on urban coyotes, 200–201
Dawkins, Richard, 39
DDT, 156–157
application of, 158
ban on, 159
WWII and, 158
See also poison
De Smet, Pierre-Jean, 49
Demeter, 27–28
Denisovans, 31, 228
Denver Eradication Methods Laboratory. See Eradication Methods Laboratory
Denver Wildlife Research Laboratory, 145
Department of Interior, 144
Descartes, René, 91
The Dharma Bums (Kerouac), 235
diseases, of Old World origin, 218
Disney, Walt, 151–152, 179, 186–187
Division of Economic Ornithology and Mammalogy, 95
Division of Predatory Animal and Rodent Control, 108
Division of Wildlife Services, 95, 133, 157, 169
agribusiness subsidies, 172–173
continued killing by, 172–173, 247–248
Fox on, 181–182
predator control through, 170–171
Dixon, Maynard, 65
Dobie, J. Frank, 9, 19, 141, 179
dogs
Darwin on, 92
social lives of, 93
Dorn, Ed, 236
Dorsey, George, 234–235
Druid pack, 130
Earth Day, 163–164
ecological niche
Grinnell, J., and, 119
introduction of, 119
See also niche
ecological philosophy of living, 154
Ecological Society of America, 117, 122
ecology, global age of, 155, 159, 162
The Ecology of Fear (Davis), 199–200
Ecology of the Coyote in the Yellowstone (Murie, A.), 136–138
Edge, Rosalie, 144
“The Effects of Control on Coyote Populations” (Connolly), 148
Endangered Species Act (1973), 167, 171, 186, 216, 221–222
hatred for, 168
specifications of, 168–169
Endangered Species Conservation Act (1969), 163
Endangered Species Preservation Act (1966), 162–163
Engelmann, George, 70
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 163–164
environmentalism, 161–162
epigenetics, 149
Eradication Methods Laboratory, 98, 102, 124, 172
ethnic cleansing, 115
evolution
bovine, 6
of brains, 40
of Canidae, 30–31
of canids, 29–31, 211, 221
colonizing mechanisms and, 108, 148
competition and, 34
of coyote behavioral traits, 128
of coyotes, 3, 26, 34–35, 105–107, 132–134, 148
of gray wolves, 225
of horses, 6
of human behavioral traits, 39
of humans, 29, 31
morality and, 93–94
of predators, 34
sociality and, 40
evolutionary psychology, 39–40
extinction, 122
accidental, 162
federal policy, science and, 116
federal wolf hunters, 113
feral dogs, 191
First Cause, 37
Fish and Wildlife Service, 95, 144, 221
humane coyote getter, 146
on red wolf extinction, 222–223
taxonomy of wolves, 216
See also Bureau of Biological Survey
fission-fusion, 35–36, 39–40, 59, 148
in coyotes, 104–106, 108
in humans, 104–105
population expansion and, 101
Say on, 59
folk tradition, 6
Fonseca, Harry, 244
Food Habits of the Coyote in Jackson Hole, Wyoming (Murie, O.), 136
Ford, Gerald, 169–170
Forest and Stream (magazine), 118–119
Forest Service, 95–96
fossils
of C. edwardii, 32
at La Brea Tarpits, 32, 34
Wang’s interpretation of, 32
Fox, Camilla, 179, 185, 189
on Division of Wildlife Services, 181–182
education of, 180–181
graduate thesis of, 181
on nonlethal coyote control, 181
Frazier, Ian, 242
Fremont, John C., 62
fur trade
coyote pelts and, 85
predator pelts in, 86
Gabrielson, Ira, 144
retirement of, 145
Galen, James, 100
Gehrt, Stan, 193
funding of, 197–198
on urban coyote ecology, 2, 189, 194–195, 202
General Land Office, 89
genetic purity, 226–227
genocide, 115
Gese, Eric, 172–174
on nonlethal control, 175–177
Ginsberg, Allen, 236
Giving Birth to Thunder, Sleeping with His Daughter (Lopez), 235
coyote control in, 100–101
role of, 99–101
God’s Dog: Conversations with Coyote (Kitchell), 245–246
golden jackal, 29–30, 143
See also jackals
Goldman, E. A., 118
accomplishments of, 123
on balance of nature, 124
on coyotes, 109, 125, 134, 137
death of, 145
on predators, 109, 123–124
wolves and, 123, 216
A Good Journey (Ortiz), 237
Gotham Coyote Project (Nagy and Weckel), 12
Grand Canyon National Park, 148
Grant, Madison, 223, 227
Gray Wolf Restoration team, 26–27, 130–131
gray wolves, 15, 187
bold behavior of, 106–107
coyotes and, 65–66, 125–126, 214, 217–218
evolution of, 225
migration of, 33
origin of, 216
population reduction of, 101
return of, 128
subspecies of, 216
tracks, 127
Young, S., on, 216
See also wolves
Grazing Service, 95
Great Dog War, 10, 191–192, 197
Great Plains. See American Great Plains
Great Smoky Mountains National Park, 224
Greek gods, 27–28
Greeley, Horace, 78
Green Mars (Robinson), 245
Gregg, Josiah, 69
on North American jackal, 71
plains journeys of, 70
on prairie wolf, 71, 85
Grey, Zane, 120
Grinnell, George Bird, 118
on coyote slaughter numbers, 86
Grinnell, Joseph, 179
Bureau of Biological Survey and, 123–125
ecological niche and, 119
on predators, 121–122, 138
on public lands, 120
guild competitor, 194, 198
habituation, 195
Hal (urban coyote), 12
Hall, Jon, 191
Hare, Brian, 93
Harrison, Benjamin, appropriations bill of, 90
Hernandez, Francisco, on coyotes, 57–58
Hetch Hetchy Canyon, 121
Historia Antigua de Mejico (Clavijero), 58
homestead acts, 89
Homo, 26, 31
as hybrid, 227–228
Hornaday, William T., 108
Huehuecoyotl (Aztec deity), 10, 18, 25, 40
Coyote Man rock art, 24
values of, 51
humane coyote getter, 146, 169, 171, 174–175
Fox on, 181
humans
behavioral trait evolution in, 39
Coyote as avatar for, 37, 237, 248
coyotes and, 2–3, 6, 9, 14–15, 26–27, 191–194, 204–205, 209
evolution of, 29, 31
fission-fusion in, 104–105
Kitchell on, 245
as observers of nature, 28–29
as outside nature, 193
predators and, 76, 106
as social, 35–36
wild canines and, 92
Wilson on, 38–39
von Humboldt, Alexander, 64, 75
hybrid swarms, 219–220
hybridization, 210–211
attention drawn to, 227
in Canis rufus, 215–216, 219
forces behind, 225
genetic markers for, 214
in Homo, 227–228
size difference and, 224–225
source of, 220–221
timing of, 217
Wayne on, 218–219
Hyde, Lewis, on coyotes, 28
Indian Tales (de Angulo), 235
Ingersoll, Ernest, 78
Irving, Washington, 75
Islam, 27
Isle Royale National Park, 126, 128
jackals, 57
American species of, 59
coyotes and, 29, 63–64
See also golden jackal
Jeffers, Robinson, 236
Jefferson, Thomas, 89, 91
advisor to, 60
encouragement from, 54
as scientist, 55
Jones, Chuck, 237–239
gallery of, 243
Judaism, 27
Junction Butte wolf pack, 130–131, 134
See also wolves
Jung, Carl, 235
on Coyote, 27
savior for, 37
Kaibab Plateau deer episode, 120, 136
Karok, 25
Kays, Roland, 228
Kern, Richard, drawings of, 67–68
Kern County, CA, 120, 136
Kerouac, Jack, 235
kinship determination methods, 29–30
Kitchell, Webster
on Coyote, 245
on humans, 245
Klamath, 25
Klondike Trail, 5
Knowlton, Fred, 148, 172
Koller, James, 235–236
Kruuk, Hans, 76
La Brea Tarpits, fossil assemblages at, 32, 34
A Lady’s Life in the Rocky Mountains (Bird), 78
Lamar Valley, 126–129
control of, 130–131
coyote packs in, 132
Dead Puppy Hill, 133–134
See also Yellowstone National Park
land privatization, 89
The Lands of the Arid Region of the United States (Powell), 90
Leavitt, Scott, 109, 134–135
Lefty (gray wolf), 113
Leopold, A. Starker, 159, 164
Leopold, Aldo, 118, 153, 161, 165
conversion of, 154–155
on coyotes in Mexico, 139
on post-war America, 154
on predator control, 125
on predators, 155
Leopold Report, 159–161
Lewis, Meriwether, 51, 95, 109
animals observed by, 54–57
on coyote pelts, 85
on coyotes, 55–57
explorations of, 54
journals of, 191
Life in the Far West (Ruxton), 72–73
Linderman, Frank Bird, 235
Linnaean system, 58, 60
Little Ice Age, American Great Plains and, 219
livestock industry, coyote control and, 142–143
Loki, 29
London, Jack, 92
Long, Stephen, 58
Lopez, Barry, 19, 235
Los Angeles
coyote bite incidents in, 201–202
ecology of, 199
fatal coyote attack in, 200
urban coyotes in, 11, 192–193, 195, 198–201
Lotka-Volterra equations, 120
Loukotka, Rob, 240
Lummis, Charles, 234–235
Maclure, William, 60
Maltese, Michael, 237–239
Man and Nature (Marsh), 89–90
Marsh, George Perkins, 89–90
Mather, Stephen, 100
Maximilian, of Wied-Neuwied, 64, 68
on prairie wolf, 65–66
McGovern, George, 165–166
McIntyre, Rick, 126, 130–132
Mead, James, 85
The Meaning of Human Existence (Wilson), 39
Mech, David, 126, 173, 226
Melville, Herman, 75–76
Menominee, 25
Merriam, C. Hart, 95, 122, 134
mesopredator release, 143
Mexican War, 66
Mexico, coyotes in, 4
migration paths, 7–8
Miller, Henry, 235
Mills, Enos, on coyotes, 117, 179
Mississippian Culture, 218
Mitchell, Pablo, 243
Mitchell, Taylor, coyote attack on, 209–210, 227
Mollhausen, Heinrich Balduin, 75
Momaday, N. Scott, 236
morality
canines and, 93
emergence of, 93
morality
evolutionary origins of, 93–94
predators and, 92–93
Morton, Samuel, 222
mouflon sheep, 143
mountain privatization, 89–90
Muir, John
on balance in nature, 108
on coyotes, 108
on nature, 116
Mule Deer Protection Act, 184
Murie, Adolph, 135–136, 179, 207
analysis done by, 140–141
beginning research of, 139
continued coyote fascination of, 141
evidence collected by, 137–138
fieldwork vindication, 142
Murie, Olaus, 135–136, 179, 198
on Bureau of Biological Survey, 147
continued coyote fascination of, 141
evidence collected by, 137
fieldwork vindication, 142
on research motivations, 142
Nagy, Chris, 12
Nahuatl, 70–72
Narratives of Two Journeys in the Prairie (Pike), 68
National Association for the Advancement of Science, 90
National Environmental Policy Act, 164
National Forest System, 90
grazing in, 96
national parks
establishment, 120–121
predator refuge in, 94, 96, 121–123, 135, 148
National Park Service, 90
establishment of, 91, 121
Wildlife Division of, 136
National Wildlife Refuge, 90–91
National Wildlife Research Center, 202
nature
of animals, 92–93
balance of, 108
humans as observers of, 28–29
humans as outside, 193
Muir on, 116
1950s attitudes toward, 153
Thoreau on, 115
See also balance of nature
Nature Faker Controversy, 92–93
nature lovers, predators and, 141–142
Navajos, 25, 45
on coyote power, 49–51
Long Walk, 50
ma’ii, 49
U.S. treaty with, 51
Neanderthals, 31–32, 228
Neolithic Revolution, 27
neuroscience, 40–41
Nez Perce, 37
“Coyote and the Shadow People,” 46–48
Nezahualcoyotl, 10
niche
balance of nature and, 119
for midsize predator, 119–120
vacancies, 119
See also ecological niche
Nixon, Richard, 163–165
Endangered Species Act of 1973 and, 167
February 1972 address to Congress, 165
nongame varmints, 153
North American jackal, 67–68
Gregg on, 71
North American mammoths, 115
North American Quaternary Canines (Nowak), 215
novelty-seeking genes
, 40
Nowak, Ronald
dissertation of, 215, 221
on red wolves, 215–216, 221
Nuttall, Thomas, 10
education of, 60
exploration routes of, 61–63
Old Crip (coyote), 115
Old Man America
values of, 51
See also Coyote
Old Man Coyote. See Coyote; Huehuecoyotl; Old Man America
The Old Ways (Snyder), 235
Old Woman Coyote. See Coyote
On Deep History and the Brain (Smail), 40
On Human Nature (Wilson), 38–39
Ortiz, Simon, 236–237
Otis (urban coyote), 11–12, 199
PARC. See Predatory Animal and Rodent Control
Parkman, Francis, 62, 75
The Passing of the Great Race (Grant), 227
Peale, Titian Ramsay, 60–61
Pike, Albert, 68
Pinchot, Gifford, 95–96, 118
Pinker, Stephen, 92–93
Pleistocene era, 3, 7
Pleistocene Extinctions, 28, 34
poison, 36, 85–88, 116, 120, 134, 136, 160–161, 174–175, 179, 186, 197, 215
arguments surrounding, 142–147
bait stations, 122, 124–125
ban on, 16, 165–166, 169
campaign, 152–153
Carhart on, 157–158
Carson on, 156–159
collars, 171, 176–177, 181
efficiency of, 98–104
extermination through, 7, 83
lawsuit against, 164
policy on, 109
presidential decisions on, 169–172
See also DDT; sodium fluoroacetate; strychnine; thallium sulfate
“Poisons—the Creeping Killer” (Carhart), 157
political ideology, coyotes and, 16–17
Powell, John Wesley, 90
prairie wolf, 59–64, 73
Audubon on, 74
Gregg on, 71, 85
Maximilian on, 65–66
Woodhouse on, 67
See also Canis latrans
predator control, 159–160, 166–167
through Bureau of Biological Survey, 95
Division of Wildlife Services and, 170–171
Leopold on, 125
in Marin County, 181
in Yellowstone, 100
See also coyote control
predator observation culture, 130
Predator Research Facility, 172, 226, 233
inmates at, 178
predators
American Society of Mammalogists on, 109
apex, 88
balance of nature and, 120
benefits of, 122
bounties on, 87–88, 96
eradication appropriation, 97
evolution of, 34
folk position on, 118
fur trade of, 86
Goldman on, 109, 123–124
Grinnell, J., on, 121–122, 138
hatred of, 87
humans and, 76, 106
identification with, 13
keystone, 101
Leopold on, 155
midsize, 119–120
morality and, 92–93
national park refuge for, 94, 96, 121–123, 135, 148
nature lovers and, 141–142
rodent control by, 122
role of, 117–118, 153, 155
predators
sociality of, 36
Storer on, 121–122