emptiness of mind, 35
buddha nature and, xiv, 296, 300, 305, 306, 320, 325, 326, 328, 338
and buddhahood, relationship between, 298
of buddhas, 302
of buddhas and ordinary beings, 274–75, 299–301, 312, 315–16, 323, 339
as foundation of dharmakāya, 311
joy of realizing, 304
as nirvāṇa, 262, 263, 264, 285
nothing to be added or removed from, 326
in Sūtrayāna, 322
tantric view of, 275
as ultimate nature, 327
and voidness, differences between, 336
wisdom as, 331
Engaging in the Bodhisattvas’ Deeds (Śāntideva), 119–21, 139–40
enjoyment body (saṃbhogakāya), 9, 288
actualizing, 308, 309
pure lands of, 44
subtlest wind and, 302
transforming buddha nature as, 313, 314
enlightenment. See awakening
environment, 221
afflictions triggered by, 108
elemental particles of, 146–47
as external true duḥkha, 11
impermanence of, 54
karmic causes of, 150–52, 165
in manifold world, variant views on, 145–48
origins of duḥkha and, 141
in realms of existence, 41
environmental result, 130
equanimity, 91, 342
to feelings, 181, 204
in form and formless realms, 167
in freedom from craving, 180
of Śāriputra, 118
virtue of, 138
virtuous mental states and, 109
“Essence of Dependent Arising Dhāraṇī,” 233–34
Establishment of Mindfulness Sutta (Skt. Smṛtyupasthāna Sūtra), 12, 45
ethical conduct, 1, 253
delight and, 240–41
disregarding, 286
distorted notions of, 184
ignorance of, 68
mindfulness and awareness in, 254
rebirth due to, 45
in restraining defilements, 129
sensual pleasure and, 183
wrong views and, 86
ethical restraints, 12, 82, 109, 172, 288. See also precepts
ethics, 83, 84, 143, 167
evolution, 149, 153
excellent qualities, 60–61
at buddhahood, 130, 274, 278
deceit regarding, 95
disposition as source of, 294
as limitless, xiv, 281–82
meditating on, 164
valid foundation of, 139, 280
existence
attachment to, 89, 97
craving, antidote to, 115
craving for, 179, 180–81, 184
floods (ogha) and yokes (yoga) of, 346n37
pollutant of, 98, 99
See also inherent existence
extreme of absolutism, 81, 83, 88, 181, 184, 208, 217, 345n28
extreme of nihilism, 81, 83, 88, 181, 208
counteracting, 217
craving for nonexistence and, 179, 184
three types of, 84
F
fainting, 170, 176, 286
faith
lack of, 93
limitless cultivation of, 282
seeds of, 128
for subduing hindrances, 242
in Three Jewels, 58, 164
in transcendental dependent origination, 239, 240–41
in transforming buddha nature, 298
virtue of, 138
fear, 70, 101–2, 113, 122, 221, 241, 255
feeling, aggregate of, 172
feeling, mental factor of, 171–72
accompanying afflictions, 109–10
impermanence of, 54
mindfulness of, 27
with three types of craving, 179–80
with three types of duḥkha, 50–51
with three underlying tendencies, 91
in twelve links, 176–78
fetters, 87, 97–98
abandoning, 243, 246–47
five lower, 129, 255, 345n31
final vehicles, variant views on, 264–65, 294–95, 296, 349n72
five hindrances, 15–16, 88, 99–100, 242, 243
five paths, 254, 265, 299, 349n68
accumulation, 254, 257, 265, 349n68
meditation, 16, 125, 160, 258, 307
no more learning, 16, 255, 258
preparation, 250, 254, 257, 349n68
See also path of seeing
five pure abodes, 43, 44, 344n12
floods (ogha), 346n37
forgetfulness, 93
form body (rūpakāya), 234, 288
deity visualization and, 298
at parinirvāṇa, 9
transforming buddha nature as, 313, 314
two collections and, 139
See also emanation body (nirmāṇakāya); enjoyment body (saṃbhogakāya)
form realm, 41, 42–44, 344n10, 344nn12–15
attachment to birth in, 89, 97, 99
clinging in, 183
craving for bliss of, 67, 69
ethical dimensions of, 111
feelings in, 109
impediments to attaining, 99–100
invariable karma of, 166–67, 249
mind in, 286
obscurations to buddha nature in, 303, 304
renewed existence in, 186, 187
twelve links in, 173
formative actions (saūskāra karman), 123, 165
bondage of, 186
causal and immediate motivations for, 163–64
cessation of, 262
feeling and, 177
innate self-grasping and, 161
latencies and having-ceaseds in, 134, 165
nonvirtuous, 111
projecting rebirth, 185
and renewed existence, relationship between, 186, 187
as root of saṃsāra, 236, 237
three types, 166–67
formless realm, 41–42, 44, 344n10
attachment to birth in, 89, 97, 99
bodies in, variant views on, 171, 348n55
clinging in, 183
craving for bliss of, 67, 69
ethical dimensions of, 111
feelings in, 109
impediments to attaining, 99–100
invariable karma of, 166, 167, 249
mind in, 286
obscurations to buddha nature in, 303, 304
renewed existence in, 186, 187
sense faculties, lack of in, 135
twelve links in, 173
form-realm sphere of consciousness (vacaracitta), 44
fortitude, 1, 15, 64, 115, 131, 240, 241, 295
foundation consciousness, 146, 169, 288, 293, 294
Foundation of Buddhist Practice, The, xiii, xiv, 63
four distorted conceptions, 343–44n9
afflictive views and, 82
emptiness in overcoming, 37
formative karma and, 163
ignorance of, 74
reflection on opposites, 220–21
true cessation and, 33
true duḥkha and, 20–22, 26
true origins and, 30
true paths and, 36
four extremes of arising, 213–14, 237, 339
four fearlessnesses, 233–34
four formless absorptions, 41–42, 43, 110, 186, 243, 344n10, 348n58
Four Great Kings, 45, 46
four māras, 278
four opponent powers, 132
four truths of the āryas, xvi
absence of experiencer of, 208
coarse and subtle, 18–19, 31
framework of, 5
ignorance of, 74–75, 159, 243
naming of, 10
nature of, 11–12
practice and results of, 17–18
realization of, 91, 232, 248, 267
sixteen attributes
of, 19–37, 253
three turnings of Dharma wheel and, 319–22, 324
in twelve links, 235
worldview of, 240
in “Ye Dharmā” Dhāraṇī, 233–34
See also individual truth
four ways of maturing disciples, 313
Freud, Sigmund, 136
fundamental innate clear light mind, xvi
buddha nature and, 324, 331
in Dzogchen and Mahāmudrā, 327, 331
as ever-present, 332
in highest yoga tantra, 286–87, 321, 325
transformation of, 280
two qualities of, 328
Fundamental Vehicle, 306. See also Sautrāntika school; solitary realizers; śrāvakas; Vaibhāṣika school
G
gandharvas, 46, 202, 348n61
garuḍas, 46
Gedun Drupa, First Dalai Lama, 145
Gelukpa tradition, 324–25, 335–36
generation and completion stages, 288
generosity, 1, 138
ethical dimensions of, 111
limitless cultivation of, 282
rebirth due to, 45
sensual pleasure and, 183
virtuous mental states and, 109
wrong views and, 85
genetics, 106, 153, 154, 188
global warming, 152
God, 6, 29, 135–36
grasping
counteracting, 285
of ignorance and view of personal identity, distinctions between, 161
inherent existence, 18–19, 69, 111, 161–62, 264, 334 (see also under ignorance)
self-sufficient substantially existent person, 74, 75, 103, 126, 162
subtle and coarse, 78
true existence, 74, 250, 334
gratification, danger, escape, 222–25
great compassion, 265, 294, 304, 306, 349n76
great resolve, 257, 265, 294
Great Treatise on the Stages of the Path (Tsongkhapa), 105, 251
Greater Discourse on the Destruction of Craving, 202
greed, 66, 88, 94, 114–15
Guhyasamāja Tantra, 146, 321
Guṇaprabha, 292
Gungtang Konchog Tenpai Dronme, 336
Gyaltsab Darma Rinchen, 23, 327, 331
H
habits/habitual tendencies, 65, 115, 127, 130, 165, 170, 188, 261
happiness, xiv
afflictions accompanied by, 109
afflictions sabotaging, 112, 120
arising of, analyzing, 58
creating causes for, 30
of current life, 69, 219–20, 250
from Dharma practice, 22
doubt and, 102
as duḥkha, 47–48, 53
illusion of, 48–49
lasting, 246
levels of, 60
money and, 224
renunciation and, 10
saṃsāric, karma ripening as, 249
sources of, 28
types of, 231
virtue as cause of, 137, 292
wishing for others’, 226–27
Haribhadra, 285
harm/harmfulness, 109, 112, 120, 125, 183, 218, 247, 345–46n34
hatred, 94
anger and, 70, 88
antidote to, 115
effects of, 122
nonvirtue of, 68
as obscuration to buddha nature, 304
order of arising of, 104, 105
haughtiness, 66, 92, 96, 110, 345–46n34
having-ceaseds (naṣṭas), xv, xvii, 127
formative karma and, 134, 165
nirvāṇa and, 263
renewed existence and, 185
ripening of, 167
in twelve link cycles, 197, 198–99
variant views on, 132–34, 347n44
Heart of Dependent Origination (Pratītya samutpāda hṛdaya kārikā, Nāgārjuna), 193
Heart of the Middle Way (Madhyamaka-hṛdaya-kārikā, Bhāvaviveka), 228–29
heedlessness, 94, 96
hell beings (nārakas), 45, 46, 47, 166, 173, 187, 189, 257, 307
Hevajra Tantra, 302
highest yoga tantra, 322
on buddha nature, 301–2
on death process, 182
fundamental innate clear light mind in, 320–22, 324, 328, 331
mind, two types in, 332
on mind and body, 146, 286
practices of, 288–89
hindrances. See five hindrances
Hinduism, 142
holy objects, actions involving, 164, 251
human birth, 138, 171, 172, 187, 198. See also conception; precious human birth
human potential, 53, 58, 106, 136, 277, 301
human realm, 45, 46, 140
hungry ghosts (pretas), 45, 46, 47, 166, 187, 189, 257, 307, 344n20
hypervigilance, 102
I
I, general and specific, 332–33
icchantika disposition, 295, 350n79
ignorance, xvii, 1, 10, 11, 52, 64, 66, 98–99
abandonment of, 125
aggregates and, 14, 23–24
auxiliary afflictions of, 93–94
as beginningless, 135–36, 159
bondage of, 186
as causal motivation, 163
cessation of, 232, 236–37, 262, 292, 298
counteracting, 34, 253
craving and, 28, 181
death and, 190
feelings accompanying, 109, 177, 178
first-link, 161–62, 163, 165, 166, 202
floods (ogha) and yokes (yoga) of, 346n37
grasping inherent existence, 11, 19, 25, 34, 36, 74, 75, 114, 126, 161, 163, 237, 297
ground of latencies of, 306, 308, 351n84
impermanence and, 21
of karma and effects, 68, 73–74, 304
latencies of, 249–50, 257, 259, 262
mixed and unmixed, 110–11
neutral feelings and, 50–51
non-afflictive, 261–62
as not present at buddhahood, 320
as obscuration to buddha nature, 304–5, 306, 308
as obscuration to seeing duḥkha, 240
and other afflictions, relationship to, 63, 73, 75, 101, 103, 156, 345n26
as root of saṃsāra, 75, 98
severed at root, 191, 280
strength of, 100
underlying tendency of, 89, 91, 345n31, 345n33
variant views and meanings of, 73–76, 159–61, 345n24
view of personal identity and, 78, 104
wrong views and, 85–86
See also confusion; self-grasping ignorance
Illumination of the Thought (Tsongkhapa), 127, 299–300
illusory body, 258
immediately preceding condition, 176, 189
imperceptible forms, 12
impermanence
of afflictions, 90
of aggregates, 21–22, 244
Buddhist understanding of, 26, 343n2
coarse, 21, 54
as counterforce, 114
dependent origination and, 238
duḥkha and, 23, 24, 54–55, 56, 57
of having-ceaseds, 133
meditating on, 219, 220–21
of mind, 8
mistaking as permanent, 20–21, 27
of results, 7
subtle, 14, 21, 54, 56
of twelve links, 206
inattentive awareness, 298
inconsideration, 88, 94, 109, 345n34
India, spiritual traditions of, 10
infancy, 129, 203
inferential cognizers, 54, 240, 298–99
inherent existence, 130, 346n43
afflictions and, 108
of agent, object, action, 111
appearances of, 130, 259–60, 265, 278, 346n43
contemplating absence of, 180
counterforce to grasping at, 114
duḥkha’s lack of, 36–37
emptiness of, 134, 214, 263
of four truths, lack o
f, 18
grasping, 18–19, 69, 111, 161–62, 264, 334 (see also under ignorance)
noninherent existence and, 36
reflecting on, 52, 210–11, 221
refutation of, 237, 262
of saṃsāra and nirvāṇa, 285
in twelve links, lack of, 204–6
insecurity, 73, 101–2
insight (vipaśyanā), 19, 27, 183, 204, 243, 244–45, 246, 254, 297
insolence, 95
integrity
lack of, 88, 93–94, 109, 345n30, 345n34
limitless cultivation of, 282
virtue of, 138
intention
of arhats, 256
of bodhisattvas, 257
body and, 209
in determining virtue and nonvirtue, 137–38
examining, 250
of formative action, 165
as having-ceased, 133
influence on bodily elements, 146
karma and, 130–31
as karmically active renewed existence, 187
mental factor of, 171–72, 177
to renounce saṃsāra, 54
twelve links and, 197
introspective awareness, 112, 137, 178, 181, 203, 204, 244, 254
Islam, 142
Īśvara, 145, 212
J
Jainism, 6. See also Nigrantha tradition
jealousy, 95, 345n34
anger and, 70, 92
antidotes to, 115
of anti-gods, 45
feelings accompanying, 109
fetter of, 98
identifying, 113
Jñānaprasthāna, 345n31
joy
and bliss, distinctions between, 242
in buddha nature, 342
in concentration, Buddha’s, 223
from connecting with others, 60
in first dhyāna, 91
five degrees of, 241, 348–49nn66–67
increasing, 109
in saṃsāra, instability of, 11
in transcendental dependent origination, 239, 241–42
joyous effort, xiii, 1, 138, 221, 228
Judaism, 142
Jung, Carl, 136
K
Kālacakra Tantra, 141, 144, 146–47, 149, 288
Kamalaśīla, 46
karma, 10, 50, 193, 194, 297
accumulation of, 250, 349n68
body and, 146, 209
bondage of, 49–50
causality of, 143
causes and conditions of, interrelated, 205
from clinging to sensual pleasure, 183
collective, 148, 149, 152, 153, 154
control by, 56
craving and, 15
demeritorious/nonvirtuous, 166, 187, 249
destructive, 88
diversity of beings and, 55
duḥkha and, 20, 21, 22–23
four branches of, 165, 168
ignorance of, 68, 73–74, 304
importance of understanding, 236
instinct and, 153
invariable, 41, 42, 43, 249
latencies of, 130–32, 133–34, 148, 153, 169
laws of nature and, 148–49
and merit, relationship between, 139
meritorious, 166, 249
and natural law, relationship between, 150–51, 153–54