Brazil, 9, 10, 49, 81, 144
Brazilian Army and sickle cell trait, 81
breed (animal), 15–16
British colonialism, 33, 137, 140, 142, 143, 145
British Isles, 40, 73, 134
Brody, Howard, 98–99
Bush, George W., 93, 101
Cain (biblical), 48
Cain, curse of, 48
Caldwell, Christopher, 106
California, 145, 146
Canada, 39, 63, 83, 94
Caspian Sea, 69, 144
Caucasian, racial classification, 21, 48, 49, 69, 105
Caucasian features, 28
Caucasus Mountains, 69, 129
Caucasus region, 69, 71, 144
CFTR gene and variants, 82, 83
Chabris, Christopher, 104–5
Chaplin, George, 74
CHC theory, 112–13
chimpanzee, 40, 78, 79, 103, 151
China, 29, 86, 87, 140, 147,
Chinese Exclusion Act, 145
cholera, as natural selective agent, 52, 83
civil rights movement, 10, 22, 91
clinal pattern, 53, 153
cline. See clinal pattern
CMAH gene and variants, 78–79
colored (coloured), racial classification, 13, 18, 139, 149
correlation and causation, 84
Creation Museum, 27
curse of Cain. See Cain, curse of
curse of Ham. See Hamitic curse
Curtin, John, 143
cystic fibrosis, 82, 83, 92, 93, 96, 100, 154
Darwin, Charles, 15, 16, 61, 104
Déclaration des Droits de l'Homme et du Citoyen, 9
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, 9
De Klerk, Frederik Willem, 139
Denisovan, 140
derived variant. See variant, derived
Diamond, Jared, 137
diaspora, out-of-Africa, 35, 52
diasporas, intercontinental, 39, 156
disease, 17, 52, 55, 61, 62, 78, 81, 83–85, 89–93, 96, 97, 99, 100, 114, 122, 130, 137, 141, 142, 144, 153, 154
disinvestment in education, 124–25
District of Columbia, 84, 93
Djabugay, 21
DNA, 8, 12, 20, 23–25, 28, 30–43, 46, 49, 52–56, 60, 61, 65, 66, 70–74, 79, 83, 87, 89, 93, 98–101, 114, 122–24, 130–34, 138–40, 143, 146, 151–54
mitochondrial, 35–42
Neanderthal, 30, 37, 73, 140
Neanderthal mitochondrial, 37
replication, 31–32
sampling, 24, 55
structure, 30–33
testing, 30, 49, 54, 98–101, 122
variation, 23, 24, 30, 32, 33, 35–43, 46, 49, 52–56, 60, 61, 66, 70–73, 79, 83, 87, 89, 98–101, 114, 122–24, 130–34, 138–40, 143, 146, 153, 154
Y chromosome, 41–43
Dobzhansky, Theodosius, 155
Dutch, 20, 33, 54, 73, 135, 136, 144
East Africa. See Africa, eastern
Edwards, A. W. F., 22–23, 35
Egypt, 33, 133
England, 54, 129, 143
environmental variation, 20, 99, 108–11, 114–18, 120, 121, 123
Eskimo, 63
Es Skhul Cave, 28–29
ethanol metabolism. See alcohol metabolism
ethnicity and ethnic groups, 10, 48, 55–57, 87, 96, 97, 99, 107–9, 113, 123, 124, 146, 148, 154
eugenics, 17–19, 152
eumelanins, 66, 67, 73
Eurasia, 24
Europe, 24, 25, 29, 30, 33, 40, 46–48, 50, 53–55, 62, 63, 69–71, 73, 75, 83, 94, 105, 122, 129, 132–36, 140, 144, 147, 152
European American, 13, 45, 49, 69, 91, 93, 99, 108, 145, 146
European ancestry. See ancestry, European
European colonialism, 133–46, 152
Eve (biblical), 27–28, 42–43
Eve, mitochondrial. See mitochondrial Eve
evolution, 12, 29, 30, 37, 42, 49, 50, 63, 64, 72–75, 78–80, 94, 103, 104, 110, 151, 152, 155
eumelanins, 66
Evolving: The Human Effect and Why It Matters, 37
eye color. See pigmentation, eye
eye pigmentation. See pigmentation, eye
facial flushing syndrome, 86
fetal development, 62, 68, 75
Flynn, James R., 121
Flynn effect, 121, 124
folate degradation, 62, 63, 68, 74, 75
folate photolysis, 68
forensics, 55, 128, 129
France, 9, 45, 54, 73, 143
French, Daniel Chester, 59
g (measure of intelligence), 111–13, 123, 124
g–c (crystalized ability), 112
g–f (fluid ability), 112
Gallup poll on human evolution, 155
Gardner, Howard, 113
Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences, 113
Geary Act, 145
Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act (GINA), 101
genetic variation, 11, 12, 15, 16, 19–25, 32–43, 49–56, 59–61, 63–75, 77–80, 82–90, 94, 95, 98–101, 109, 114–20, 122–24, 131–36, 138–40, 144, 146, 148, 153
Genghis Kahn, 132
Germany, 40, 54, 73
glacial maximum, 141
gorilla, 40, 103
Gottfredson, Linda, 107, 110
Gould, Stephen J., 69, 103–6, 123
Greece, 133
Greeks (ancient), 133
hair color. See pigmentation, hair
hair pigmentation. See pigmentation, hair
Ham, biblical, 46–47
Hamitic curse, 46–47
haplogroups, mitochondrial. See DNA, mitochondrial haplogroups
HBB gene and variants, 77–82
health and genetic ancestry, 9, 12, 55, 63, 77–102, 154
Hemings, Eston. See Jefferson, Eston Hemings
Hemings, Madison, 46
Hemings, Sally (Sarah), 45–46
hereditarianism, 104, 105, 107–11, 114, 120, 122–25
heritability, 105, 108, 109–11, 114–20, 122, 123
definition of, 114
malleability of, 120
missing, 122
misunderstanding and misinterpretation of, 115–20
Herrnstein, Richard, 104–9, 115, 118–20
heterozygosity, 78, 82, 83, 92, 119
Himmler, Heinrich, 18
Hispanic, 48, 49, 56, 124, 146, 147
history of racism, 7, 8, 151
Hodges, Lucy, 106
Homo erectus, 29
Homo neanderthalensis. See Neanderthal
Homo sapiens. See human origins
homozygosity, 78, 79, 82, 119
Human Genome Project, 101
human origins, 11, 28, 29, 31, 33–35, 37–43, 55, 69, 74, 151, 155, 156
Hunt, Linda M., 98–99
hybrid (animal and plant), 16
hypertension, 99
ice age, 39, 62, 68, 70, 75, 140, 141, 143, 144
identical twin studies, 117–19
Immigration Exclusion Act, 145
Inca, 144
India, 24, 51, 135, 136, 147
industrialization, 104, 121
inequality
educational, 125
racial, 22, 149
socioeconomic, 139, 149
inheritance of skin, hair, and eye pigmentation, 7, 17, 20, 31–33, 55, 59–61, 64–67, 73, 75, 122, 136
insurance, 99, 101
intelligence, 12, 103–25
intelligence quotient. See IQ
intervention
educational, 111, 124
medical, 81, 93, 96, 99, 100
IQ, 104–6, 108, 109, 111–15, 118–24, 154
Ireland, 50, 68, 73, 74, 143
Italy, 28, 73
Jablonsky, Nina, 74
Japan, 86, 87, 143, 147
Japheth, biblical, 47
Java, 140–41
Jefferson, Eston Hemings, 46
Jefferson, Martha, 45
Jefferson, Thomas, 45
Jensen, Arthur, 105–11, 115, 120
Jeter, Mildred, 13
Jorde, Lynn, 23–24, 42
Kenya, 94
Khoikhoi, 134, 135, 137
Khoisan, 38, 134–39, 149
King, Martin Luther, Jr., 10, 59, 75
KITLG gene and variants, 69–70, 71–72
Korea, 147
Korean Peninsula, 86, 87
lactose intolerance, 93–95
lactose persistence, 94–95
Latino, 146
LCT gene and variants, 93, 94
Lebensborn program, 18–19
Lewontin, Richard, 20–23, 35, 115, 116
Lincoln, Abraham, 59
Lincoln Memorial, 59
Linnaeus, Carolus, 48
Linné, Carl von. See Linnaeus, Carolus
Loving, Richard, 13
Loving v. Virginia, 13, 14, 19, 147
malaria, 52, 78–82, 90, 91
malignant melanoma, 64, 84, 85, 154
Mappa mundi, 47
Masai, 20
Maya, 144
Mbenga, 21
Mbuti, 21
MC1R gene and variants, 68, 73
MC1R gene and variants in Neanderthals, 73
Mediterranean region, 79, 91, 133
melanin biosynthesis pathway, 65–66
melanins, 64–67, 73
metformin, 99
Michelangelo, 27
Middle East, 25, 29, 30, 33, 38, 40, 48, 50, 132, 133, 136, 139, 140, 147
migrations, 11, 20, 24, 29, 30, 33–35, 37–39, 41, 51–53, 55, 62, 69, 75, 87, 89, 106, 130–34, 137, 140, 142–49, 155, 156
Mismeasure of Man, 69, 103, 104, 123
missing heritability. See heritability, missing
mitochondrial DNA. See DNA, mitochondrial
mitochondrial Eve, 41–43
mitochondrial haplogroups. See DNA, mitochondrial haplogroups
Mongol Empire, 132
multiple origins hypothesis, 29
Murray, Charles, 104–9, 115, 118–20
muscular dystrophy, 92, 93
mutation, 32, 33, 36, 40, 42, 51, 53, 55, 60, 61, 63, 65, 66, 69–73, 79, 80, 83, 89, 131, 153
Myers, Simon, 131
NANOG gene and variants, 49, 50, 52
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), 93, 97
National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) and sickle cell trait, 80–81
National Sickle Cell Anemia Control Act, 92–93
Native American, 13, 39, 48, 49, 51, 56, 63, 87, 88, 95, 124, 134, 143–46, 154
natural selection. See selection, natural
Neanderthal, 29, 30, 37, 40, 73, 140
Neanderthal DNA. See DNA, Neanderthal
Netherlands, 54, 124, 144
Nile River, 133
Nisbett, Richard, 107, 111, 113, 117, 118, 121
Nixon, Richard M., 92
Noah (biblical), 46–47
Nobel Prize, 139
north Africa. See Africa, north
North America, 39, 51, 94, 129, 134, 140, 143–46, 152
Nuremberg laws, 18
OCA2 gene and variants, 72–73
Old World monkeys, 50
orangutan, 66
Origin of Species, 15, 16, 61
Ossorio, Pilar, 148–49
Ottoman Empire, 133, 136
“Out of Africa” hypothesis, 29, 34–35, 38, 50, 52, 69, 70, 89, 110, 153
Pacific Island ancestry, 48, 50, 134, 140, 147, 148
Pacific Islander, as racial classification, 48, 134, 147, 148
Page Act, 145
Papua, New Guinea, 103, 140,
paternal inheritance, 41, 46, 54, 56
perception of race, 10, 11, 20, 56, 59, 127, 134, 136, 139, 144, 146, 147, 149, 155
personalized medicine, 99
Peru, 9, 10, 127–30
phenylketonuria, 92
pheomelanins, 66
pigmentation, geographic distribution and variation, 12, 17, 31, 33, 53, 55, 59–75, 84, 122, 136, 153, 154
Plasmodium falciparum, 78
Plomin, Robert, 122
polygenism, 151–52
Portugal, 143
Portuguese, 9, 10, 15, 135, 144
Priestess of Chornancap, 127–30
purebred (animal), 16
purifying selection. See selection, purifying
Qafzeh Cave, 28–29
race, as a social construct, 7, 11, 48, 57, 112, 113, 146–49, 154
race, definition of, 14–15
Race, Ethnicity, and Genetics Working Group, 56–57
racial and ethnic classification, 10, 11, 14, 18, 20–24, 46–49, 55, 56, 96–99, 111, 112, 134, 139, 146, 147, 149, 152, 153
Racial Integrity Act of 1924, 13
racial segregation. See segregation
racism, 7, 8, 25, 90, 92, 109, 110, 125, 134, 143, 149, 151, 155
Rampasasa, 21
Raper, A. B., 91
rare variants. See variants, rare
red, racial classification, 13, 59, 147
rickets, 62, 63
Roman Empire, 133
Romans, ancient, 133
Rosenberg, Noah, 154
Rushton, J. Phillipe, 105, 107, 109–11, 120
Russia, 59, 61, 73, 129
Sahel, 138
Sahul, 140–41
sampling, effect of on variation, 24, 25, 34, 54, 55, 89, 131
San, 134, 135
Scandinavia, 40, 73, 134
Scotland, 50, 68, 73
Scott, Robert B., 91–92
screening, genetic, 18, 93, 96, 100
segregation, racial, 10, 59, 91, 104, 125, 139, 143, 146, 148, 149
selection, natural, 21, 51–53, 61–63, 67, 68, 70, 72–75, 78–80, 82, 83, 87, 89, 90, 94, 110, 153
selection, purifying, 68
selective sweep, 61, 63, 71, 75, 89
self-classification of race, 48, 49, 134, 147, 148
Semang, 21
Shem (biblical), 47
Siberia, 39, 63
sickle cell anemia, 78–80, 82, 83, 90–93
sickle cell disease, 78, 81, 90, 91, 93, 96, 97
sickle cell trait, 77–81, 83, 90, 92, 93
Sickle Cell Treatment Act, 93
single origins hypothesis, 29
Sistine Chapel, 27
skin cancer. See malignant melanoma
skin color. See inheritance of skin, hair, and eye pigmentation; melanins; pigmentation, geographic distribution and variation
SLC24A5 gene and variants, 70–71
SLC45A2 gene and variants, 53, 71
smallpox, 137, 141, 145
social Darwinism, 104, 106
socioeconomic factors, 104, 108, 120, 154
South Africa, 14, 134, 137, 139, 140, 144, 149
South America, 21, 38, 39, 51, 129, 130, 143, 147
south Asia. See Asia, south
southeast Asia. See Asia, southeast
Spain, 29, 73, 143
Spanish conquest of the Americas, 130, 146
Sternberg, Robert J., 111–14
Stolen Generations, 143
sub-Saharan Africa. See Africa, sub-Saharan
Sumatra, 140–41
Sunda, 140–41
susceptibility to disease conferred by genetic constitution, 52, 61, 66, 78, 82–88, 100, 101, 122, 154
Sweden, 121, 143
tanning, 60, 74
Tanzania, 94
Tapper, Melbourne, 92
Taron, 21
Tasmania, 140–42
telethons, 92
testing, genetic and medical, 30, 40, 49, 54, 77, 80, 81, 92, 93, 96, 98–101
Texas, 77, 146
thalassemias, 82, 83
triarchic theory, 113
TRP1 gene and variants, 71
Tuskegee, Alabama, syphilis study, 97
Twa, 21
typhoid fever, 83
TY
R gene and variants, 66
United Kingdom, 122, 123
United States, 13, 14, 17, 19, 22, 45, 49, 83, 84, 87, 90, 91, 93, 94, 96, 105, 107, 122, 124, 134, 144, 145, 148, 149, 155
US Army and sickle cell trait, 81
US Census, 2010 racial categories, 48, 56, 147, 149
US Constitution, 9, 13
US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 96, 97, 100,
US Supreme Court, 13, 19
Utah, 84
variant, ancestral definition, 32
variant, definition, 32
variant, derived definition, 33
variant, mitochondrial, 37–43
variant, Y chromosome, 41–43
variants, ancient African, 11, 35, 49, 50, 52, 61, 89, 124, 132, 135
variants, prevalence, 53
variants, rare, 32, 37, 42, 45, 46, 51, 52, 95
variants, recent, 35, 40, 41, 52, 53, 72, 89, 132
Venter, J. Craig, 98
Vermont, 84
Virginia, 13, 19, 147
vitamin D hypothesis, 62, 63, 74, 75
Voortrekkers, 137, 138
Wade, Nicholas, 152
Warren, Earl, 13, 14
Washington, DC, 13, 59, 84
west-central Asia. See Asia, west central
white (racial classification), 9, 11, 13, 14, 17, 18, 34, 46, 48, 49, 56, 59, 91, 105, 108, 109, 111, 115, 134, 139, 142, 143, 147, 148, 151, 152
White Australia Policy, 142, 143
Whiteclay, Nebraska, 88
white supremacy, 9, 14, 46, 91, 104, 145, 151, 155
Witt, Shirley Hill, 95
Wooding, Stephen, 23–24, 42
World War II, 19, 142, 143
Xhosa, 138
yam cultivation, 138
Yąnomamö, 21
Y chromosome, 41–43, 45, 46, 49, 54
Y chromosome Adam, 41–43
yellow (racial classification), 13, 59, 145, 147
yellow menace, yellow terror, yellow peril, 145
Zulu, 138