Chicago River docks, 65–67
Christiana Resistance, 23
Clarke, Dorothy, 9
Colored Men’s Library Association, 32
Consumers Ice Company, 7
Cour, Jan, 9
Crawford, James, 140
Culinary Alliance, strike by, 31
D
Democratic Party, 39, 51
Dichter, Elsie, 9
Dismond, Binga, 80
Donnelly, Michael, 68, 69, 74
Drake, St. Clair, 29–30
Dunbar, Paul Lawrence, 3
E
“Economically Dispossessed,” 30, 61
Efficiency Clubs, 105, 155–156
Eighth Infantry Regiment, 79–83, 127, 129
F
Ferguson, Missouri, race violence in, 168, 169
Fifteenth Amendment, 25
Fifty-Fifth Street beach, 12
Firemen, black, 62
Fitzgerald, John, 124–125, 138–139
Fitzgerald, Joseph, 59
Fitzpatrick, John, 121
Ford, Henry, 47
Foster, William Z., 121, 124
Fourteenth Amendment, 25
Freer, L. C., 19
G
Gangs, 57–58, 109, 136, 168–169
Gleeson, Ann, 8
Glick, Frieda, 9
Great Gate of the Union Stock Yard, 71, 136, 143, 144, 167
Great Migration, 85–106
H
Harris, John Turner, 1, 5–6, 7, 10–12, 86, 140, 160, 165
Harrison family, 133–134
Henderson, Mr., as railroad worker, 89–90, 94–96
Henneberry, Bernice, 8
Highbinders (Chinese tongs), 57
Hill, T. Arnold, 100–101, 104, 106, 137–138, 150, 163
Holy Cross parish, 52
Horton, Robert, 90–91, 94, 96, 98, 115
Hudlun family, 24
Hughes, Langston, 100
Hunter, Mrs., 90, 93, 94
I
“I Am the People, the Mob” (Sandburg), 170
Illinois and Michigan Canal, 36
Illinois Central Railroad, 89, 94, 97–106
Immigrants: access to American dream, 75; bad blood between black migrants and, 6; Chicago dock jobs for, 65–67; clash between black migrants and, 1, 6, 10–11, 121–127, 135; gangs of, 57–58; German, 35; Lithuanian, 35; Pole, 35; property owners’ protective associations and, 109; in World War I, 79
Irish: in Chicago, 35, 37; in Democratic Party, 39; desire for share of new wealth, 39; English Protestants detest for Catholics, 36–37; fellowship among cattle butchers, 40; growth of numbers in America, 37; jobs for, 37, 39; lumping of with blacks, 37, 38; opposition to Thompson, “Big Bill,” 130; poverty of, 39; Ragen’s Colts as protector of, 58–59; “social athletic clubs” of, 5758; ties between politicians and gangs, 55–59; work of, for the railroads, 36
“Irish confetti,” 59
Irish Justice of the Stockyards District Police Court, 72
Irish Seventh Regiment, 81
Isbel, Lewis, 20
J
Jackson, A. L., 100–101, 104, 105, 122, 130, 132
Johnson, Charles S., 89, 163
Johnson, Jack, 115
Jones, John, 17–20, 21, 23, 25, 60, 85
Jones, Mary Richardson, 18, 19, 20, 22, 32–33
Joyce, John T., 40–41, 43, 48, 121
K
Kaztauskis, Anatanas, 45–48
Keeley beer brewery, 7
Kikulski, John, 121, 123, 135, 137, 159, 165
King, Martin Luther, Jr., 169
L
Labor Party, 131
Lagstrom, Helen, 8
Lane, Virginia, 9
Lewis brothers, 67
“Liberty bond” campaign, 80
Lincoln, Abraham, 20, 25
Local 554, 123
Local 651, 123, 137–138
Los Angeles, 1992 riot in, 168
M
Maloney, John, 59
Martin family, 91–92
Mayoral elections, 115, 130–132
McDowell, Mary, 75, 157
McKay, Claude, 119
McKinley, William, 34
Militia, in Chicago race riot, 151, 160
Morine, Ruth, 8
Morris, Nelson, 42
Murderers (Polish gang), 57
N
National Association of Colored People (NAACP), 34
National Urban League, 98
Negro Amateur Baseball Team, 105
Negro Fellowship League, 64, 100, 113
Negro League’s American Giants, 58
Nelson, Cleona, 8
New York City, 86, 168
Nowak, Albert, 59
Obama, Barack, 167, 168
O’Donnell, Winifred, 8
Ogden, William B., 24–25
Ohlin, Gertrude, 8
Olivet Baptist Church, 64, 111, 143
P
Packingtown: Black Belt and, 65–67, 136, 143; boarding houses in, 45; boundaries of, 49; Catholic churches in, 52; in Chicago race riot, 157, 158–159; children in, 54, 55, 56; Davis Square Park gathering in, 124; Democratic Irish “bosses” in, 51; disease and illnesses in, 55; disillusionment in summer of 1904, 74; firemen in, 51; gangs in, 57–58, 109; growth of, 35–36; hope for jobs in Union Stock Yard, 67; immigrants in, 75; Joyce, John, as member of, 40; lifestyle in, 50, 55; living conditions in, 50, 52–55; police of, 51, 59–60; rally around strikers, 72–74; saloons in, 50–51, 54; unemployed in, 51; women in, 52, 55–57; youth in, 57
Parker, Richard E., 122
Patriotism, 79, 82
Police: black, 62, 63; in Black Belt, 113–114; in Chicago race riot, 145–146, 149, 150, 153–154, 157; strikebreakers and, 72, 73
Private security guards, 148–149
Property owners’ property associations, 109
Pryor, Edward, 81
Public transportation workers, strike by, 148, 154–155
Q
Quinn Chapel, 23, 31, 64
R
Race, 7, 10, 49–50
Race riots, 166, 168–169
Ragen, Frank, 58, 59, 60
Ragen’s Colts, 58–60, 109, 132, 136, 141–142, 165, 168
Railroads, immigrant construction of, 36
“Red Summer,” 161, 169
Refined, 29, 32, 61, 64
Refrigerated railcar, 42–43
Republican Party, 25, 34, 130
Respectables, 30, 32, 60–61, 64
Riffraff, 30, 61, 111
S
St. Bridget parish, 52
St. Mary of Perpetual Help parish, 52
Sandburg, Carl, 169, 170
Schools, segregated, 62–63
Sisters Home Mission, 91
Slavery, 23, 24–25
So Sos (Italian gang), 57
South: black population in, 86; cotton in, 85–86; schools in, 92
South Carolina, race disturbances in, 161
State Street “Stroll,” 64
Stauber, George, 140, 141, 163
Steam locomotives, 36
Stockyards Aid Society, 72
Stockyards Labor Council, 121, 122–123
Streetcars, 60–61, 100
Strikebreakers, 69–75
Strikers, 31, 71–75, 148, 154–155
Stuart, Louise, 8
Sweitzer, Robert, 131, 132
Swift, Gustavus Franklin, 41–45, 42, 48, 67–68
Swift, Louis, 68, 74, 84, 101, 104, 121–122, 124, 132, 137, 151
Swift & Company, 41, 69, 86, 149, 167
Swift Premiums, 105, 106
T
Thirteenth Amendment, 25
Thompson, “Big Bill,” 115, 116, 127, 130–132, 131, 134, 143, 146, 151–152, 165
Tongs, 57
Torpedoes (Italian gang), 57
Travelers Aid Society, 98
Tri-Street Athletic Club, 58
Tuberculosis, 108
Turtle, as Supe
rintendent of Police, 67
Twenty-Ninth Street beach, 7, 10–11, 13, 140, 167
Twenty-Sixth Street beach, 1, 5–6, 7, 12, 126, 167
Twigglies (black gang), 57
U
Underground Railroad, 19
Unions, 68–75, 123, 136, 137–138
Union Stock Yard, 76–77; black workers in, 84, 104, 143; children in, 70; “disassembly” line in, 47; divide and conquer tactics in, 67–68; domination of, by Armour, Philip, and Morris, Nelson, 42; finding uses for all animal parts as problem in, 43; inspection of cattle carcasses in, 44; jobs in, 67, 102, 132; morning “shapeup” at, 46–47; need for workers in, 84; 1904 strike against, 69–74, 125; opening of, 39, 41; pecking order in, 104; strikebreakers and, 69–73; unskilled immigrants in, 35, 45–47; women in, 68, 84; working conditions in, 47–49, 48
United States Employment Service, 128
Urban League, 98, 99, 100, 102–105, 108–111, 110–111, 138, 150, 155
V
Voting rights, 33–34, 90
W
Wabash YMCA, 32, 64, 100, 104–105, 113, 122, 132, 155, 155
Washington, Booker T., 93
Washington, D.C., race disturbances in, 161
Washington, Lt., 148
Washington Park, 136
Wells, Ida B., Club, 32–33
Wells-Barnett, Ida B., 27–29, 32–34, 63, 80, 85–86, 97, 100, 113, 143, 153–154, 165, 169
Williams, Charles, 1, 5–7
Williams, Eugene, 1, 5–7, 10–11, 13, 17, 18, 136, 140–141, 163, 164, 165
Williams, Lawrence, 1, 5–7
Williams, Paul, 1, 5–7
Wilson, Woodrow, 79, 80, 84, 124, 136
Wolves (black gang), 57
Women: in Black Belt, 111; concerns of packinghouse employees, 68; in Packingtown, 52, 55–57; in Union Stock Yard, 68, 84; voting rights for, 33
Women’s clubs, 82
World War I, 10, 79–84, 86–88, 121, 127
About the Author
Photo by Brian McConkey
CLAIRE HARTFIELD received her B.A. from Yale University and her law degree from the University of Chicago. As a lawyer, she specialized in school desegregation litigation. More recently, she has been involved in setting policy and creating programs in a charter school setting on Chicago’s West Side, which is predominantly African American. She heard stories of the 1919 race riot from her grandmother, who lived in the Black Belt in Chicago at the time, and was moved to share this history with younger generations. Ms. Hartfield lives in Chicago.
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