French language, 12, 19, 79, 313, 356n
translations of Arabic into, 46, 272, 288, 346n, 362n, 366n, 367n
French Revolution, 22
Fulani, 45, 94, 166, 168, 170, 172–73, 189, 268, 270–71
Fulfulde language, 313
Futa Jallon (Guinea), 28
Fyfe, Christopher, 347n, 352n
Gaddafi, Muammar, 19, 79, 278, 366n
Gaines, Marcus (U.S. consul, Tripoli), 164
Gallieni, Joseph, 265
Gambia River, 28, 32, 59, 63, 69, 71, 101
Gando (Sokoto), 166, 176, 211
Gao (Mali), 133, 135, 136, 194, 215, 298, 341
battle of, 232, 361n
jihadist control of, 47–48, 150, 180, 181, 189
as Songhay capital, 7, 176, 290, 294–95, 350n, 362n
Garnati, Abu Hamid al-. See Abu Hamid
Gates, Henry Louis, Jr., 16–17, 313–16, 348n, 366n
Gayangos, Pascual de, 132
Gelfand, Michael, 351n
Geneva, 191, 361n
Geographical Society (Berlin), 224, 225
George III (British king), 22
Gerda Henkel Foundation, 324, 371n
Géricault, Théodore, 100
German Africa Prize, 325, 369n
Germany, 227, 243, 246–48, 261, 309, 322, 324, 325, 364n, 369n
Nazi, 8, 251
Oriental Society of, 176, 211
See also Barth, Heinrich; Berlin; Prussia
Gèze, Paul, 301–3, 368n
Ghadames (Libya), 91–92, 174, 215
Ghali, Noureddine, 366n
Ghana, ancient, 29, 132–36, 213, 215–16
Gharyan (Libya), 164
Ghat (Libya), 162
Ghiyaru (Ghana), 134
Gitari, Joseph, 309, 343, 368n
GlobalPost, 322
Gobineau, Joseph-Arthur, 261
Goebbels, Josef, 251
Gold, African, 73, 133–36, 291, 295, 314
myths about, 16, 29–32, 104, 159, 274, 276, 341, 345, 353n
trade in, 24, 29, 30, 106, 134, 175, 350n
Google, 324
Goree Island, 74
Goundam (Mali), 16, 266, 301, 368n
Gourma Rharous (Mali), 75, 204
Gout, Frédéric, 254, 301–5, 368n
Gramont, Sanche de, 350n
Granada, 30, 134, 141, 269
Grand Marché (Timbuktu), 44, 54, 119, 237
Grant, James, 217
Gray, William, 101
Great Barrier Reef, 35
Great Gold Medal of Exploration and Journeys of Discovery, 88
Grimm, Friedrich and Wilhelm, 212
Grossman, Ron, 348–49n
Guardian, The, 7–8, 306, 368n
Guerba, Bintu, 118
Guidère, Mathieu, 361n
Guinea, 24, 28, 32, 75, 76, 101, 264
Gulf of, 349n
Guinea worm, 34, 167
Hadiths, 82, 148, 171, 184, 296
Hague, The, 252, 358n
Haidara, Abdel Kader, 11–19, 80, 139, 192, 198, 246–57, 281, 348n, 357n, 364–65n
accused of exaggeration and fraud, 325–28, 331–39, 370–71n
childhood of, 13–14, 43, 348n
first manuscript collecting project of, 15–18, 252–53
during French military intervention, 254–55
fund-raising by, 144, 190–91, 193, 206–7, 234–37, 246–48, 324, 369n
Gates and, 313–15
German Africa Prize awarded to, 325, 369n
and hiding of manuscripts from libraries in private homes, 123–24, 142–43, 246–47, 357n
manuscript evacuation organized by, 198–206, 229–32, 234, 237–43, 249–50, 252–53, 256–57, 306, 308–10, 321–22, 361n
during onset of MNLA occupation, 11–12, 56–57, 80
opposition to publicizing danger to manuscripts, 141–42, 185
and Salafist antagonism to Mawlid festival, 156–57, 249, 251–52, 283, 359–60n
Haidara, Abdoul Wahid, 336, 370n
Haidara, Baba Akib, 154, 359n
Haidara, Bouya, 193, 361n
Haidara, Ismael Diadié, 77–78, 115, 85–86, 113, 140–41, 356n, 360n
in Bamako, 123, 191–92
departure from Timbuktu, 120–23, 356n
manuscripts evacuated by, 123, 334–36
during MNLA attack on Timbuktu, 49–54
Haidara, Mamma, 13–14. See also Mamma Haidara library
Hakluyt Society, 137
Hall, Bruce, 325–28, 334–36, 359n, 369n, 371n
Hallett, Robin, 346n, 349n, 350n, 351n
Hamabangou, 50, 57, 113
Hamburg, 160, 177, 217, 224
University, 324, 338, 356n, 371n
Hammam, Yahya Abou al-, 78
Hammer, Joshua, 355n
Hampâté Bâ, Amadou, 14, 151, 348n
Harber, Fatouma, 53, 352n, 360n
Harding, Luke, 368n
Harmon, Stephen, 353n
Harper’s, 322
Harrow, 22
Harvard University, 16, 114, 313–15
Hassan (Islamic Police commissioner), 279–80, 359n
Hay, R. W., 109
Heart of Darkness (Conrad), 259–60, 365n
Hegel, Georg, 261, 365n
Helly, Dorothy O., 366n
Henri Christophe (Haitian king), 22
Henry the Navigator, 30
Herbert, Eugenia, 342, 350n, 355n
Hereford Mappa Mundi, 29
Herodotus, 43, 65
Herschel, William, 22
High Islamic Council of Mali, 125, 144, 149
Higher Education and Scientific Research, Ministry of (Mali), 190, 204, 361n
Hinshaw, Drew, 366n
Hippocrates, 170
History of the Berbers (al-Bakri), 134
History of Maritime and Inland Discovery, The (Cooley), 130
Hizba (morality brigade), 148, 359n
Hochschild, Adam, 365n
Holland. See Netherlands
Hollande, François, 245, 304
Hondoubongo (Mali), 56, 249
Hopkins, J. F. P., 358n
Hornemann, Friedrich, 76, 355n
Horticultural Society (London), 130
Houdas, Octave, 272, 273, 286–88, 343, 346n, 366n, 367n
Houka, Ag Alfousseyni (“Houka Houka”), 147–48, 358n
Houghton, Daniel, 59–60, 62, 72, 352n, 355n
Human Rights Watch, 358n
Humboldt, Alexander von, 160, 224, 226
Hume, David, 17
Hunwick, John, 18, 312–13, 317, 326, 331, 346n, 348n, 350n, 362n, 366n, 368n
Ibn Battuta, 29, 212, 275
Ibn Khaldun, 132–34, 216, 358n
Ibn Sida, 291
IFAN (West African research institute), 114–15
Illinois
Supreme Court of, 369–70n, 371n
University of, 325
Illustration, L’, 271
Iloa (Mali), 249
India, 21, 72
Infaq al-maysur (Bello), 166
Inquisition, 251
Institut des Hautes Études et de Recherche Islamic Ahmad Baba (IHERIAB). See Ahmad Baba institute
Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, The, 24
International African Association, 263
International Criminal Court (ICC), 147, 183, 186, 358–59n
International Crisis Group, 349n
International Organization for Migration (IOM), 356n
Inte
rnet, 114, 229
Interpol, 141
Iraq, 191, 193
Isaiah, Book of, 70
Ishaq I, Askiya, 293
Ishaq II, Askiya, 293–95
Ishriniyyat (Fazazi), 156, 249
Islam, 7, 13, 132, 135, 156, 227, 268–69
conversion of Christians to, 293
jihadists’ views of, 79–80, 120, 146, 154–55, 183–86, 188–89
Maliki, 151, 212, 217, 218, 298, 362n
Sufi, 7, 13, 151–52
West African, 348n
written heritage of, 18, 312
See also Kuran; Muslims
Islamic Police, 148–49, 182, 234, 236, 238–39, 244, 279–80, 330, 359n
Islamists, 115, 186, 193, 196, 201, 247–48, 280, 350, 353n, 359n
Ismail, Askiya, 293
Israel, 349n
Issa, Mohamed, 147
Istanbul, 167
Italy, 30, 94, 97
Ivory Coast, 264. See also Côte d’Ivoire
Jallonkadoo, 69
Jamaica, 90
Jata, Mari, 136
Jawdar (eunuch), 294–96
Jefferson, Thomas, 37, 39–41, 351n
Jelil, Abdel. See Le Guen, Gilles
Jeppie, Shamil, 114, 246, 316, 325, 354n, 356n, 364n
Jews, 82, 91, 251
jihadists, 7, 141, 145–46, 148–54, 206, 234, 236–38, 333, 353n, 358n, 359n, 360–61n, 364n, 366n
checkpoints and patrols of, 195, 197, 199–200, 240
destruction of monuments and mausoleums by, 7, 153–55, 179–86, 188, 205, 232, 244, 330, 361n
manuscripts burned by, 306, 307, 330, 344, 367n
Mawlid celebration banned by, 156, 244–45, 248–49, 251, 256, 282, 330–31, 359–60n
withdrawal of, 277–83, 302–3
See also Al-Qaeda; Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM); Ansar Dine; National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad (MNLA)
Jingere Ber mosque, 13, 105, 114, 136, 152, 173, 183, 215, 290, 350n
Jobson, Richard, 32, 350n
Joffre, Joseph, 266, 272, 366n
Johnson (freedman), 61
Joliba (ship), 74–75
Joliba River, 27, 108, 353n. See also Niger River
Jomard, Edme-François, 87, 107, 108, 355n
Jones, John Paul, 37
Jonkakonda, 61
Journal d’un voyage à Temboctou et à Jenné . . . (Caillié). See Travels Through Central Africa to Timbuctoo (Caillié)
Juma al-Majid Center for Culture and Heritage, 17, 231, 362n
Kaarta (state), 62
Kabara (Mali), 75, 102, 103, 167, 236, 249, 267, 304
Kabari, Modibbo Muhammad al-, 220–21
Kabylie (Algeria), 187
Kalil, Kader, 45, 351n, 353n, 359n
Kamalia (town), 69–71
Kamchatka, 37
Kankan (Guinea), 102
Kano (Sokoto), 136, 175, 341
Kant, Immanuel, 17
Kanté, Harouna, 361n
Kanya-Forstner, A. S., 350–51n, 365n
Karamanli, Yusuf, 95, 96
Karamanli dynasty, 110
Kassé, Mamadou, 153–54
Kassé, Mohamed, 359n
Kati, Mahmud, 141, 270, 271, 286, 288, 291, 367n. See also Fondo Kati library
Keita, Ibrahim Boubacar, 347n
Keita, Salif, 243
Kemper, Steve, 360n, 363n, 365n
Kenya, Mount, 137
Khayyám, Omar, 127, 357n
Kidal (Mali), 45, 187
Kierkegaard, Søren, 160
Kifayat al-muhtaj (Ahmad Baba), 212, 217–18, 362n
Kilimanjaro, Mount, 137
Kirk-Greene, A. H. M., 360n, 365n
Konaré, Alpha Oumar, 316
Konna (Mali), 245, 251, 279, 302, 364n
Koorabarri, Daisy, 62
Koriume (Mali), 49, 56, 121–22, 195, 196, 241
Kounta, Abdoul Hamid, 336
Kounta, Seydou Baba, 56
Kryza, Frank T., 347n
Kukawa (Bornu), 177–78
Kukiya (town), 213, 345
Kunta Arabs, 93–94, 98, 174, 312, 354n
Kunti, Shaykh Sidi al-Mukhtar al-, 174, 183
Kunti, Sidi Muhammad al-, 93, 94, 169, 312, 354n
Kuran, 70, 101, 147, 148, 171, 290, 296, 356n, 363n
Labeida, Ahmadu, 96, 355n
Labrador, 22
Lacher, Wolfram, 353n
Laidley, John, 61, 67, 352n
Laing, Alexander Gordon, 89–97, 99–100, 106–11, 164, 276, 312, 345n, 346n, 347n, 354n, 355n
death of, 95–97, 106, 172, 270, 354n, 355n
journals of, 108, 109, 111, 347n, 355–56n
letters to British consul in Tripoli, 1–6, 89–90, 93–95, 99, 109
marriage of, 90, 92, 109
Sahara crossing, 91–95, 354n
in Timbuktu, 5–6, 94–96, 99, 169–70, 342
Laing, Emma (née Warrington), 90, 92, 97, 109
Latin America, 160. See also South America
Le Bore, Jack, 91, 93
Le Guen, Gilles (“Abdel Jelil”), 146, 238, 239
Le Touzet, Jean-Louis, 361n
Lebovich, Andrew, 353n
Ledyard, John, 36–41, 59, 62, 351n
Leo X, Pope, 30
Leo Africanus (Johannis Leo de Medicis), 30–31, 94, 176, 212, 216, 350n
Leopold II, king of Belgium, 260, 262–63, 365n
Lere (Mali), 234, 241–43
Levtzion, Nehemia, 358n, 363n
Libraries. See by specific name, and as Bibliothèque
Libya, 19, 46, 59, 159, 174, 193, 341. See also Tripoli
Linnaeus, Carl, 22
Liverpool, 24
University of, 224
Livingstone, David, 131, 137, 177, 217, 226
Lobbo, Shaykh Ahmad, 94–95, 151, 168, 270–71, 287, 367n
Loire (ship), 100
London, 2, 6, 17, 74, 110, 130, 137, 273, 316, 327
Africans in, 131, 217
antagonism toward Barth in, 224–25, 227
interest in Africa in, 21, 24. See also African Association
University of, School of Oriental and African Studies, 328
London Times. See Times, The (London)
Longman (publisher), 225–26, 360n
Looting, 80–84, 117–19, 123–26, 141, 145, 272, 344, 353n, 357n, 366n
of Ahmad Baba’s library, 297
of houses occupied by jihadists, 279–80
by MNLA members, 45, 53–56, 141
Lovejoy, Paul E., 367n
Lucas, Simon, 36, 59, 76, 352n
Ludamar, 60–63, 71, 73
Lugard, Frederick, 273
Luxembourg, 315, 334
Machecourt, Agathe, 363–64n
Maconochie, Alexander, 131
Madi (Barth’s servant), 177
Maghreb, 292–93, 312
jihadists in. See Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM)
Mahamane, Alpha, 337
Mahamane, Boubacar (“Jansky”), 54, 55, 77, 81, 180, 182, 347n, 351n, 352n
Mahdi, Ahmad al-Faqi al-, 147–48, 182–83, 358–59n, 361n
Mahibou, Mohamed, 366n
Mahmud (qadi), 289–90, 295
Mahmud, Shaykh Sidi, 152, 154, 155, 174, 179, 182, 359n
Mahmud ibn Zargun, 296
Maiga, Abdoulkadri Idrissa, 139–41, 142–43, 144, 192–95, 198–207, 229, 283, 306, 334–36
Maiga, Aboubacrine, 196–97, 199–202
Maiga, Alkadi, 45�
��49, 51, 54, 79, 119–20, 192–204, 361n, 364n, 370n
Maiga, Diadié Hamadoun, 51, 54, 81, 149–51, 236–39, 279–82, 304, 330, 351n, 359n
Majid, Juma al-, 206. See also Juma al-Majid Center for Culture and Heritage
Malaria, 35, 61, 64, 76, 100, 101, 351n
Mali sous le régime des islamistes (film), 359n
Malian Solidarity Bank (BMS) building, 145–46, 233–34, 237
Malik(a), 319
Maliki Islam, 151, 212, 217, 218, 298, 362n
Mallorca, 30
Mamma Haidara library, 17, 125, 313, 322, 327, 348n, 355–56n, 356–57n
Mandela, Nelson, 316
Manding language, 61, 70, 74
Mangara, Mamadou, 48, 49, 351–52n
Mansa Musa. See Musa I
Mansur, Ahmad al-, 293–95, 297, 367n
Manuscript and book burning, 251, 282–83
Mármol Carvajal, Luis del, 132
Marrakesh, 216, 294, 297–98
Marseilles, 38, 39
Martyn, John, 75
Massufa, 362n
Marx, Karl, 160
Masina, 94, 168, 172, 270, 287, 360n, 367n
Masonen, Pekka, 346n, 350n, 352n, 357n, 363n, 365–66n
Mathee, Mohamed Shahid, 367n
Mauritania, 30, 62, 118, 201, 215, 349n, 363n
Mausoleums, 13, 152, 174, 221, 324, 359n
destruction of, 7, 154, 179–86, 188, 205, 232, 244, 330, 361n
See also Tombs
Mawlid, 156, 244–45, 248–49, 251, 256, 282, 330–31, 359–60n
Mbeki, Thabo, 18, 316, 348n, 369n
McCaskie, Tom, 328
McConnell, Tristan, 322, 369n
McIntosh, Susan Keech and Roderick, 350n
Mecca, 30, 38, 40, 135, 215, 350n
Medicis, Johannis Leo de. See Leo Africanus
Medusa (ship), 100
Meek, C. K., 350n
Messaoudi, Alain, 366n
Mexico, 289, 366n
Michigan State University, 18
Middle Ages, 29, 111, 274, 311
Middle Niger, 265, 313
Missionary Travels and Researches in South Africa (Livingstone), 226
MLI/015 (“Mali Quinze”), 140, 334
Mohamed, prophet. See Muhammad, prophet
Moknee, Yusuf, 163
Molins Lliteras, Susana, 321, 356n, 370n
Mollien, Gaspard Théodore, 355n
Montaigne, Michel de, 129
Montreal, 25
Moors, 60, 62–64, 67, 74, 105
Mopti (Mali), 56, 124, 194, 198, 245, 265
during French military intervention against jihadists, 254–55
manuscript evacuation route through, 234, 241, 334
refugees from Timbuktu in, 118, 123
Moral and Intellectual Diversity of the Races, The (Gobineau), 261
Morocco, 7, 36, 105, 106, 156, 174, 269, 293, 298, 341, 349n