D. C. Schreve, P. Harding, M. J. White, D. R. Bridgland, P. Allen, F. Clayton and D. H. Keen, ‘A Levallois Knapping Site at West Thurrock, Lower Thames, UK: Its Quaternary Context, Environment and Age’, Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society, forthcoming
A. Tuffreau and W. Roebroeks (eds.), Bilans sédimentaires et occupations humaines durant le dernier interglaciare en Europe et en Proche Orient (CERP, Lille, 2002)
M. J. White and D. C. Schreve, ‘Island Britain – Peninsular Britain: Palaeogeography, Colonisation and the Earlier Palaeolithic Settlement of the British Isles’, Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 66(2000), 1–28
M. White and N. Ashton, ‘Lower Palaeolithic Core Technology and the Origins of the Levallois Method in NW Europe’, Current Anthropology 44(2003), 598–609
CHAPTER FIVEN Neanderthals and Us
(various authors) ‘Neanderthals Meet Modern Humans’, Athena Review 2(4) (2001), 1–64
S. Aldhouse-Green (ed.), Paviland Cave and the ‘Red Lady’: A Definitive Report (Western Academic and Specialist Press, Bristol, 2000)
S. Aldhouse-Green, ‘Great Sites: Paviland Cave’, British Archaeology 61(2001), 20–24
T. van Andel and W. Davies (eds.), Neanderthals and Modern Humans in the European Landscape during the Last Glaciation (McDonald Institute Monographs, Cambridge, 2003)
W. Boismier, ‘Lynford Quarry: A Neanderthal Butchery Site’, Current Archaeology 182(2002), 53–8
W. Boismier, D. C. Schreve, M. J. White, D. A. Robertson, A. J. Stuart, S. Etienne, J. Andrews, G. R. Coope, M. Field, F. M. L. Greeh, D. H. Ken, S. G. Lewis, C. A. French, E. Rhodes, J.-L. Schwenninger, K. Tovey and S. O’Connor, ‘A Middle Palaeolithic Site at Lynford Quarry, Mundford, Norfolk: Interim Statement’, Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 69(2003), 315–24
R. Gore, ‘Dawn of Humans: Neanderthals’, National Geographic (January 1996), 2–35
R. Gore, ‘Dawn of Humans: People Like Us’, National Geographic (July 2000), 90–117
K. Harvati, S. R. Frost and K. P. McNulty, ‘Neanderthal Taxonomy Reconsidered: Implications of 3D Primate Models of Intra- and Interspecific Differences’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 101(2004), 1147–52
K. Harvati and T. Harrison (eds.), Neanderthals Revisited: New Approaches and Perspectives (Springer, New York, forthcoming)
P. Mellars, ‘Neanderthals and the Modern Human Colonization of Europe’, Nature 432(2004), 461–5
P. Mellars, C. Stringer, O. Bar-Yosef and K. Boyle (eds.), Rethinking the Human Revolution (McDonald Institute Monographs, Cambridge, forthcoming)
M. P. Richards, P. B. Pettitt, M. C. Stiner and E. Trinkaus, ‘Stable Isotope Evidence for Increasing Dietary Breadth in the European Mid-Upper Paleolithic’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 98(2001), 6528–32
D. C. Schreve (ed.), The Quaternary Mammals of Southern and Eastern England Field Guide (Quaternary Research Association, London, 2004)
C. Stringer, ‘The Neanderthal–H. sapiens interface in Eurasia’, in
K. Harvati and T. Harrison (eds.), Neanderthals Revisited: New Approaches and Perspectives (Springer, New York, forthcoming)
C. Stringer and W. Davies, ‘Those Elusive Neanderthals’, Nature 410(2001), 791–2
C. Stringer, H. Pälike, T. van Andel, B. Huntley, P. Valdes and J. Allen, ‘Climatic Stress and the Extinction of the Neanderthals’, in T. van Andel and W. Davies (eds.), Neanderthals and Modern Humans in the European Landscape during the Last Glaciation (McDonald Institute Monographs: Cambridge, 2003)
C. B. Stringer, ‘Out of Africa – A Personal History’, in M. Nitecki (ed.), Origins of Anatomically Modern Humans (Plenum Press, New York, 1994)
M. J. White, ‘The Stone Tool Assemblage from Lynford Quarry Mundford, and its Implications for Neanderthal Behaviour in Late Middle Palaeolithic Britain’, in W. Boismier (ed.), A Middle Palaeolithic Site at Lynford Quarry, Mundford, Norfolk (ERAUL, Liège, forthcoming) — ‘Things to do in Doggerland when your’re dead: surviving 0153at the northwestern-most fringe of Middle Palaeolithic Europe.’World Archaeology 38, 547–575
M.J. White and R. M. Jacobi, ‘Two Sides to Every Story: Bout Coupé Handaxes Revisited’, Oxford Journal of Archaeology 21(2) (2002), 109–33
CHAPTER SIX What they Gorged in Cheddar
P. Andrews and Y. Fernández-Jalvo, ‘Cannibalism in Britain: Taphonomy of the Creswellian (Pleistocene) Faunal and Human Remains from Gough’s Cave (Somerset, England)’, Bulletin of the Natural History Museum Geology Series 58(supp) (2003), 59–81
L. Barham, P. Priestley and A. Targett, In Search of Cheddar Man (Tempus, Stroud, 1999)
R. N. E. Barton, R. M. Jacobi, D. Stapert and M. Street, ‘The Late Glacial Reoccupation of the British Isles and the Creswellian’, Journal of Quaternary Science 18(2003), 631–43
A. Currant, R. Jacobi and C. B. Stringer, ‘Excavations at Gough’s Cave, Somerset 1986–7’, Antiquity 63(1989), 131–6
L. Humphrey and C. Stringer, ‘The Human Cranial Remains from Gough’s Cave (Somerset, England)’, Bulletin of the Natural History Museum Geology Series 58(2002), 153–68
R. M. Jacobi, ‘The Late Upper Palaeolithic Lithic Collection from Gough’s Cave, Cheddar, Somerset, and Human Use of the Cave’, Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 70(2005), 1–92
R. M. Jacobi, ‘The Stone Age Archaeology of Church Hole, Creswell Crags, Nottinghamshire’, in P. B. Pettitt, P. Bahn and S. Ripoll (eds.), Palaeolithic Cave Art at Creswell Crags in European Context (Oxford University Press, Oxford, forthcoming)
P. B. Pettitt, P. Bahn and S. Ripoll (eds.), Palaeolithic Cave Art at Creswell Crags in European Context (Oxford University Press, Oxford, forthcoming)
A. W. G. Pike, M. Gilmore, P. B. Pettitt, R. Jacobi, S. Ripoll, P. Bahn and F. Muñoz, ‘Independent U-Series Verification of the Pleistocene Antiquity of the Palaeolithic Cave Art at Creswell Crags, UK’, Journal of Archaeological Science 32(2005), 1649–55
M. Richards, R. Hedges, R. Jacobi, A. Currant and C. Stringer, ‘Gough’s Cave and Sun Hole Cave’, Journal of Archaeological Science 27(2000), 1–3
M. Richards, R. Jacobi, J. Cook, P. B. Pettitt and C. Stringer, ‘Isotope Evidence for the Intensive Use of Marine Foods by Late Upper Palaeolithic Humans’, Journal of Human Evolution 49(2005), 390–94
S. Ripoll, F. Muñoz, P. Bahn and P. B. Pettitt, ‘Palaeolithic Cave Engravings at Creswell Crags, England’, Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 70(2004), 93–105
D. C. Schreve (ed.), The Quaternary Mammals of Southern and Eastern England Field Guide (Quaternary Research Association, London, 2004)
C. Stringer, ‘The Gough’s Cave Human Fossils: An Introduction’, Bulletin of The Natural History Museum Geology Series 56(2000), 135–9
B. Sykes, The Seven Daughters of Eve (Bantam, London, 2001)
E. Trinkaus, L. Humphrey, C. Stringer, S. Churchill and R. Tague, ‘Gough’s Cave 1(Somerset, England): An Assessment of the Sex and Age at Death’, Bulletin of the Natural History Museum Geology Series 58(supp) (2003), 45–50
CHAPTER SEVEN Our Challenging Climates
(various authors) ‘The Heat is On’, National Geographic (September 2004), 2–75
(various authors) ‘Heat: How Global Warming is Changing Our World’, Guardian (supplement), 30June 2005
(various authors) ‘Turning the Tide’, Observer/Carbon Trust (supplement), 26June 2005
R. Alley, The Two-Mile Time Machine: Ice Cores, Abrupt Climate Change and Our Future (Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 2002)
J. Diamond, Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed (Allen Lane, London, 2005)
B. Fagan, The Long Summer: How Climate Changed Civilization (Granta Books, London, 2004)
T. Flannery, The Weather Makers: The History and Future Impact of Climate Change (Allen Lane, London, 2006)
R. A. Kerr, ‘News Focus – Three Degrees of Consensus’, Science 305(2004), 932–4
J. Lovelock, The Revenge of Gaia (All
en Lane, London, 2006)
P. N. Pearson and M. R. Palmer, ‘Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Concentrations Over the Past 60Million Years’, Nature 406(2000), 695–9
R. T. Pinker, B. Zhang and E. G. Dutton, ‘Do Satellites Detect Trends in Surface Solar Radiation?’, Science 308(2005), 850–54
D. L. Royer et al., ‘Paleobotanical Evidence for Near Present-day Levels of Atmospheric CO 2During Part of the Tertiary’, Science 292(2001), 2310–13
W. Ruddiman, ‘How Did Humans First Alter Global Climate?’, Scientific American Vol. 292, No. 3(2005), 34–41
H. J. Schellnhuber, W. Cramer, N. Nakicenovic, T. Wigley and G. Yohe (eds.), Avoiding Dangerous Climate Change (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2006)
M. Wild, H. Gilgen, A. Roesch, A. Ohmura, C. Long, E. Dutton,
B. Forgan, A. Kallis, V. Russak and A. Tsvetkov, ‘From Dimming to Brightening: Decadal Changes in Solar Radiation at Earth’s Surface’, Science 308(2005), 847–850
K. Willis, K. Bennett and D. Walker (eds.), The Evolutionary Legacy of the Ice Ages (Royal Society, London, 2004)
Index
Figures in italics refer to diagrams and illustrations
Africa, and human origins 35–8, 113, 124–7, 127
Agassiz, Louis 20–21
Aldhouse-Green, Stephen 98
Altamira Cave, Santander 25
amino-acid dating 49–50
Andrews, Peter 143
Anglian ice age 39, 42–5, 49, 58– 9, 60, 65–6, 69
Antiquités celtiques et antédiluviennes (Boucher de Perthes) 16–17
Arduino, Giovanni 10, 21
art 119–20, 122–3, 146–8
Ashton, Nick 201–4
Atlantic Heat Conveyor (Gulf Stream) 131–2, 169–70
Attenborough, Sir David 177
Aurignacian culture 124
Austen, Frank 70
Aveley, Essex 101–3
Aveline’s Hole, Somerset 152–3
Bacon Hole, Wales 110
Bagford, John 3
Bahn, Paul 147
Banwell Bone Cave, Somerset 9, 111
Barnfield Pit, Kent 34, 70, see also Swanscombe, Kent
Barnham, Suffolk 79
Beard, William 111
Beeches Pit, Suffolk 83
biblical interpretations of history 4–7, 9, 19
Bilzingsleben, Germany 81–2
Bishop, Mike 61–2
Bize, France 14–15
Bohunician culture 124
bone tools 119
Boucher de Perthes, Jacques 16–17, 26
Boule, Marcellin 30, 72
Boxgrove Man (‘Roger’) 65
Boxgrove, Sussex 39–40, 51, 63–7
Boyd Dawkins, Professor William 98
Britain
becomes an island 116, 157
Hoxian interglacial period 78
intermediate sea level 96
isolation from the continent 106–110
and Neanderthal Man 115
Brixham Bone Cavern, Devon 12, 13, 14
Brown, John 86
Browne, Sir Thomas 4
Bruckner, Eduard 21, 58, 68
Buckland, Reverend William
and Agassiz 19
Buckland, Reverend William
and Agassiz 19–20
caricature 8
Goat’s Hole Cave 9–10, 120
Paviland Cave 22, 68, 121
scientific approach 6, 121
scientific approach 6–7
and taphonomy 7–8
Victoria Cave 109
views challenged 11–12
burial 123, 129, 152
Bush, President George W. 173
Busk, George 23, 26, 98
Bytham River 45, 60
Candy, Ian 215–18
cannibalism 142–4
Ceprano, Italy 40, 48
Chardin, Teilhard de 34
Châtelperronian culture 124
Chauvet, France 120
Cheddar Gorge, Somerset 123, 135–45, 151, 155
Cheddar Man 137, 142, 151–2, 155–6
Chellean culture 22
Christy, Henry 25
Churchill, Steve 80
Clacton-on Sea, Essex, Hoxnian period 68
Clactonian culture 79
Clactonian culture 79–82, 86, 97
Clark, Desmond 87
climate change
and albedo effect 166
effects 174–6, 175
evidence at Pakefield 47–8
glaciers, melting 167
global polluters 172–4
greenhouse effect 161–6
greenhouse gases 163–5
history 160–63
permafrost thawing 166
possible solutions 176–82
rising sea levels 167–9
Thatcher on 170–72
Conan Doyle, Sir Arthur 32
Cook, Jill 143–4
Coon, Carlton 113
Coope, Russell 139, 218–21
Crayford, Kent 103
Creswell Crags, Derbyshire 119, 137, 146, 147
Creswellian culture 142–7, 146, 151, 157, see also Cheddar Gorge, Somerset
Cro-Magnon Man
art 122–3
European 157
interbreeding 128–30
and Mauer 27, 29
origins 123–6
‘Red Lady’ 9, 120
survival 181
Vézère valley 25
Cromerian interglacial 49–50, 58, 60–61, 69
Currant, Andy 32, 59, 80–81, 138, 141, 184, 187–90
Cuvier, Baron Georges 4, 5–6, 7
Darwin, Charles 18
Dawson, Charles 30–34
de Charpentier, Jean 19–20
de la Peyrere, Isaac 2
dental evidence 100–101, 151–2
Devensian ice age 58, 68, 134, 134–5
Die Alpen im Eiszeitater (Penck/Bruckner) 21
Dmanisi, Georgia 35–6, 51
DNA/mtDNA evidence 24–5, 126–8, 153–6
Dolní Vìstonice, Czech Republic 121–2
Dubois, Eugene 27, 35
Duckworth, Wynfrid 29
Dugdale, Sir William 2
Ebbsfleet, Kent 79
Efremov, Ivan 7
Elliot Smith, Grafton 29, 31
Elveden, Suffolk 79
Emiliani, Cesare 55
Duckworth, Wynfrid 29
Dugdale, Sir William 2
Ebbsfleet, Kent 79
Efremov, Ivan 7
Elliot Smith, Grafton 29, 31
Elveden, Suffolk 79
Emiliani, Cesare 55–7
Engis Cave, Belgium 15, 22
Eoanthropus dawsoni 31
Evans, John 17, 26, 29, 45–6
Falconer, Hugh 12, 14, 17, 23, 26
Fernández-Jalvo, Yolanda 143
fire, early use of 83
Foley, Robert 51, 95
Formby Point, Merseyside 158–9
Foxhall, Suffolk 27, 82–3
Frere, John 3–4, 3, 18, 34, 70
Fuhlrott, Johann Carl 23–4
Galley Hill, Kent 26, 27, 34
Gardiner, Brian 32–3
Garrod, Dorothy 137
Geike, James 21
Geological Evidence of the Antiquity of Man, The (Lyell) 18
global warming see climate change
Goat’s Hole see Paviland Cave, Wales
Goldcliff, Wales 158
Gough, Richard 136–7
Gough’s Cave see Cheddar Gorge, Somerset
Gran Dolina, Spain 40–41, 48
Gravettian culture 120, 124, 181–2
Great Ice Age, The (Geike) 21
Great Interglacial see Hoxnian interglacial
Gulf Stream see Atlantic Heat Conveyor
Günz glaciation 21, 54, 69
Gupta, Sanjeev 107
Haeckel, Ernst 27
handaxes
at Boxgrove 63–4
at Foxhall 82–3
at Hoxne 3, 84
at Swanscombe 26, 34, 70, 78–9, 81, 86, 95
and Boucher de Perthes 16–17
first descriptions 3–4
manufacture of 94
and Neanderthals 82
replaced by 97
use of 86–9
Waverley Wood 44
Happisburgh, Norfolk 42–3, 49, 67
Harnham, Wiltshire 97
Harrison, Benjamin 29
Harrison, Lake 44
Harvati, Katerina 126
Heinrich Event 169
High Lodge, Norfolk 44–5
Hinton, Martin 32–4
History of Warwickshire (Dugdale) 2
Holocene interglacial 21–2, 58, 158, 162
Holocene Optimum 149
Homo antecessor 41
Homo calpicus 23–4
Homo erectus 27, 35–6, 81, 129, 180
Homo ergaster 41
Homo floresiensis 51, 51, 180
Homo heidelbergensis 27–9, 28, 31, 52, 65, 66, 89, 129
Homo neanderthalensis see Neanderthal Man
Homo sapiens 23, 29, 41, 125, 129, see also Cro-Magnon Man
Howells, Bill 126
Hoxne, Suffolk 3–4, 58, 84–5
Hoxnian interglacial
early humans 86
map of period 78
origin of name 59, 68–70, 84
“presapiens” line 72–3
vegetation changes 58
and Westbury 60
Hughes, McKenny 98
Humans
earliest occupation in Britain 47, 50–51, 63, 66, 86
episodic occupation 90–92, 99, 102–4, 111–12
out of Africa 124–7
stone tool usage 95, see also Homo Sapiens
Humphry, Louise 142
Hutton, James 9, 10
Huxley, Thomas 18, 23, 83
Hyenas 7–8, 8
Imbrie, John 56, 58
Ipswichian interglacial 58, 69, 109, 114
isomers 49–50
Jacobi, Roger 59, 141, 144, 190–93
Janetos, Anthony 173–4
Java Man see Homo erectus
Johnson, Dr Samuel 1
Keith, Sir Arthur 29, 32, 34, 72
Keith, Sir Arthur 29, 32, 34, 72
Kendrick’s Cave, Wales 157
Kent’s Cavern 137
Kent’s Cavern, Devon 11–12, 14, 68, 119, 130
King, Sir David 164
King, William 23, 126