17. Author’s interview with LaDainian Tomlinson.
18. Tomlinson, LT & Me, 131.
19. Ibid., 134.
20. Ibid., 132.
21. Author’s interview with LaVar Tomlinson, November 7, 2012.
22. Ibid.
23. Ibid.
24. Ibid.
25. Barr, Black Texans, 237–38, 240, 245.
26. Michael Phillips, White Metropolis: Race, Ethnicity and Religion in Dallas, 1841–2001 (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2006), 168.
27. Barr, Black Texans, 234–35, 237, 239.
28. Tomlinson, LT & Me, 139.
29. Ibid., 142.
30. Texas Department of Public Safety, “Tomlinson, LaVar Tramayne,” SID: 06761774, criminal history search, Austin, TX, 2012.
31. Author’s interview with LaVar Tomlinson.
32. Tomlinson, LT & Me, 145.
33. Author’s interview with LaDainian Tomlinson.
34. Ibid.
35. Tomlinson, LT & Me, 145.
36. Author’s interview with Zelma Tomlinson, January 22, 2013.
37. Tomlinson, LT & Me, 148.
38. Author’s interview with LaDainian Tomlinson.
39. National Football League’s 2001 draft, April 2001, at http://www.nfl.com/draft/history/fulldraft?season=2001 (accessed September 29, 2012).
40. Ibid.
41. Tomlinson, LT & Me, 163.
42. “N.F.L.: Roundup,” New York Times, August 23, 2001.
43. Washington versus San Diego box score, September 9, 2001, at http://www.nfl.com/gamecenter/2001090912/2001/REG1/redskins@chargers#tab=analyze (accessed September 29, 2012).
44. Tomlinson, LT & Me, 176.
45. Author’s interview with Londria Tomlinson, June 24, 2012.
46. Author’s interview with Oliver Terry Tomlinson, Jr., September 25, 2012.
47. Tomlinson, LT & Me, 196.
48. Author’s interview with Oliver Terry Tomlinson, Jr.
49. LaDainian Tomlinson profile, 2012, at http://www.nfl.com/player/ladainiantomlinson/2504778/profile (accessed September 29, 2012).
50. Beth Harris, “Tomlinson Named Male Athlete of the Year,” Associated Press, July 27, 2007.
51. Lee Jenkins, “Links to Slavery and N.F.L. Star on a Hill in Texas,” New York Times, January 7, 2007.
52. Author’s interview with LaDainian Tomlinson.
53. Author’s interview with Londria Tomlinson.
54. Author’s interview with LaDainian Tomlinson.
55. Tomlinson, LT & Me, 192.
56. Author’s interview with LaDainian Tomlinson.
57. Tomlinson, LT & Me, 194.
58. Ibid., 195.
59. Ibid.
EPILOGUE
1. Natalie Angier, “Do Races Differ? Not Really, DNA Shows,” New York Times, August 22, 2000.
2. Frank Snowden, “Images and Attitudes,” in Racism, ed. Martin Bulmer and John Solomos (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), 27–28.
3. Reginald Horsman, “Superior and Inferior Races,” in Racism, ed. Martin Bulmer and John Solomos (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), 45.
4. George Mosse, “Eighteenth-Century Foundations,” in Racism, ed. Bulmer and Solomos, 40–41.
5. Ibid., 42.
6. Ibid., 47.
7. Ibid.
8. Derald Wing Sue, “Microaggressions, Marginality, and Oppression: An Introduction,” in Microaggressions and Marginality: Manifestation, Dynamics, and Impact, ed. Derald Wing Sue (Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2010), 3.
9. Ibid., 3–4.
10. Ibid., 5–6.
11. Susan T. Fiske, “Are We Born Racist?” in Are We Born Racist? New Insights from Neuroscience and Positive Pyschology, ed. Jason Marsh, Rodolfo Mendoza-Denton, and Jeremy Adam Smith (Boston: Beacon Press, 2010), 10.
12. Ibid., 11.
13. Ibid.
14. Ibid., 12.
15. David Amodio, “The Egalitarian Brain,” in Are We Born Racist?, ed. Marsh, Mendoza-Denton, and Smith, 48.
16. Ibid.
17. Ibid., 51.
18. Jennifer Holladay, “Promoting Tolerance and Equity in Public Schools,” in Are We Born Racist? ed. Marsh, Mendoza-Denton, and Smith, 64, 67.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Special thanks goes to John Silbersack at Trident Media Group and Marcia Markland at Thomas Dunne Books for believing in this project, supporting it, and providing peerless advice.
I would like to thank Loreane Tomlinson for accepting me into her heart and family and opening the door for me to meet the African-American Tomlinsons, including her children LaDainian, Londria, and LaVar. They graciously accepted me and generously shared their stories. I owe special thanks to Sandra Tyron for introducing me to her mother, Lizzie Mae Scott, and her uncle Charles and his wife Zelma. They taught me more about the Hill than anyone else. Sandra also introduced me to Sherry and Gladys Scott, who graciously shared the story of their lives. I could not have written this book without their cooperation.
My expert advisers, Dr. Alwyn Barr and Dr. Fred McGhee, fact-checked my work and helped me keep it in context. Tami Jackson spent hours searching through archival material in Austin and Waco, gathering many of the newspaper excerpts and original documents included in this book. Former Marlin residents Sharon Styles, Steve Swinnea, and Bettie Beard shared their love of Marlin history and provided invaluable assistance.
The residents of Marlin spent hours telling me their stories and providing me with incredible insight. District Judge Robert Stem, Mayor Elizabeth Nelson, Mayor Norm Erskine, Bishop Lonnie Garrett, Dr. James Bryan, Frank Wyman, Pinkie Taylor Price, David Tinsley, Pam Kelly, and Anna Steele all provided important accounts for this book.
A special thanks goes to one of my oldest friends, Lisa Kaselak, who participated in many of the interviews as part of the production of the book’s companion documentary film, Tomlinson Hill. Her insights and hard work provided major contributions.
Most of all, though, I thank my wife, Shalini Ramanathan, whose unflagging support for the project and belief in me as a writer buoyed me through the toughest periods of my life, and she shared in my joy during the most triumphant. More!
INDEX
The index that appears in the print version of this title does not match the pages in your e-book. Please use the search function on your e-reading device to search for terms of interest. For your reference, the terms that appear in the print index are listed below.
abolitionist movement
Adair, Garland
Adolphus Hotel, Dallas
Afghanistan
African Americans. See also farming; racism; slaves
abuse of
Black Codes and
education of
entertainment/arts and
labor/market shifts and
land ownership by
living conditions, post-emancipation, of
lynching of
miscegenation and
organizations formed by
political participation by
in prison
sharecropping by
wage contract farm work by
African Methodist Episcopal normal school, Denison
African National Congress (ANC)
Alabama
civil rights marches in
Albright, J. H.
Alger, Bruce
Allen, George
Allen, Walter
al-Qaeda
American Colonization Society
American Fact-Finding Committee
American Legion
the Amigos organization
Amodio, David
Anderson, L. C.
Anthology of American Folk Music
Anti-Defamation League
Anti-Lynching bill of 1937
anti-Semitism
A. P. Tomlinson Development
Arnold, Ed
Arnold, Phil
Arrington, George Washin
gton
Aryan Nations
Asahi
Asberry, Alexander
Associated Press
Atlanta Compromise
The Autobiography of Malcolm X
Bad Aibling, Germany
Bagosora, Théoneste
Ballinger, William P.
Bandito, Johannesburg
Banks, Nathaniel
Bartlett and Watkins, Marlin
Bartlett, Churchill Jones
Bartlett, Sarah Jones Green
Bartlett, Tom, Sr.
Bartlett, Zenas
Barton, Harry
Bates, L. J.
Bayou City (Confederate boat)
Beall, Charles
Beall, Squire
Beaty, John Owen
Belida, Alex
Bell, J. H.
Belton Reporter
Berry, Robert
Beulah Church/School for blacks, Falls County
Beulah Church/School for whites, Falls County
Big Brothers organization
Bill Gates Millennium Scholarships
Billingsley, J. C.
bin Laden, Osama
The Birth of a Nation (film)
Blackburn, W. R.
Black Codes
Black History Month
Blaylock, Louis
Bluitt, Benjamin
Bolton, Samantha
Bomar, Buddy
Bonner, Junior
Booker T. Washington High School, Marlin
Boston Tea Party
Bowdon, Bill
Bowling News (Dallas)
Bowling Supplies, Inc., Dallas
Boyd, Robert J.
Boyd, Ruth
Boys and Girls Club organization
Brady, Wes
Bragg, Wesley
Brazos River, Texas
flooding along
Breckinridge, John C.
Briggs, B. J.
Briscoe, Dolph
Broadus, Henry
Broadus, Ned
Broadus, Tom
Brooks, George
Brown, Henry Billings
Browning, John
Brown, John
Brown v. Board of Education
Buchanan, Bob
Buddhism
buffalo soldiers
Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen and Abandoned Lands. See Freedmen’s Bureau
Burrell, Wesley
Burton, Nelson, Jr.
Burundi
Byrd, Dave
Cain, Darrell L.
Calhoun, John C.
Califano, Joseph, Jr.
Calloway, Cab
Calvert, Robert
Cameron, Lucille
Canby, E. R. S.
carpetbaggers
Carter, Amon
Carter, George
Carter, Jimmy
Carter, Robert
cattle industry
Cedar Valley, Texas
Centurion Homes, Waco
Chapin, Dennis C.
Chapin, Margaret
Chapman, Lloyd
Chappell, Herman
Cheek, James B.
Chicago White Sox
China Grove, Texas
Cincinnati Reds
Civil Rights Act of 1964
civil rights movement. See also African Americans; racism; segregation
school curriculum and
Texas Exposition and
Civil War, U.S.
Battle at Yellow Bayou in
Battle of Bull Run in
Battle of Galveston in
Battle of Gettysburg in
Battle of Pleasant Hill in
economic blockades in
emancipation of slaves post-
end of
origins of
Red River Campaign in
remembrance of
The Clansmen (Dixon)
Clare, Joan
Clark, Amos
Clark, Edward
Clarke, Edward
Clements, Bill
Cline, Walter D.
Clinton, Bill
Coates, Lillie
Coke, Richard
Colored Farmers Association
Colored State Grange, Texas
Colored Teachers State Association
Comiskey, Charlie
Comité des Citovens (Citizens Committee)
Company A, Third Battalion, Seventh Infantry Regiment
Compromise of 1850 (U.S.)
Confederate States of America (Confederacy). See also Civil War, U.S.
conscription enacted by
economic blockades against
slaves’ assistance to
Texas’s membership in
Congo
Congress for Racial Equality
Connally, John
Connally, Tom
Convention of Colored Men
Cooper, Annie Burton
Cotton, Dave
cotton industry. See also farming
decline in
Cotton States and International Exhibition, Atlanta
Craft, Juanita
Crane, Martin McNulty
Crow, Louis
Cumbria (Union boat)
Cuney, N. W.
Cunningham, William
Cureton, Calvin
Curry, Irby
Curry, Jesse
Daffan, George
Dallas Bowling Association
Dallas County Citizens League
the Dallas Cowboys
Dallas Express
Dallas Herald
Dallas Morning News
on KKK
Dallas Negro Chamber of Commerce
Dallas, Texas
Chamber of Commerce
Kennedy assassination in
KKK in
racism in
segregation in
shopping mall’s birth in
World’s Fair in
Dallas Times Herald
“Dark Was the Night, Cold Was the Ground”
Davidson, Lynch
Davis, Edmund J.
Davis, Jefferson
Davis, L. J.
Davis, Miles
Dealey, George
Dean, Aylett
Dean, John
Deer Creek Oil and Gas Company, Falls County
Delano, Asa P.
Democratic Party, Texas
as conservative party
constitution of 1876 by
KKK and
liberal shift by
“New Departure” campaign by
Democratic Statesman (Austin)
Denson, Nelson
Dixon, Thomas, Jr.
Donahue, Jacky
Donaldsonville, Fort, Louisiana
Dred Scott decision
DuBois, W. E. B.
Dunagan, Otis T.
Eddins, Roy
Eisenhower, Dwight D.
Emancipation Proclamation, U.S.
Emerson, D. R.
Emmett, Dan
ESPN
Etheridge, William G.
death of
Evans, Hiram Wesley
Falls Bridge, Falls County
Falls County, Texas. See also Marlin, Texas
centennial celebration by
Courthouse
economic troubles in
floods in
lynching/vigilante justice in
wars and
Falls Hotel, Marlin
Farmers Improvement Society of Texas
farming. See also cattle industry
as contracted laborer
cooperatives
labor/demographic shifts in
as land owner
living conditions, post-emancipation
as sharecropper
technology’s impact on
Fat Frank’s, Johannesburg
Faust
Federal Writers’ Project
Feldman, Mike
Fendrick, Columbus
Fendrick, Hattie
Fer
guson, Jim
Ferguson, Miriam “Ma”
Fifteenth Amendment, U.S. Constitution
Fifth Texas Cavalry Regiment (Confederacy)
First Baptist Church, Dallas
First Baptist Church, Marlin
First Texas Heavy Artillery (Confederacy)
Fisher, James/Joseph
Fisher, Mrs. James
504th Military Intelligence Brigade
Flake’s Daily Galveston Bulletin
Flippen, Edgar
Flippen-Prather firm
Floyd, Troy
Fooshee, Marion Fresenius
Ford, Dan
Ford Metal Moulding Company
Fort Jackson (Union steamer)
Fort Worth Star Telegram
Forward Dallas Association
Fourteenth Amendment, U.S. Constitution
Fox, Phillip
Franchione, Dennis
Franks, Tommy
Frazier, Addie Barlow “Dixie Leber”
Freedmen’s Bureau
“freedom colonies”
Fretz, Emil, Jr.
Fretz, Emil, Sr.
Fretz, Jacob
Fretz, Minnie
Gall, Franz Joseph
Galveston Daily News
Galveston News
Galveston, Texas, battle for
Galveston Weekly News
Gannon, Kathy
Garcia, Pete
Garrett, Finis J.
Garrett, Lonnie
Gassaway, George
Gassaway, Henrietta
Goldwater, Barry
Gordon, John B.
Granger, Gordon
Grant, Ulysses S.
Gravel Hill, Texas
Graves, Curtis
Great Depression
Greeks
Green and Bartlett, Marlin
Green, George
Greening, Daren
Green, Sue
Green, Tom
Gregory, Edgar
Griffin, Charles
Griffith, D. W.
Grimes, Jesse
Guardian Life Insurance Company
Hamby, Charles
Hamilton, A. J.
Harlan, John Marshall
Harriet Lane (gunboat)
Harris, Benjamin
Harrison, Ben (sharecropper)
Harrison, Benjamin (president)
Harrison, J. E.
Harris, Willie B.
Harston, Don
Harvey, Wash
Haughn, Charles
Hay, L. O.
Hayward, Willie S.
Hébert, Paul Octave
Hedrick, Justice
Hereford, John
Hill, Henry
Hilton, Conrad
Hispanic Americans
History of Falls County (Old Settlers and Veterans)
Hobby, William P.
Hodges, A. M.
Hodges, Annie
Hodges, W. E.
Hogg, James
Holman, Eliza
Honduras (Union boat)
Hopkins, Sam
Horenstein, Birgit
Horenstein, Dick
Horenstein, Lisa
“A House Divided” speech (Lincoln)
House & Garden
Houston Informer