12 Kennon M. Sheldon and Lawrence S. Krieger, “Understanding the Negative Effects of Legal Education on Law Students: A Longitudinal Test of Self-Determination Theory,” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 33 ( June 2007).
13 William H. Rehnquist, The Legal Profession Today, 62 Ind. L.J. 151, 153 (1987).
14 Jonathan D. Glater, “Economy Pinches the Billable Hour at Law Firms,” New York Times, January 19, 2009.
15 Cali Ressler and Jody Thompson, Why Work Sucks and How to Fix It (New York: Portfolio, 2008).
16 Tamara J. Erickson, “Task, Not Time: Profile of a Gen Y Job,” Harvard Business Review (February 2008): 19.
17 Diane Brady and Jena McGregor, “Customer Service Champs,” BusinessWeek, March 2, 2009.
18 Martha Frase-Blunt, “Call Centers Come Home,” HR Magazine 52 ( January 2007): 84; Ann Bednarz, “Call Centers Are Heading for Home,” Network World, January 30, 2006.
19 Paul Restuccia, “What Will Jobs of the Future Be? Creativity, Self-Direction Valued,” Boston Herald, February 12, 2007. Gary Hamel, The Future of Management (Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 2007).
20 Bharat Mediratta, as told to Julie Bick, “The Google Way: Give Engineers Room,” New York Times, October 21, 2007.
21 See, for example, S. Parker, T. Wall, and P. Hackson, “That’s Not My Job: Developing Flexible Employee Work Orientations,” Academy of Management Journal 40 (1997): 899-929.
22 Marylene Gagné and Edward L. Deci, “Self-Determination Theory and Work Motivation,” Journal of Organizational Behavior 26 (2005): 331-62.
CHAPTER 5. MASTERY
1 Jack Zenger, Joe Folkman, and Scott Edinger, “How Extraordinary Leaders Double Profits,” Chief Learning Officer, July 2009.
2 Rik Kirkland, ed., What Matters? Ten Questions That Will Shape Our Future (McKinsey Management Institute, 2009), 80.
3 Mihalyi Csikszentmihalyi, Beyond Boredom and Anxiety: Experiencing Flow in Work and Play, 25th anniversary edition (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2000), xix.
4 Ann March, “The Art of Work,” Fast Company, August 2005.
5 This account comes from both an interview with Csikszentmihalyi, March 3, 2009, and from March, “The Art of Work.”
6 Henry Sauerman and Wesley Cohen, “What Makes Them Tick? Employee Motives and Firm Innovation,” NBER Working Paper No. 14443, October 2008.
7 Amy Wrzesniewski and Jane E. Dutton, “Crafting a Job: Revisioning Employees as Active Crafters of Their Work,” Academy of Management Review 26 (2001): 181.
8 Carol S. Dweck, Self-Theories: Their Role in Motivation, Personality, and Development (Philadelphia: Psychology Press, 1999), 17.
9 Ibid.
10 Angela L. Duckworth, Christopher Peterson, Michael D. Matthews, and Dennis R. Kelly, “Grit: Perseverance and Passion for Long-Term Goals,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 92 ( January 2007): 1087.
11 K. Anders Ericsson, Ralf T. Krampe, and Clemens Tesch Romer, “The Role of Deliberate Practice in the Acquisition of Expert Performance,” Psychological Review 100 (December 1992): 363.
12 For two excellent popular accounts of some of this research, see Geoff Colvin, Talented Is Overrated: What Really Separates World-Class Performers from Everybody Else (New York: Portfolio, 2008), and Malcolm Gladwell, Outliers: The Story of Success (New York: Little, Brown, 2008). Both books are recommended in the Type I Toolkit.
13 Daniel F. Chambliss, “The Mundanity of Excellence: An Ethnographic Report on Stratification and Olympic Swimmers,” Sociological Theory 7 (1989).
14 Duckworth et al., “Grit.”
15 Dweck, Self-Theories, 41.
16 Clyde Haberman, “David Halberstam, 73, Reporter and Author, Dies,” New York Times, April 24, 2007.
17 The passage is quoted in David Galenson, Painting Outside the Lines: Patterns of Creativity in Modern Art (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2001), 53. See also Daniel H. Pink, “What Kind of Genius Are You?” Wired 14.07 ( July 2006).
18 This study is explained in detail in Chapters 10 and 11 of Csikszentmihalyi’s Beyond Boredom and Anxiety, which is the source of all quotations here.
19 Csikszentmihalyi, Beyond Boredom and Anxiety, 190.
CHAPTER 6. PURPOSE
1 United Nations Statistics Division, Gender Info 2007, Table 3a (2007). Available at http://www.devinfo.info/genderinfo/.
2 “Oldest Boomers Turn 60,” U.S. Census Bureau Facts for Features, No. CB06-FFSE.01-2, January 3, 2006.
3 Gary Hamel, “Moon Shots for Management,” Harvard Business Review, February 2009): p. 91.
4 Sylvia Hewlett, “The ‘Me’ Generation Gives Way to the ‘We’ Generation,” Financial Times, June 19, 2009.
5 Marjorie Kelly, “Not Just for Profit,” strategy+business 54 (Spring 2009): 5.
6 Kelly Holland, “Is It Time to Re-Train B-Schools?” New York Times, March 14, 2009; Katharine Mangan, “Survey Finds Widespread Cheating in M.B.A. Programs,” Chronicle of Higher Education, September 19, 2006.
7 See the MBA Oath website, http://mbaoath.org/about/history.
8 Hamel, “Moon Shots for Management,” p. 93.
9 Full disclosure: I worked for Reich for a few years in the early 1990s. You can read a short account of this idea at Robert B. Reich, “The ‘Pronoun Test’ for Success,” Washington Post, July 28, 1993.
10 “Evaluating Your Business Ethics: A Harvard Professor Explains Why Good People Do Unethical Things,” Gallup Management Journal ( June 12, 2008). Available at http://gmj.gallup.com/content/107527/evaluating-your-business-ethics.aspx.
11 Elizabeth W. Dunn, Lara B. Ankin, and Michael I. Norton, “Spending Money on Others Promotes Happiness,” Science 21 (March 2008).
12 Drake Bennett, “Happiness: A Buyer’s Guide,” Boston Globe, August 23, 2009.
13 Tait Shanafelt et al., “Career Fit and Burnout Among Academic Faculty,” Archives of Internal Medicine 169, no. 10 (May 2009): 990-95.
14 Christopher P. Niemiec, Richard M. Ryan, and Edward L. Deci, “The Path Taken: Consequences of Attaining Intrinsic and Extrinsic Aspirations,” Journal of Research in Personality 43 (2009): 291-306.
15 Ibid.
INDEX
Page numbers set in italics indicate illustrations.
Accountability
Achievement; beliefs and; goals and; individual ; intrinsic motivation and; mastery and; purpose and
Adams, Scott
Addiction, extrinsic rewards and
The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, Twain
Adversity, responses to
Affirmative action, ethics and
Akerlof, George
Aknin, Lara
Algorithmic tasks; extrinsic rewards and
Allowances, for children
Alpine Access
Altruism, rewards and
Amabile, Teresa; and algorithmic tasks; and creativity
The Amateurs: The Story of Four Young Men and Their Quest for an Olympic Gold Medal, Halberstam
Anderson, Brad
Anderson, Max
Anderson, Ray
Anxiety, profit goals and
Apache
Ariely, Dan; Predictably Irrational
Art, autonomy and
Artists: and mastery; motivations
Aspirations of college graduates
Atlassian
Auden, W. H.
Australia, software company
Autonomous motivation
Autonomy; business management and; child’s allowances and; in child’s homework ; contingent rewards and; control and; and creativity ; and motivation; need for ; in organizations; and performance; and purpose; ROWE and ; Type I behavior and
Autotelic experiences; work and. See also “Flow”
Baard, Paul
Baby-boom generation; and purpose
Baseline rewards
Bazerman, Max
B Corporations
Becker, Gary
Behavior: g
ood, rewards and; motivations for; negative consequences; types A and B; types I and X,
—unethical, extrinsic motivation and. See also Type I behavior; Type X behavior
Behavioral economics
Behavioral science: self-determination theory; work categories
Beliefs, and achievements
Bénabou, Roland
Best Buy
Beyond Boredom and Anxiety: Experiencing Flow in Work and Play, Csikszentmihalyi
Bharat, Krishna
Big Picture Learning
Billable hours
Biological drives
Blood donors, motivation
Boston Globe
Brain, response to rewards
Breen, Bill, The Future of Management
Bucheit, Paul
Buffett, Warren
Built to Last, Collins and Porras
Business management: and autonomy ; goals of; McGregor’s approaches to ; premises of; problems of; as technology
Business model, open source
Business organizations; management of; and motivation; policies of ; and purpose; Type I toolkit for. See also Business management
Cadet Basic Training
Call centers
Candle problem
Cannon-Brookes, Mike
Carrot-and-stick. See Punishment; Rewards
Carse, James P., Finite and Infinite Games: A Vision of Life as Play and Possibility
Casinos
Cézanne, Paul
Challenges, as opportunities
Chambliss, Daniel
Charitable acts, monetary incentives and
Charitable giving, as corporate policy
Chen, Jenova
Children: chores for; and “flow” state; motivation of
Coe, Sebastian
Collins, Jim; and Drucker, Peter F. ; Good to Great
Colvin, Geoff, Talent Is Overrated: What Really Separates World-Class Performers from Everybody Else
Commissioned art
Compensation, motivational
Competence, need for
Competing for the Future, Hamel
Competition, within groups
Complexity of work
Compliance; Motivation 2.0 and
Computers; and intellectual labor
Conduct, code of, and purpose
Contingent rewards; and creativity. See also “If-then” rewards
Control: autonomy and; bosses and management and
Controlled motivation
Conversation starters
Cooperatives
Cornell University, autonomy study
Cowell, Simon
Creativity; extrinsic motivators and ; freedom in; motivations and; rewards and
Creativity: Flow and the Psychology of Discovery and Invention, Csikszentmihalyi
Csikszentmihalyi, Mihaly ; Beyond Boredom and Anxiety; Creativity; Finding Flow: The Psychology of Engagement with Everyday Life; Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience ; Good Work: When Excellence and Ethics Meet; measurement of “flow,” and purpose
Customer service representatives
The Daily Drucker, Drucker
Damon, William, Good Work: When Excellence and Ethics Meet
Deci, Edward L. ; and autonomy ; and extrinsic aspirations; and intrinsic motivation ; Intrinsic Motivation ; Soma puzzle study ; Why We Do What We Do: Understanding Self-Motivation
Decision latitude
Decision-making, rewards and
Deliberate practice; mastery and
Discussion guide
Disutility, work as
DIY (do it yourself) report cards
Dopamine, rewards and
Drives, motivational
Drucker, Peter F.
Dumbing Us Down, Gatto
Duncker, Karl
Dunn, Elizabeth
Dutton, Jane
Dweck, Carol; and effort; Mindset: The New Psychology of Success; and praise for children; and self-theories
Echo boomers. See Young adults
Economic bubbles
Economics: and behavior; modern, views of
Educators, Type I toolkit
Effort: mastery and; self-theories and
Employees: and mastery; and organizational goals; views of
Empowerment; notion of
Encyclopedias, online
Engagement; autonomy and; and “flow,”; and mastery ; Motivation 3.0 and
Enjoyment-based intrinsic motivation
Eno, Brian
Entity theory of intelligence; effort and
Entrepreneurs: and autonomy; and open-source software; and purpose
Environmental drive. See also Punishment; Rewards
Erickson, Tamara
Ericsson, Anders
Erving, Julius
Ethical standards
Excellence, mundanity of
Exercise, physical, Type I,
Experience Sampling Method
External drives
External fairness of compensation
External motivations, and algorithmic tasks
External rewards, Type X behavior and
Extrinsic aspirations
Extrinsic motivations; and creativity; ethical standards as; and human irrationality; management and; negative effects; open source and; positive results; Type X behavior and
Extrinsic rewards; artists and ; and short-term thinking ; unexpected
Fairness in compensation
Falk, Stefan
Farquhar, Scott
Fast Company magazine
Federer, Roger
FedEx days; for children
Feedback: critical, mastery and; praise as; for students
Ferris, Joshua, Then We Came to the End
The Fifth Discipline: The Art and Practice of the Learning Organization, Senge
Financial incentives, and performance
Finding Flow: The Psychology of Engagement with Everyday Life, Csikszentmihalyi
Finite and Infinite Games, Case
Firefox
Fitness plan, Type I
“Five Dangerous Things You Should Let Your Children Do,” Tulley
Fixed mindset
Flaste, Richard, Why We Do What We Do: Understanding Self-Motivation
Flex time
Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience, Csikszentmihalyi
“Flow” (mental state); and anxiety; children and ; mastery and ; measurement of; open-source projects and
flOw (video game)
Flowchart, rewards use
Flow-friendly environments
fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging), reward study
“For-benefit” organizations
Fourth Sector Network
Freedom: creative; human
Freud, Sigmund
Frey, Bruno
Friedman, Meyer
Friedman, Milton
Fry, Art
Functional fixedness
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), reward study
The Future of Management, Hamel and Breen
Galenson, David
Gardner, Howard; Good Work: When Excellence and Ethics Meet
Gatto, John Taylor, Dumbing Us Down
Generalized anxiety disorder
Generation Y
Georgetown University Hospital
Gladwell, Malcolm, Outliers: The Story of Success
Glossary
Glucksberg, Sam
Gneezy, Uri
Goals; of college graduates ; in “flow,” ; individual performance review; organizational, setting of; publicly held companies and ; purpose and; ROWEs and; self-fulfilling ; self-theories and ; Type X behavior and
Godin, Seth
Goldilocks tasks ; for groups
Good behavior, rewards and
Good to Great, Collins
Good Work: When Excellence and Ethics Meet, Gardner, Csikszentmihalyi, and Damon
Goodwin, Doris Kearns, Team of Rivals: The Political
Genius of Abraham Lincoln
Google
Grades, students and
Green, Francis
Green Cargo
Greene, David
Grit, mastery and
Grouplets
Groups, Goldilocks tasks for
Growth mindset
Gunther, Jeff
Halberstam, David, The Amateurs: The Story of Four Young Men and Their Quest for an Olympic Gold Medal
Hamel, Gary; The Future of Management ; and management ; and wealth maximization
Happiness: fulfilling work and; money and
Harlow, Harry F.; primate behavior study
Harvard Business School students
Health, Type I behavior and
Heart disease, incidence of
Heuristic tasks; rewards and
Hewlett, Sylvia
Home Education Magazine
Homeschooling
Homeshoring
Homework, for children
Homo Oeconomicus Maturus (Mature Economic Man)
Household chores, and allowances
How the Mighty Fall, Collins
Hsieh, Tony
Human behavior
Human condition, intrinsic motivation and
Human nature; and autonomy
Human needs, universal
The Human Side of Enterprise, McGregor
Humanistic psychology
“Hurry sickness,”
Identity, good work and
“If-then” rewards; and addiction; allowances as; and altruism; and creativity; Hsieh and; and mastery; praise as; and routine tasks; and thinking
Incentives, and performance
Incremental theory of intelligence ; effort and
Independence, autonomy and
India, extrinsic incentives test
Individuals: and autonomy; Type I toolkit for
Industrial Revolution
“Infinite games,”
Informational motivators
Innovation
Intellectual challenge, productivity and
Intelligence, beliefs about
Interest, capacity for