Skorzeny, Otto, 162, 249–52
Slovakia, 177, 178n., 179
Slovak Liberation Committee, 131
Slovo, 67
Slushba Bespiekie (SB), 165, 165n., 167
Smith, H. Alexander, 105
Smith, Jean Edward, 60–61
Smith, Walter Bedell, 42, 68, 169
Society of Free Officers, 249
Solarium conferences, 243–44, 248
Sommer, Hans, 45
Sonderkommandos, 15
Sonnenblume, Operation, 162
Soobzokov, Tscherim, 285–86
Souers, Sidney, 104
South America, see Latin America
South Vietnam, 243
Soviet Union, 40, 87
double agents, see Double agents
former Nazis recruited for intelligence by, 70, 73, 78–79, 252
German scientists and, 25, 30, 277–78
guerrilla activities in postwar, 149
during Hitler-Stalin pact, 76–77
Hungarian uprising and, 264–67
Intermarium and, 181–82
“KGB defense,” 286–87
minority nationality problem, 20–22, 77, 149
Nazis collaborators in, 22–25, 75, 76, 99, 118–19, 131–32, 156–75 passim, 204–209, 220–22, 232, 234
Nazi slaughter in, 13–25, 44, 47, 49–50, 112–13, 118–19, 161, 162, 163, 234
nuclear weapons strategy of U.S.
against, 138–48
political assassination by, 152n.
post-World War II military strength, 3, 7
repatriation of refugees to, 55–56, 57, 60, 61–63, 74–76, 281
revolution of 1917 21, 67, 152
seizure of German industrial wealth, 31, 56
U.S. intelligence gathering on, xv, 3–4, 7, 8–9, 63, 72, 85–88, 98–106, 107, 110, 116, 138, 195, 224
by Gehlen Organization, see Gehlen Organization
OSS and MIS, 56–58
war crime prosecution by, 74, 76, 77–78
see also Cold war Special Forces, 139–48, 213–15
Speer, Albert, 72
Spellman, Francis Cardinal, 91, 92
Spider (die Spinne) escape organization, 250
SS (Schutzstaffel), 92, 94n., 158, 184, 204, 205, 208, 209, 274
German rockets program and, 28–29
immigration laws changed to permit entry of Baltic, 206–207, 229, 285
labor companies, 143–44
RSHA, Amt IV B4, 245
RSHA, Amt VI, 46–47, 48, 73, 122, 162, 223, 250
RSHA, Amt VII, 47
scientists and academics in, 32, 33, 37, 38–39, 47, 70
in Soviet Union, 15–16, 17, 18, 20, 23, 25, 112–13, 118–19, 222
veterans of, in East European government, 79
veterans of, working for U.S.
intelligence services, xii, xiii–xv, 5, 6, 40–51 passim, 70, 72, 73, 93n., 99, 171, 188, 249–63, 286
Waffen SS, see Waffen SS
as war criminals, 8n., 13, 24
see also names of individuals
Stachiw, Wolodymyr, 161–62
Stalin, Joseph, 18, 22, 59, 60, 63, 135
ethnic minorities and, 77
overthrow of, 19n., 20
Stankievich, Stanislaw, 136, 247, 282
Stashinsky, Bogdan, 152n.
State Department, xiv, 6, 35, 36, 37, 38, 94, 104, 120, 121, 172, 182, 199, 257, 259
External Research Staff, 109–10
Grombach’s work for, 235, 236, 242
Hilger’s influence at, 115–16, 118
McCarthyism and, 238–40
Office of Intelligence and Research, 53, 107, 110
Operation Bloodstone, see Bloodstone, Operation
Policy Planning Staff, 8, 82, 95, 97, 98, 100, 103, 114, 115n., 134, 239
Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty and, 126
records, 79n., 93n., 115n., 201, 202, 203, 221, 224n.
Stella, Frank D., 273
Stevens, Francis, 110
Stevenson, Adlai, 234
Stetsko (Ukrainian), 165
Streicher, Julius, 72
Strik-Strikfeldt, Wilfried, 17, 18, 19n., 24
Sunrise, Operation, 92–93, 93n.
Sunsh, Mehmet, 115n., 239
Supreme Allied Command, 42, 45, 67
Supreme Ukrainian Liberation Council, 165, 166, 169
Szalasi, Ferenc, 273
Taft, Robert, 242
Tatars, Crimean, 21, 77
Tats, 118–19
Taubert, Emile, 248
Tawney Pippet project, 239–40
Taylor, Robert, 187, 188
Technical Intelligence Branch (TIB), 50
Telefunken, 31
Tenzerov (NTS man), 224n., 225n.
Ter Meer, Fritz, 192
Textron Corporation, 27
Thayer, Charles, 68, 85, 86–88, 89, 90, 101, 114, 134, 141, 157, 278
death of, 289
as target of far right and McCarthyites, 226, 236, 237, 238, 241, 277
Thomas, Evan, 218
Thoroughman, Roy M., 71
TIB, see Technical Intelligence Branch
Time-Life, 127
Time magazine, 127, 183
Times (London), 15, 81, 251
Tipton, John, 258–59
Tiso, Josef, 131, 177, 178n., 269
Tisserant, Eugene Cardinal, 91
Tito, Josip, 80
Trifa, Valerian, 136
Trudeau, Arthur, 260
Truitt, Marc, 123
Truman, Harry, and Truman administration, 62–63, 199, 229
atomic strategy of, 140–41
Gehlen Organization and, 43, 53, 63
German scientist recruitment and, 34–35, 37
postwar foreign policy and aid programs, 80, 82, 83–95, 96, 116, 218, 226, 236
postwar intelligence operations aimed at USSR, 3–4, 8, 62–63, 97, 98–107, 263
TsOPE, 133
Turkestanis, 131
Turkey, 94
Turkic people, 132
Turrou, Leon G., 67–68
Ukraine, 25, 84, 149, 160–75, 179, 195, 267, 280, 281
Ukrainian Relief Committee of Great Britain, 180n.
Ukrainians, 4, 16, 17, 21, 22, 46, 77, 131, 132–33, 136, 160–75, 188, 207, 212, 216, 227, 232, 269, 270n.
NKVD massacres of, 77
political assassinations carried out by, 150, 151
ratline for, 180–81
relief organizations for, 203
Ukrainska Povstancha Armia (UPA, Ukrainian Insurgent Army), 4, 46, 149, 158, 160–61, 162, 165n., 170–72, 269
origins of, 161, 162
Ulus, Saldh, 115n., 239
United Lithuanian Relief Fund of America (BALF), 203, 207–208
United Nations, 109n., 173, 268
Korean War troops, 190
Soviet mission to, 79n.
War Crimes Commission, xiv, 187
United Press International (UPI), xii
U.S. Department of …, see specific departments of U.S. government, e.g., Justice Department, U.S.
U.S. Embassy in Moscow, 85–86, 112
U.S. Military Tribunal, 39
U.S. News & World Report, 62
University of Berlin, 47
University of Breslau, 50n.
University of Washington at Seattle, 121
UPA, see Ukrainska Povstancha Armia
UPI, see United Press International
USSR, see Soviet Union
Ustachis (Croatian fascists), 180, 185, 186, 193, 197, 216, 269
U-2 surveillance planes, 64n.
Vajda, Ferenc, 182–83
Vanagis, see Daugavas Vanagi
Vandenberg, Arthur, 105
Vandenberg, Hoyt, 139, 141
Vatican, see Catholic Church
Verbelen, Robert, xiii
Versailles Treaty, 27, 28, 69
Vital Speeches of the Day, 169
Vlaso
v, Andrei, 18–19, 114
Vlasov Army, 8, 18–21, 22, 46, 102, 114, 130
NTS and, 221
revisionist ideas about, 158, 159, 230
veterans of, 157, 224, 224n., 225n.
Kennan and, 85, 88, 99, 141, 157
revival of, 85, 87, 99
U.S. military strategy and, 138, 141
Voice of America, 89, 90, 101, 104, 108, 134, 237
Volga Germans, 77
von Bolshwing, Otto, xiii, 246, 252–60, 262
von Braun, Wernher, 30–31, 32, 33, 37, 38
von Manstein, Erich, 14, 14n.
von Radetsky, Waldemar, 24
von Stauffenberg, Claus, 86
Vorkommando, 47
Waffen SS, 7, 7n.–8n., 18, 20, 24, 43, 130, 136, 162, 206
veterans of, 157, 204, 207, 229, 270, 280, 285–86, 287
in East German government, 19n.
NSC directives leading to immigration of, 201, 202, 203
ratline for Ukrainian legion of, 180, 180n.–81n.
U.S. military and, 138, 143, 144, 145, 146–48, 204, 211, 215
Waldheim, Kurt, 283
Wallace, DeWitt, 127
Wannsee Institute, 48, 48n., 50, 50n., 51
Poppe at, 119, 122–23
War Department, U.S., 33, 34, 35, 37, 56, 82, 195
Military Intelligence Service (MIS), 56, 57
War Powers Act, 91
Warsaw Ghetto rebellion, 20
Washington Post, 214, 276
Wehrmacht (German army), 8n., 17, 18, 19n., 23, 41, 86, 87, 119, 158
veterans of, in U.S. guerrilla force, 146–48, 214
Werth, Alexander, 15, 19
Western Europe, 59, 190, 244
Soviet military threat to, 55–56, 57, 59–63
U.S. covert operations in, 89–95
West Germany, 39, 53, 54, 55, 115–16, 146, 210–11, 249
intelligence service, 260, 261–62
pressure to ease war criminal’s sentences from, 190–91
Social Democratic party, 146, 147, 148
see also East Germany; Germany
Wev, Bosquet, 6, 36–37
Whitten, Les, 273
Wiesenthal, Simon, 288
Winant, John G., 88–89
Wise Men, The (Isaacson and Thomas), 218
Wisner, Frank, 5, 8–9, 42, 42n.–43n., 90, 100–101
breakdown of, 288–89
as head of OPC, 103, 104, 126, 132, 145–46, 149, 171–72, 194, 195, 249, 263
Hungarian uprising and, 264, 266, 288
NSC directives expanding CIA power and, 199, 201–202, 203
Witsell, Edward, 213–14
Wolff, Karl, 40, 92, 94n., 236
World Affairs, 223
World Federation of Cossack National Liberation Movement of Cossackia, 274
World Latvian Association, 206
Wright Field (Wright-Patterson Air Force Base), 27
Yad Vashem archives, 163
Yale University Political Union, 169
Yalta agreements, 41, 75, 240, 241
Yarrow, Bernard, 126
Ylitalo, Ray, 236, 237, 241
Yoroshilov, Kliment Y., 152n.
Yugoslavia, 75, 78, 80, 86, 90, 187, 197, 198, 272
assassinations in wartime, 148, 149
secret service, 197
see also Ustachis
Yugoslavs, 212
Zannuck, Darryl, 126
Zegners, Janis L., 143–44
Zeiss company, 31
Zenkl, Peter, 131
Zinnkann, Heinrich, 146
Zionism, 253, 254
About the Author
Christopher Simpson is a veteran reporter, historian, and analyst who teaches at American University’s School of Communication in Washington, DC. His work has won national awards for investigative journalism, history, and literature, and has been published in more than a dozen languages. Current study includes technology, democracy, revolution, and peer learning.
All rights reserved, including without limitation the right to reproduce this ebook or any portion thereof in any form or by any means, whether electronic or mechanical, now known or hereinafter invented, without the express written permission of the publisher.
Copyright © 1988 by Christopher Simpson
Cover design by Andrea Worthington
ISBN: 978-1-4976-2306-4
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