276
Robertson, Joseph 56–8, 61
Roget, Peter Mark 187
round brackets see parentheses
running heads 113