see also Izmir
Snarsky brothers, 100
socialism, socialists, 5, 33, 63, 98, 155, 230, 237, 240, 243
in Russia, 93, 94, 223
in Turkey, 221, 223, 227, 232
Socialist Revolutionary Party, 248
Socony-Vacuum Oil Company, 309
Sofia, 41, 299, 302, 326, 339, 355
Soviet Embassy, 236, 246
Soviet Union, 93, 126, 185, 235–37, 240–41, 246–52, 295, 310, 313, 328, 362
German invasion of, 303, 306, 352, 356
nationalization of industry by, 104
Nâzım Hikmet in, 226–27, 228, 230–32
propaganda from, 97–98
Struma and, 323
Turkish relations with, 115–16, 223–26, 230, 256, 290, 291, 294
in World War II, 289–90, 352, 358
see also Russia
Soviet Writers’ Union, 232
Spa, 261–62
Spain, 186, 243, 249–50
Jews from, 60, 63
Spanish Civil War, 128, 249–50
Special Operations Executive (SOE), 307–8
Sperco, Willy, 140–41
Spitzer, Leo, 296
SS, 356–57
Stalin, Joseph, 230–31, 235–41, 243, 247–49, 252, 290, 294, 339
Stalingrad, 306, 356
Standard Oil, 41, 108
State Department, US, 326–27
Stein, Gertrude, 272–73
Steinhardt, Laurence A., 327–28, 336–37, 345, 348–49
Stella bar, 140
Sterladkin, Aleksei, 114
Stoliar, David, 323
Strafford, Charles, 94
Streater, Isabel, 247
Struma, 320–24, 326–27, 329, 348, 362–63
Sudan, 146
Süleymaniye mosque, 12, 20, 68, 269
sultan, 26, 31, 50, 58, 59, 63, 120, 190, 191, 203, 215, 223
caliph as, 5, 10, 35, 37, 58, 85–86
deposing of, see Mehmed VI, Sultan, deposing of
selâmlık procession by, 17, 51, 85
see also specific sultans
Sultanahmet (Blue) mosque, 21, 74, 189, 206, 211, 269, 276–77
sünnet, 8
Sunni Islam, 187
Superb, 40, 43, 222, 299
surnames, law requiring, 126, 263
Sweden, 9, 64, 328, 340–41
Switzerland, 108, 180, 295
Syria, 18, 36, 75, 247, 290, 321
taksim, 167
Taksim Square, 72, 140, 195–96, 262, 316, 318, 349
Talât Pasha, 34, 37, 42, 56, 306
tango, 168–69, 172
Tanin (The Echo), 209
Tanpınar, Ahmet Hamdi, 180, 187
Tanzimat reform movement, 32–33
Tarabya, 42
Tatavla (Kurtulu), 64
Taurus Mountains, 327
Tbilisi (Tiflis), 43, 100
Tcherniavsky, Mr., 114
Téhige, Madame de, 378
Tenner, Katya, 94
Tepebaı, 300, 373
tesserae, 283
Teutonia Club, 286, 297, 310
Tevfik Fikret, 209
Thessaloniki, see Salonica
Thomas, Frederick Bruce (Fyodor Fyodorovich Tomas), 138–42, 175
Thrace, 18, 51, 53, 77, 78, 82, 92, 193, 289, 299
Muslims in, 121, 123
violence against Jews in, 186, 356
time, in Istanbul, 179–80
Tittmann, Harold H., Jr., 352
tobacco, state monopoly on, 33
Togo, 208
Tokatlian Hotel, 26, 114, 118, 138, 317, 375
on Nazi approved list, 297, 331
Trotsky at, 237–38
Tolstoy, Leo, 110
Tolstoy, Vera, 110
Tolstoy family, 117
Tom’s Lancashire Bar, 136
Topkapı Palace, 14, 19–20, 44, 49, 95, 267, 361
Gate of Felicity of, 361
Harem of, 276, 361
Toronto Daily Star, 4, 127
Toynbee, Arnold J., 6
Trabzon, 225–26
Transnistria, 346, 360, 362
trolleys, 27, 112, 155, 188, 203, 336
Trotsky, Leon, 93, 224, 235–44, 246–52, 255, 257, 323
Trotsky, Lyova, 236–37, 241, 244
tulumbacıs (firefighters), 19–20, 64
turbans, restrictions on, 186
Türkische Post, 324
Turkish Airlines, 123
Turkish army, 84–87, 115, 120
in battle with Hellenes, 78–80
see also Kemalist army
Turkish Council of Ministers, 277, 285
Turkish Hearth movement, 203–4, 209–10
Turkish language, 9, 13, 43, 122, 126, 161, 167, 188–89, 240, 310, 375
reform of, 181, 189
Turkish nationalists, 64, 73, 75–76, 79–82, 84–87, 91, 113, 116, 129, 152, 173, 190–91, 194, 204, 206, 210, 211–12, 223–25, 259, 306
critics of, 220–21
Halide and Adnan as, 213–16
nönü’s version of, 294
violence against Jews by, 185–86
see also Kemalists, Kemalism
Turkish National Museum, 276
Turkish Orthodox church, 119–20
Turkish Republic, 155, 160, 173, 213, 219, 222, 230, 318, 369, 374
Allies joined by, 363, 371
cinema of, 157
clock and calendar change in, 179–80
clothing laws in, 181, 191, 201, 263
creation of, 115, 118
critics of, 221
economy of, 223–24, 225, 371
espionage in, 304–14
ethnic minorities in, 120–23
exchange of minorities with Greece, 121–23
first constitution of, 120
foreign policy of, 256, 291
geographic importance of, 295
Greece and, 277, 371–72
historians in, 219
homogenization of, 130, 333
ideology of, 189–90
industrial and agricultural development in, 225
Islam disestablished as state religion in, 181
Jewish refugees and, 320–26, 329–33, 338–41, 345–49
literature under, 220–21
marginalizing of non-Muslims in, 121–31
modernity and secularism of, 4, 6, 168, 181, 182–84, 186–89, 191, 197, 256, 263, 267, 277, 279
modern notions of citizenship in, 120–21, 152
multiparty democracy in, 215
national life centered in Ankara under, 194–95
as nation-state, 126
neutrality of, 289–91, 295, 303–4, 307, 326, 338, 348
new civil code of, 181, 202, 214
origins of, 73–74
in Ottoman demise, 77
population of, 193–94
as primarily rural, 224
purging of imperial influences by, 189
religious-leaning government in early 21st century, 182–83
surnames required in, 126, 263
territory of, 192
Treaty of Lausanne and, 114–15
war of independence in, 57, 125, 127, 171, 189, 196, 214, 219, 223, 291
in World War II, 303
Turkish revolution, 77, 84–87, 181–82
Turkish Women’s Union, 204
Turks, 23, 50, 115, 301
ancestry of, 189–90
background and definition of, 190
ethnic, 194
Kurds, 194
Ottoman past rejected by, 4
secular, 279
Turpin, F. W., 41
Turquoise club (Türkuvaz), 141, 161, 258, 375
Tuzla, 97
typhus, 149
Udi Hrant, see Kenkulian, Hrant
Ukraine, 326, 346, 356, 360
Ukrainians, 99, 101, 246
Ülkümen, Selahattin, 333
Unionists, 91, 162, 183, 203, 209, 210
, 214, 221, 222, 238, 255
Germany and, 35, 55, 306
Mustafa Kemal influenced by, 53
nationalism of, 73, 75
reforms demanded by, 33–34
right-wing, 226
Special Organization in, 37–38
in World War I, 35, 37
United Nations, 364, 371
United States, Americans, 24, 65, 76, 105, 117, 141, 146, 156, 172, 192, 214, 245, 256, 276, 278
immigration quotas in, 330
intelligence service of, 223, 308–12, 314; see also Office of Strategic Services, US (OSS)
in Istanbul, 3, 43, 50, 138–41, 318
Miss Universe pageant and, 260–61
Pullman railway carriages in, 22–23
racism and slavery in, 138–39, 150
refugees in Istanbul aided by, 92
in World War I, 76, 94
in World War II, 299
Urgan, Mîna, 201, 240
Üsküdar (neighborhood), 42, 143, 206
Valens, Aqueduct of, 41
Venice, 278, 283
Venizelos, Eleftherios, 71–72, 78, 263, 277
Vermehren, Erich, 312
Vertinsky, Alexander, 137
Vienna, 24, 41, 79, 137, 138
Vilnius (Vilna), 339–41
Vladimir of Kiev, 269–70
Volunteer Army, Russian, 93, 95–96, 105, 117, 139
von Papen, Franz, 290, 306, 312, 323, 363
wagon-lit, 23
Wagons-Lits Company, see Compagnie Internationale des Wagons-Lits et des Grands-Express Européens
Walker, Archibald, 309
War Refugee Board, 327, 337, 345, 358–59, 360
Washington, D.C., 23, 114, 173–74, 275, 310, 312, 327, 328, 345
wealth transfers, 130, 333, 369
Webb, Beatrice and Sidney, 243
Wehrmacht, German, 303, 306, 340, 356
Werfel, Franz, 165–66
White, Charles, 17
White Russians, 92–110, 113–17, 126, 137, 139–42, 160, 223, 232, 237, 239, 243, 245, 248–49, 271, 295, 296, 298, 320, 374
Whittemore, Thomas, 117, 271–72
Byzantine art and, 273–86
Hagia Sophia and, 277–83, 286, 310
Russian refugees and, 105–10, 276
Wilhelm II, kaiser of Germany, 71
Wilson, M. M. Carus, 50
Winter Garden Theater, 136
women, 200–216, 200, 205
Kemalist values and, 197, 212
Kemal’s adopted daughters and new Turkish, 182, 186, 205–6
legal rights for, 202, 214–15, 259
trafficking of, 150–51
in workforce, 204
women, Muslim:
in beauty contests, 258–62, 263
head coverings for, 201, 211, 212, 215, 259, 375
as performers, 167–68, 170
seclusion of, 138, 156, 159, 201–2, 259
women’s organization, 203–4, 209
Woods, Henry, 207
World War I, 44, 53, 64, 71, 77, 91, 97, 98, 106, 113, 120, 122, 129, 145, 146, 147, 156, 167, 172, 210, 214, 222, 275, 289, 339
aftermath of, 6, 10, 69, 83, 330
devastation of, 8
results of, 4
and Turkish boundaries, 192
women in workforce after, 204
see also specific countries
World War II, 128, 164, 167, 186, 230, 286, 288, 371, 377
Prost’s plan derailed by, 196
see also specific countries
Wrangel, Pyotr “Piper,” 95–98, 101, 104, 107, 109, 117, 137, 140, 232, 245, 320
Yalta, 94, 100
Yar restaurant, 105, 139
Yeniköy, 129, 369
Yeni (New) mosque, 205
Yıldız Palace complex, 32, 45, 50, 85–86, 136, 206, 296
YMCA, 3, 148, 245
Young Turks, see Unionists
Yugoslavia, 290, 303, 307
Yunus Nadi, 155, 212, 255–58, 260, 262, 267, 279, 296, 297, 303
Zaharoff, Basil, 64
Zarnekow, Countess, 100
Zarnekow, Petya, 99
Zehra (Atatürk’s daughter), 279
Zildjian family, 172–73, 175
Zionism, 63, 314, 320, 359
Ziya Bey, 43–45, 69, 103–4, 137, 140, 150, 350
ALSO BY CHARLES KING
Odessa
Extreme Politics
The Ghost of Freedom
The Black Sea
The Moldovans
Nations Abroad (co-editor)
Copyright © 2014 by Charles King
All rights reserved
First Edition
Photo credits: Frontispiece courtesy of Pera Palace Hotel Jumeirah. All other photos courtesy of Yapı Kredi Bank Selahattin Giz Collection.
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The Library of Congress has cataloged the printed edition as follows:
King, Charles, 1967–
Midnight at the Pera Palace : the birth of modern Istanbul / Charles King. — First edition.
pages cm
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-393-08914-1 (hardcover)
1. Istanbul (Turkey)—History—20th century. 2. Istanbul (Turkey)—Social life and customs—20th century. 3. Istanbul (Turkey)—Social conditions—20th century. 4. City and town life—Turkey—Istanbul—History—20th century. 5. Pera Palas Oteli (Istanbul, Turkey)—History—20th century.
6. Social change—Turkey—Istanbul—History—20th century.
7. Cosmopolitanism—Turkey—Istanbul—History—20th century. I. Title.
DR731.K56 2014
949.61´8024—dc23
2014012360
ISBN 978-0-393-24578-3 (e-book)
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