literary style of 327–9
plot 322–4
publication 315, 317, 320; reception 327–8, 343, 370
on role of women 325–6
Warley satire 130, 131
Warren, Robert 218
Waterloo, battle of xviii, 337, 339, 340–1, 351–2
Way to Keep Him, The (Murphy) 67, 270
Webber, John 158
Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of 336, 337, 339. 340
West Humble 275, 283, 284, 295
Westminster Review 101
Weymouth 220–1
Weymouth, Elizabeth Cavendish Bentinck, Viscountess 192
Whitbread, Samuel 172
White, Sarah 367
Whitworth, Charles, 1st Baron 300
Wilberforce, William 314
WUbury House, Wiltshire 7, 12
Wilkes, Mary 82
Williams, Anna 114, 178
Williamson, Lt John 157, 158
Willis, Dr Francis 218–19, 223
Windham, William 215, 227, 229, 230, 246
Windsor 192, 196, 198, 200, 203–4, 217
Witlings, The (FB) 104, 132–43, 277, 289, 323, 384
abandoned 140–1, 142–3, 150, 259
plot 135–6
reception 135, 139–42, 143
revisions 135, 141–2, 150, 164
as satire 69, 71, 133, 134–5
Sheridan and 150
Woffington, Peg 6
Wollstonecraft, Mary 181, 256–7, 268, 384
Womatt-Hater, The (FB) 69, 71, 289–90, 294
Woolf, Virginia 53, 384
Worcester 67
Wycherley, William 3
Young, Arthur 67, 230, 314
Young, Dorothy (Dolly) 16–17, 26–7, 32, 46, 47, 50, 131, 264n
Young, Edward 190
Ypres 87
Acknowledgements
I would like to thank the following for their assistance with my research: the Librarians and staff of the British Library, the London Library, the New York Public Library, the Bodleian Library, the Guildhall Library, the Library of Westminster Abbey, the Corporation of London Record Office, the Public Record Office, the London Metropolitan Archives, City of Westminster Archives Centre and Surrey History Centre. Tina Fisk and other members of staff of the Heinz Archive of the National Portrait Gallery were particularly helpful in the location and identification of pictures, as was Susanna Kerr of the Scottish National Portrait Gallery.
I am indebted to Professor Lars Troide of the Burney Project at McGill University for his hospitality and interest in my research, Mrs Wendy Chapman of Norbury Park, Mickleham, Sonja Rewhorn of Juniper Hall Field Studies Centre, Mr Archie Stirling, Rosemary Rendell of the Catholic Records Society and John Martin Robinson of the Georgian Group. I would also like to thank John and Cynthia Comyn not only for permission to reproduce the portrait of Hetty Burney, Charles Rousseau Burney and Richard Burney in their possession but for their hospitality and generous access to their collection of Burney papers.
I discussed many of the ideas in this book with Scott Ashley, whose unflagging interest in the project was immensely encouraging. I would like to thank him and also Annie Bartlett, Sandie Byrne, Lorna Clark, Lyndall Gordon, Georgina Hammick, Roger Lonsdale, Patrick McGuinness, Jaqueline Pearson, Donald Scragg, Kathryn Sutherland and Neil Waddell for their assistance in various ways.
During a computing crisis, Lynne Munro of the Oxford University Computing Centre and John Birtill rescued a large amount of text from virtual death. I am very grateful to them both, and to Charles Schmidt, who helped transcribe parts of obsolete Amstradiana.
At HarperCollins, I would like to thank my editors Richard Johnson and Robert Lacey and picture researcher Cathie Arrington.
During the writing of this book I was the recipient of a Wingate Scholarship and a grant from the Royal Literary Fund, and would like to record my gratitude to the trustees of both.
About the Author
Claire Harman won the John Llewellyn Rhys Prize for her first book, a biography of the novelist Sylvia Townsend Warner, whose poems and diaries she has edited. She is also editor of Robert Louis Stevenson’s Essays and Poems and Selected Stories, and reviews regularly in the literary press. She lives in Oxford with her three children.
Notes
ABBREVIATIONS
Barrett – The Barrett Collection of Burney Papers, British Library (Egerton 3690–3708)
Berg – The Henry W. and Albert A. Berg Collection, New York Public Library
Complete Plays – The Complete Plays of Frances Burney, ed. Sabor, Cooke et al, 2 vols (1995)
Delany – The Autobiography and Correspondence of Mary Granville, Mrs Delany: with Interesting Reminiscences of King George the Third and Queen Charlotte, ed. Lady Llanover (1st series (vols 1–3) 1861, 2nd series (vols 4–6) 1862)
DL – Diary and Letters of Madame d’Arblay (1778–1840), ed. Austin Dobson, 6 vols (1904–5)
Doody – Margaret Anne Doody, Frances Burney: The Life in the Works (1988)
ED – The Early Diary of Frances Burney, 1768–1778, ed Annie Raine Ellis, 2 vols (1889)
EJL – The Early Journals and Letters of Fanny Burney 1768–1791, ed. Lars E. Troide and Stewart J. Cooke, 3 vols of a projected 12 published (1988, 1990, 1994)
Hemlow – Joyce Hemlow, The History of Fanny Burney (1958)
JL – The Journals and Letters of Fanny Burney (Madame d’Arblay) 1791–1840, ed. Joyce Hemlow et al, 12 vols (1972–84)
Lonsdale – Roger Lonsdale, Dr. Charles Burney: A Literary Biography (1965)
Mem – Madame d’Arblay (Fanny Burney), Memoirs of Doctor Burney, 3 vols (1832)
Mem CB – Memoirs of Dr. Charles Burney 1726–1769, edited from autograph fragments by Slava Kilma, Garry Bowers and Kerry S. Grant (1988)
PRO – Public Record Office, London
Thraliana – Thraliana: The Diary of Mrs. Hester Lynch Thrale (later Mrs. Piozzi), 1776–1809, ed. Katharine C. Balderston, 2 vols (2nd edn, 1951)
* * *
PREFACE
1. DL 2, p.142
2. Sir Walter Scott to Matthew Weld Hartstonge, 18 July 1814, The Letters of Sir Walter Scott, ed. Sir H. Grierson (1932), vol. 3, p.465
3. JL 12, p.980
4. Roger Ingram (1948)
5. JL 12, p.761
6. Thomas Babington, Lord Macaulay, Literary Essays contributed to the Edinburgh Review (1913 edn), p.546
7. EJL 1, pp.1–2
8. Hester Thrale to Fanny Burney, 11 January 1781, DL 1, p.460
9. EJL 1, p.235
10. DL 4, p.469
11. J.W. Croker, Quarterly Review (1833) xlix, pp.97–125
12. Delany 2, p.318
13. DL 2, p.142
14. Mem 2, p.391
15. Hemlow, p.462
16. Lonsdale, p.449
17. Ibid, pp.440, 449
18. Mem 2, p.92
19. EJL 2, p.224
20. Doody, p.6
21. See Burney Letters (newsletter of the Burney Society), vol. 5, no. 1
CHAPTER 1:A Low Race of Mortals
1. Thraliana 1, p.368 & n
2. Ibid, p.399
3. Mem 3, p.411
4. Thraliana 1, p.50
5. ‘Worcester Journal: Memoranda of the Burney Family, 1603–1845’, p.8
6. Ibid
7. JL 11, p.189
8. Monthly Review xxx, p.306
9. Mem 1, p.5
10. Mem CB, p.36
11. Charles Burney to Fanny Burney d’Arblay, 29 October 1799, MS Osborn, quoted Lonsdale, p. 400
12. Mem 1, p.25
13. Ibid, p.47
14. Doody, p.14
15. Mem CB, p.51
16. Charles Burney to Edmond Malone, 9–10 Nov 1806, Bodleian MS Malone 38 ff.133–4, quoted in Mem CB, p.15
17. Charles Burney to Dorothy Young, Mem 1, p.141 and The Letters of Dr Charles Burney, Volume 1:1751–1784, ed. Alvaro Ribeiro (1991)
18. See Hemlow 4 and n.2 & 3, p
.492 n.A; Mem CB, pp.82–3 and n.3, 4 & 5
19. Information from the International Genealogical Index, parish records of St Vedast’s Church in the Guildhall Library, and George Gordon, The Churches of London, vol. 2 (1839)
20. In October 1739; see Donovan Dawe, Organists of the City of London, 1666–1850 (1983), p.12
21. Mem CB, p.83 n5; see also Percy A. Scholes, The Great Doctor Burney, vol. 1 (1948), p.52
22. Mem 1, p.63
23. Ibid
24. Ibid, p.8o
25. Ibid, pp.79–80
26. JL 11, p.98
27. EJL 2, p.147
28. EJL 1, p.18
29. See ibid, pp.28–31
30. Mem 1, p.81
31. Doody, p.16
32. Mem 3, p.429
33. Mem CB, p.95
34. JL 11, p.190
35. Mem CB, pp.100–1
36. Charles Burney to Charles Burney junior, 20 December 1799, MS Berg, quoted in Lonsdale, p.38
37. To Mrs Burney, c.30 September 1751, The Letters of Dr. Charles Burney, op. cit., vol. 1, p.2
38. See Lonsdale, Oxford Book of Eighteenth-Century Women Poets, p.190
39. DL 2, p.138
40. Mem CB, p.115
41. Ibid
42. Mem 1, p.96
43. Ibid, p.97
44. Ibid, pp.97–8
45. Mem CB, p.115
46. Ibid
47. EJL 1, p.14
48. Mem CB, p.133n
49. Mem 1, p.96
50. Ibid, pp.128–9
51. Richard Tames, Soho Past (1994), p.12
52. Mem 1, p.134
53. Mem CB, p.133 n8
54. Ibid, p.136
55. DL 1, p.5
56. Mem 2, p.168
57. Ibid
58. JL 6, p.778
59. Mem CB, p.142
60. Kathryn Kris, ‘A 70-Year Follow-up of a Childhood Learning Disability. The Case of Fanny Burney’, Psychoanalytic Study of the Child 38 (1983), p.639
61. Mem CB, p.142
62. Macaulay, Literary Essays, op. cit., p.548
63. Mem 2, p.124
64. Ibid, p.123
65. Macaulay, Literary Essays, op. cit., p.548
66. Mem CB, p.144
67. Mem 1, p.143
68. ED 1, p.xlv
69. JL 4, p.254
70. Mem CB, p.145
71. JL 4, p.254
72. Mem 1, p.152
73. The Letters of Dr. Charles Burney, op. cit., vol. 1, p.30
74. Mem 1, p.139
75. JL 11, p.118
76. Mem 1, p.140
77. Ibid, pp.143–4
78. Elizabeth Rowe, Friendship in Death in Twenty letters from the Dead to the Living (1733 edn), Letter 3
79. Mem CB, p.147
80. JL 11, pp.98–9
81. Mem CB, p.143
82. Mem 2, pp.170–1
83. Ibid, p.168
CHAPTER 2: A Romantick Girl
1. EJL 1, p.225
2. Ibid, p.314
3. Mem 1, p.167
4. Mem CB, p.62
5. Ibid, Appendix A
6. Ibid, p.150n
7. Ibid, p.150
8. Ibid, p.158
9. Ibid, p.156
10. Mem 1, pp.169–70
11. Evelina, p.89
12. Mem 1, pp.158–9
13. Ibid, p.51
14. Unattributed quote in A. MacNaughten, ‘The Recluse of Chessington Hall’, Country Life, vol. 142 (9 March 1967), PP.534–7
15. Mem 1, pp.49–50
16. Macaulay, Literary Essays, op. cit, p.555
17. Ibid
18. See T.H. White, The Age of Scandal (1962 edn), p.144
19. Samuel Crisp, Virginia: A Tragedy (1754), ‘Advertisement’
20. Macaulay, Literary Essays, op. cit., pp.556–7
21. ED 2, Appendix 4, p.327
22. Macaulay, Literary Essays, op. cit., p.557
23. Before 1746 it was part of the Chesington Manor estate known as ‘Fream’, The Victoria History of the County of Surrey, ed. Malden, vol. 3 (1911), p.265
24. Mem 1, p.210
25. Mem 2, pp.185–6
26. Mem 1, p.181
27. Mem CB, p.160
28. Mem 1, p.209
29. Lease taken out on 16 January 1793, Surrey History Centre, ref. 210. For a view of the modern council flats on the site, see ‘Virtual Chessington, Hook and Maldon Rushett’ on the internet at http:/ds.dial.pipex.com/sean/chessington/index.htm
30. MS Berg
31. See Hemlow, pp.18–22
32. James Fordyce, Sermons to Young Women, fifth edn (1776), p.106
33. Ibid, p.17
34. Ibid, p.21
35. Ibid, pp.191, 272
36. Mem, 2, p.170
37. EJL 1, p.37
38. Ibid, p.99
39. The Wanderer, p.7
40. Mem 2, p.124
41. Ibid
42. Ibid, p.125
43. JL 11, p.347
44. e.g. EJL 1, p.36
45. e.g. Susan Elizabeth Burney MS journal, quoted in Mem CB, p.171, n1
46. DL 1, p.9
47. Mem 2, p.125
48. EJL 3, p.238
49. EJL 1, p.157
50. EJL 3, p.238
51. Mem 1, p.190
52. Mem CB, p.174
53. Ibid
54. Ibid, p.177
55. Quoted in JL 12, p.780
56. Stephen Allen to Charles Burney junior, 21 November 1832, MS Osborn, quoted Mem CB, p.182
57. Mem CB, p.174
58. Stephen Allen to Charles Burney junior, 21 November 1832, op. cit.
59. Mem 1, p.189
60. Ibid, p.190
61. Ibid
62. Ibid, pp.191–2
63. Ibid, p.191
64. Ibid, pp.193–4
65. Mem CB, p.177
66. Mem 1, p.196
67. Ibid, p.197
68. Ibid, pp.197–8
69. EJL 1, p.6
70. Mem CB, pp.174, 176
71. Elizabeth Allen Burney to Fanny Burney, 13 October 1767, MS Berg, quoted in EJL 1, p. 50
72. EJL 1, p.315
73. The Wanderer, p.8
74. Mem 2, p.125
75. The Wanderer, p.8
76. Mem 2, p.125
77. DL 1, p.13
78. Ibid, p.12
79. EJL 1, p.70
80. See The Wanderer, p.8
81. EJL 1, p.2
82. Ibid, p.3
83. Ibid, p.36
85. Ibid, p.43
86. Ibid, p.152
87. J.N. Waddell, ‘Fanny Burney’s Contribution to English Vocabulary’, Neuphilologische Mitteilungen, 81, p.260
88. EIL 2, p.194
89. R. Brimley Johnson, Fanny Burney and the Burneys (1926), pp.119, 307
90. Evelina, p.394
91. Notes and Queries, vol. 225, pp.27–32
92. In Neuphilologische Mitteilungen, op. cit.
93. See JL 1, p.8: of some unwelcome French travellers at an inn during the French Revolution: ‘we now were touched to shake off a part of the John Bullism that had encrusted us, & to ask them to our sitting Room, to drink Tea.’
CHAPTER 3: Female Caution
1. EJL 1, p.46
2. Ibid, pp.15, 10
3. White, The Age of Scandal, op. cit., p.142; Early Diary of Frances Burney, grangerised edition in the National Portrait Gallery, vol. 1, pt 2; vol. 2, pt 1
4. EJL 1, p.105
5. Cecilia, p.106
6. EJL 1, p.106
7. Cecilia, pp.127, 128
8. See Julia Epstein, The Iron Pen (1989) and Barbara Zonitch, Familiar Violence (1997) in particular.
9. EJL 1, p.83
10. Ibid, p.72
11. Mem CB, p.178; and Thraliana 1, p.137
12. EJL 1, p.79
13. Mem 1, p.216
14. Ibid, pp.216–17
15. Dr. Burney’s Musical Tours in Europe, ed. Percy A. Sc
holes, vol. 1 {1959), p.306
16. See Lonsdale, pp.105–9
17. Mem CB, p.100
18. EJL 2, p.153
19. EJL 1, pp.329–30
20. EJL 2, p.239
21. Remarked on by Henry Thrale, EJL 3, P.137
22. EJL 2, p.15
23. Fordyce, Sermons to Young Women, op. cit., p.96
24. ‘Cadenus and Vanessa’, The Poems of Jonathan Swift, ed. H. Williams, vol. 2 (1937)
25. Evelina, p.29
26. Ibid, p.30
27. Complete Plays 1, p.77
28. Ibid, pp.204–5
29. EJL 3, p.153
30. JL 1, p.43
31. EJL 1, p.250
32. DL 1, p.357
33. EJL 3. p.396
34. Susan Elizabeth Burney journal, February 1791, MS Berg
35. EJL 3, P–439
36. Ibid, p.441
37. Complete Plays 1, p.275
38. EJL 2, p.17
39. EJL 1, p.35
40. EJL 3, p.87
41. EJL 2, p.222
42. EJL 1, p.17
43. Ibid, p.229
44. EJL 2, p.123
45. Ibid, pp.125–8
46. Ibid, pp.146–7
47. Ibid, p.147
48. See Lonsdale, p.156. The pamphlet, by ‘Joel Collier’ (a pseudonym), was called ‘Musical Travels Through England’ (1774)
49. Mem 1, p.260
50. Ibid, p.288
51. Ibid, p.269
52. Quoted in Survey of London, vol. 20, p.107
53. EJL 2, p.177
54. Ibid, p.226
55. See plate facing p.302 in The Letters of Dr Charles Burney, vol. 1, op. cit. For photographs of the first-floor mantel-shelf and ground-floor fireplace taken before the demolition of the house in 1913, see plates 96b and c in Survey of London, vol. xx (pp.107–8), which also contains plans of the ground and first floors and drawings of the stair-posts.
56. Ibid, p.177
57. Ibid, p.6o
58. Ibid, pp.62–3
59. Ibid, p.75
60. Ibid, p.76
61. Ibid, pp.98–9
62. Ibid, p.154
63. Ibid, p.156
64. EJL 1, p.235
65. EJL 2, p.186
66. Quoted in Evelyn Farr, The World of Fanny Burney (1993), p.79
67. Maria Rishton to Fanny Burney, 24 September 1776, MS Berg
68. Charlotte Ann Burney to Fanny Burney, 4 July (1778?), MS Egerton, quoted in Doody, p.28
69. The Wanderer, p.542
70. Ibid, p.543
71. Thraliana 1, pp.522–3
CHAPTER 4: An Accidental Author
1. Mem 3, p.235
2. EJL 1, p.320