Table of Contents
Title Page
Dedication
The Evolution of the KGB, 1917-91
The Transliteration of Russian and Arabic Names
Foreword
Acknowledgements
Chapter 1 - Introduction: ‘The World Was Going Our Way’ The Soviet Union, the ...
Latin America
Chapter 2 - Latin America: Introduction
Chapter 3 - ‘The Bridgehead’, 1959-1969
Chapter 4 - ‘Progressive’ Regimes and ‘Socialism with Red Wine’
Chapter 5 - Intelligence Priorities after Allende
Chapter 6 - Revolution in Central America
The Middle East
Chapter 7 - The Middle East: Introduction
Chapter 8 - The Rise and Fall of Soviet Influence in Egypt
Chapter 9 - Iran and Iraq
Chapter 10 - The Making of the Syrian Alliance
Chapter 11 - The People’s Democratic Republic of Yemen
Chapter 12 - Israel and Zionism
Chapter 13 - Middle Eastern Terrorism and the Palestinians
Asia
Chapter 14 - Asia: Introduction
Chapter 15 - The People’s Republic of China From ‘Eternal Friendship’ to ...
Chapter 16 - Japan
Chapter 17 - The Special Relationship with India
Chapter 18 - The Special Relationship with India
Chapter 19 - Pakistan and Bangladesh
Chapter 20 - Islam in the Soviet Union
Chapter 21 - Afghanistan
Chapter 22 - Afghanistan
Africa
Chapter 23 - Africa: Introduction
Chapter 24 - The Cold War Comes to Africa
Chapter 25 - From Optimism to Disillusion
Chapter 26 - Conclusion: The KGB in Russia and the World
Appendix A - KGB Chairmen, 1917-91
Appendix B - Heads of Foreign Intelligence, 1920-2005
Appendix C - The Organization of the KGB in the later Cold War
Appendix D - The Organization of the KGB First Chief Directorate (Foreign Intelligence)
Appendix E - The Organization of a KGB Residency
Notes
Bibliography
Index
Copyright Page
ALSO BY CHRISTOPHER ANDREW AND VASILI MITROKHIN
The Sword and the Shield: The Mitrokhin Archive
and the Secret History of the KGB
ALSO BY CHRISTOPHER ANDREW
Théophile Delcassé and the Making of the Entente Cordiale
The First World War: Causes and Consequences
(Volume 19 of the Hamlyn History of the World)
France Overseas: The Great War and the Climax
of French Overseas Expansion
(with A. S. Kanya-Forstner)
The Missing Dimension: Governments and Intelligence
Communities in the Twentieth Century
(with David Dilks)
Her Majesty’s Secret Service: The Making of
the British Intelligence Community
Codebreaking and Signals Intelligence
Intelligence and International Relations 1900-1945
(with Jeremy Noakes)
KGB: The Inside Story of Its Foreign Operations
from Lenin to Gorbachev
(with Oleg Gordievsky)
Instructions from the Centre: Top Secret Files on
KGB Foreign Operations 1975-1985 (published in the USA as
Comrade Kryuchkov’s Instructions)
(with Oleg Gordievsky)
More Instructions from the Centre: Top Secret Files on
KGB Global Operations 1975-1985
(with Oleg Gordievsky)
For the President’s Eyes Only: Secret Intelligence and
the American Presidency from Washington to Bush
Eternal Vigilance? Fifty Years of the CIA
(with Rhodri Jeffreys-Jones)
ALSO BY VASILI MITROKHIN
KGB Lexicon: The Soviet Intelligence Officer’s Handbook (editor)
In Memory of
Vasili Nikitich Mitrokhin
(1922-2004)
and
Nina Mikhailovna Mitrokhina
(1924-1999)
The Evolution of the KGB, 1917-91
The functions, unlike the nomenclature, of the Soviet security and intelligence apparatus remained relatively constant throughout the period 1917-91. In recognition of that continuity, KGB officers frequently described themselves, like the original members of the Cheka, as Chekisty. The term KGB is sometimes used to denote the security and intelligence apparatus of the whole Soviet era, as well as, more correctly, for the period after 1954.
FOREIGN INTELLIGENCE
Founded in 1920, the foreign intelligence department of the Cheka and its inter-war successors was known as the Inostranni Otdel (INO). From 1941 to 1947 it was succeeded by the Inostrannoye Upravlenie (INU), also known as the First Directorate. From 1947 to 1951, the main foreign intelligence functions were taken over by the Komitet Informatsii (KI). From 1952 to 1991 foreign intelligence was run by the First Chief Directorate (save for the period from March 1953 to March 1954, when it was known, confusingly, as the Second Chief Directorate).
HEADQUARTERS
Foreign intelligence officers and directives to residencies referred to KGB headquarters as the ‘Centre’. In practice the ‘Centre’ usually referred to the HQ of foreign intelligence rather than of the KGB as a whole. The organization of the KGB First Chief (Foreign Intelligence) Directorate is given in Appendix D.
KGB TERMINOLOGY
For detailed definitions, see Mitrokhin (ed.), KGB Lexicon.
Abbreviations and Acronyms
AFSA Armed Forces Security [SIGINT] Agency (USA)
ANC African National Congress
ARA American Relief Association
ASA Army Security [SIGINT] Agency (USA)
AVH Hungarian security and intelligence agency
AVO predecessor of AVH
AWACS airborne warning and control system
BfV security service (FRG)
BND foreign intelligence agency (FRG)
BNS Bureau of National Security (Syria)
CCP Chinese Communist Party
CDR Committee for the Defence of the Revolution (Cuba)
CDU Christian Democratic Union (FRG)
Centre HQ of the KGB (or FCD) and their predecessors
Cheka Vserossiiskaya Chrezvychainaya Komissiya po Borbe s Kontrrevolyutsiei i Sabotazhem: All-Russian Extraordinary Commission for Combating Counter-Revolution and Sabotage (predecessor of KGB (1917-22))
CI counter-intelligence
CIA Central Intelligence Agency (USA)
CISPES Committee in Solidarity with the People of El Salvador (USA)
COCOM Coordinating Committee for East-West Trade (NATO and Japan)
Comecon Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (Soviet bloc)
Comintern Communist (Third) International
CPC Christian Peace Conference
CPC Communist Party of Canada
CPCz Communist Party of Czechoslovakia
CPGB Communist Party of Great Britain
CPI Communist Party of India
CPJ Communist Party of Japan
CPM Communist Party of India, Marxist
CPSA Communist Party of South Africa (later SACP)
CPSU Communist Party of the Soviet Union
CPUSA Communist Party of the United States of America
CSU Christian Social Union (FRG; ally of CDU)
DCI Director of Central Intelligence (USA)
Derg Co-ordinating Committee of the Armed Forces, Police and National
Guard (Ethiopia)
DGI Dirección General de Inteligencia (Cuba)
DGS Portuguese security service
DGSE French foreign intelligence service
DIA Defense Intelligence Agency (USA)
DISA Direção de Informação e Seguranca de Angola
DLB dead letter-box
DRG diversionnye razvedyvatelnye gruppy: Soviet sabotage and intelligence groups
DRU Dirección Revolucionaria Unida (El Salvador)
DS Bulgarian security and intelligence service
DST French security service
EPS Ejército Popular Sandinista (Nicaragua)
F Line ‘Special Actions’ department in KGB residencies
FAPSI Federalnoye Agentsvo Pravitelstvennoi Sviazi i Informatsii: Russian (post-Soviet) SIGINT agency
FBI Federal Bureau of Investigation (USA)
FCO Foreign and Commonwealth Office (UK)
FLN Front de Libération Nationale (Algeria)
FMLN Farabundo Martí de Liberación Nacional (El Salvador)
FNLA Frente Nacional de Libertação de Angola
FRAP Frente de Acción Popular (Chile)
FRELIMO Frente de Libertação de Moçambique
FRG Federal Republic of Germany
FSB Federalnaya Sluzhba Bezopasnosti: Russian security and intelligence service
FSLN Frente Sandinista de Liberación Nacional (Nicaragua)
GCHQ Government Communications Head-Quarters (British SIGINT Agency)
GDR German Democratic Republic
GKNT Gosudarstvennyi Komitet po Nauke i Tekhnologii: State Committee for Science and Technology
GPU Gosudarstvennoe Politicheskoe Upravlenie: Soviet security and intelligence service (within NKVD, 1922-23)
GRU Glavnoe Razvedyvatelnoe Upravlenie: Soviet Military Intelligence
GUGB Glavnoe Upravlenie Gosudarstvennoi Bezopasnosti: Soviet security and intelligence service (within NKVD, 1934-43)
Gulag Glavnoe Upravlenie Lagerei: Labour Camps Directorate
HUMINT intelligence from human sources (espionage)
HVA GDR foreign intelligence service
ICBM intercontinental ballistic missile
ICP Iraqi Communist Party
IDF Israeli Defence Force
IMINT imagery intelligence
INO Inostrannyi Otdel: foreign intelligence department of Cheka/GPU/OGPU/GUGB, 1920-41; predecessor of INU
INU Inostrannoe Upravlenie: foreign intelligence directorate of NKGB/GUGB/MGB, 1941-47
IRA Irish Republican Army
ISC Intelligence and Security Committee (UK)
ISI Pakistani Inter-Services Intelligence
JCP Japanese Communist Party
JIC Joint Intelligence Committee (UK)
JSP Japanese Socialist Party
KDP Kurdistan Democratic Party
KGB Komitet Gosudarstvennoi Bezopasnosti: Soviet security and intelligence service (1954-91)
KHAD Afghan security service
KI Komitet Informatsii: Soviet foreign intelligence agency (1947-51), initially combining foreign intelligence directorates of MGB and GRU
KMT Kuomintang (Chinese Nationalists)
Komsomol Communist Youth League
KR Line Counter-intelligence department in KGB residencies
KUTV Kommunisticheskii Universitet Trudiashchikhsia Vostoka: Communist University of the Toilers of the East
LDP Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)
LLB live letter-box
MEISON All-Ethiopian Socialist Movement
MGB Ministerstvo Gosudarstvennoi Bezopasnosti: Soviet Ministry of State Security (1946-54)
MGIMO Moscow State Institute for International Relations
MI5 UK security service
MI6 alternative designation for SIS (UK)
MITI Ministry of International Trade and Industry (Japan)
MLSh Mezhdunarodnaya Leninskaya Shkola: International Lenin School
MPLA Movimento Popular de Libertação de Angola
MVD Ministerstvo Vnutrennikh Del: Soviet Ministry of Internal Affairs
N Line illegal support department in KGB residencies
NAM Non-Aligned Movement
NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization
NKGB Narodnyi Kommissariat Gosudarstvennoi Bezopasnosti: Soviet security and intelligence service (1941-46; within NKVD, 1941-43)
NKVD Narodnyi Kommissariat Vnutrennikh Del: People’s Commissariat for Internal Affairs (incorporated state security, 1922-23, 1934-43)
NPUP National Progressive Unionist Party (Egypt)
NSA National Security [SIGINT] Agency (USA)
NSC National Security Council (USA)
NSS National Security Service (Somalia)
NSZRiS People’s [anti-Bolshevik] Union for Defence of Country and Freedom
NTS National Labour Alliance (Soviet émigré social-democratic movement)
OAU Organization of African Unity
OGPU Obedinennoe Gosudarstvennoe Politicheskoe
Upravlenie: Soviet security and intelligence service, 1923-34)
Okhrana Tsarist security service, 1881-1917
OMS Comintern international liaison department
OSS Office of Strategic Services (USA)
OT Operational Technical Support (FCD)
OUN Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists
OZNA Yugoslav security and intelligence service; predecessor of UDBA
PAIGC Partido Africano da Independência da Guiné e Cabo Verde
PCA Algerian Communist Party
PCI Italian Communist Party
PCP Portuguese Communist Party
PDP Partido del Pueblo (Panama)
PDPA Afghan Communist Party
PDRY People’s Democratic Republic of [South] Yemen
PFLP Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine
PLO Palestine Liberation Organization
PPP Pakistan People’s Party
PR Line political intelligence department in KGB residencies
PRI Partido Revolucionario Institucional (Mexico)
PSOE Spanish Socialist Party
PUK Patriotic Union of Kurdistan
PUWP Polish United Workers [Communist] Party
RCMP Royal Canadian Mounted Police
RENAMO Resistência Nacional Mocambicana
RYAN raketno-yadernoe napadenie (nuclear missile attack)
SACP South African Communist Party (previously CPSA)
SADUM Central Asian Spiritual Directorate of Muslims
SALT Strategic Arms Limitation Talks
SAM Soviet surface-to-air missile
SB Polish security and intelligence service
SCD Second Chief [Internal Security and Counter-Intelligence] Directorate (KGB)
SDECE French foreign intelligence service; predecessor of DGSE
SDI US Strategic Defense Initiative (‘Star Wars’)
SDR Somali Democratic Republic
SED Socialist Unity [Communist] Party (GDR)
SIGINT intelligence derived from interception and analysis of signals
SIN Servicio de Inteligencia Nacional (Peru)
SIS Secret Intelligence Service (UK)
SK Line Soviet colony department in KGB residencies
SKP Communist Party of Finland
SNASP Serviço Nacional de Segurança Popular (Mozambique)
SNI Serviço Nacional de Informações (Brazil)
SOE Special Operations Executive (UK)
SPC Sindh Provincial Committee
SPD Social Democratic Party (FRG)
Spetsnaz Soviet special forces
SR Socialist Revolutionary
SRC Supreme Revolutionary Council (Somalia)
SRSP Somali Revolutionary Socialist Party
S&T scientific and technological intelligence
Stapo Austrian police security service
Stasi GDR Ministry o
f State Security
Stavka Wartime Soviet GHQ/high command
StB Czechoslovak security and intelligence service
SVR Sluzhba Vneshnei Razvedki: Russian (post-Soviet) foreign intelligence service
SWAPO South-West Africa People’s Association
TUC Trades Union Congress (UK)
UAR United Arab Republic
UB Polish security and intelligence service; predecessor of SB
UDBA Yugoslav security and intelligence service
UNITA União Nacional para a Independência Total de Angola
VPK Voenno-promyshlennaya Komissiya: Soviet Military Industrial Commission
VTNRP Voenno-Trudovaya Narodnaya Revolyutsionnaya Partiya: Military-Labour People’s Revolutionary Party; Russian name for anti-Chinese underground in XUAR
VVR Supreme Military Council (anti-Bolshevik Ukrainian underground)
WCC World Council of Churches
WPC World Peace Council
X Line S&T department in KGB residencies
XUAR Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region of China
YAR [North] Yemen Arab Republic
YSP [South] Yemeni Socialist Party
ZANLA Zimbabwe African Liberation Army
ZANU Zimbabwe African National Union
ZAPU Zimbabwe African People’s Union
ZIPRA Zimbabwe People’s Revolutionary Army
The Transliteration of Russian and Arabic Names
For ease of reference to published sources, when referring to authors and titles of Russian publications in the notes and bibliography we have followed the Library of Congress system usually used in library catalogues.
In the text we have followed a simplified version of the more readable system used by the US Board on Geographic Names and BBC Monitoring Service. There are thus occasional discrepancies between the transliteration of names in the text and those of authors and titles in the notes and bibliography. Simplifications include the substitution in surnames of ‘y’ for ‘ii’ (Trotsky rather than Trotskii, as in the Library of Congress system) and ‘yi’ (Semichastny rather than Semichastnyi). For first names we have substituted ‘i’ for ‘ii’ (Yuri rather than Yurii). Instead of initial ‘ia’, ‘ie’ and ‘iu’ we use ‘ya’, ‘ye’ and ‘yu’. Soft and hard signs have been omitted. In cases where a mildly deviant English version of a well-known Russian name has become firmly established, we have retained that version, for example: Beria, Izvestia, Joseph (Stalin) and the anglicized names of Tsars.