refugees 206–16, 225, 229, 241; see also deportations
region, as idea 3, 7–8
religious conversion 98–9, 114–15, 164
Renaissance 38
“Republic of the Pontus” 213
Resulzade, Mehmet Emin 226
Rex Scytharum 36
Rhaeti 57
Rhodes 32
Rhos 70, 72, 131, 217–18
relations with Byzantines 75–7; see also Norsemen; Russia Rhosia see Rhos
Rhosoi see Rhos rice 115
Richelieu, Armand, duc de 163–4, 184 62 n, 196
Rioni river 16, 17, 26, 28, 29
Rize 209
Rockefeller, John D. 198
Romaioi 65, 214; see also Byzantine empire
Romania and the Romanians 5, 7, 10, 16, 32, 35, 51, 91, 120, 169, 190, 195, 198, 205–6, 208–9, 216–17, 223–5, 227, 229, 244, 246
as term for Byzantine empire 66, 98
Romanov, Michael 144
Romanus 69
Rome and Romans 8, 33, 40, 45–57, 102–3, 122;frontier policy 46
navy 49, 128
Roosevelt, Franklin 229
Rostov 196–7
Rostovtzeff, Mikhail 33
Rothschild family 198
Rum, as identity 65, 190, 214
Rumelia 132 Rus’ see Rhos
Russia and Russians 7, 9, 16, 33, 36, 82, 112–13, 120, 134, 140, 212, 239, 244, 246
adoption of Christianity 77;civil war 212–13, 225;post-Soviet navy 11, 240
rise of 77; see also Muscovy; Rhos; Russian empire
Russian empire 10, 192–3; 190–5 revolution 12
Admiralty 154, 156–7, 166, 221
and imperial identity 9
and plague 168, 170–2
colonization 142, 151–2, 166, 207
navy 143–7, 158, 161, 192–5, 210–11, 222
railways in 195–200
serfdom 208; see also Russia and Russians
Russian Steam Navigation Company 197
Russo–Turkish wars 141, 146, 156, 158, 161–2, 168, 189, 194–5, 199, 209
rye 198
sailing routes 165
sailing times 168;across sea 16
Azov to Rhodes 32
Constantinople to Trebizond 84
St. Peterburg 145, 147–9, 160, 163, 173, 200, 204
Saka 36; see also Scythia and Scythians
Salonika 115
salt 32, 66, 165
Samothrace 13
Samsun 209, 214–215
San Stefano, treaty of 195
sancaks 113
Sanigae 54
Sanni 54
Sardinia 179
Sarmatia and Sarmatians 46, 57, 67, 68, 73, 76
Sarmatian Sea xi; see also Black Sea: names for
Sarmizegethusa 51
Sarp see Apsarus
Sartak Khan 89
Sarych (cape) 16
Sason 209
Scarlatti 47
Schliemann, Heinrich 223
“The School of Athens” 39
Schwarzenegger, Arnold 28
Scythia and Scythians 27–8, 34–7, 45–7, 59, 51, 68, 73, 76, 150, 153, 191, 157
Scythian Sea xi; see also Black Sea: names for
Sea of Azov 16, 29, 31, 33, 47, 75, 82, 84–5, 144–5, 147, 165, 184 48 n, 198, 222
Sea of the Bulgars xi; see also Black Sea: names for
Sea of Constantinople xi; see also Black Sea:
names for
Sea of the Georgians xi; see also Black Sea:
names for
Sea of the Khazars xi; see also Black Sea: names for
Sea of Marmara 16, 33, 37, 81, 100
Sea of the Rhos xi; see also Black Sea: names for
Sea of the Romans xi; see also Black Sea:
names for
Sea of Trabzon xi; see also Black Sea: names for
sea-fire 71–3, 198
Second World War 5, 192, 215, 227, 229, 33–12
Segur, Louis-Philippe, comte de 147–50, 154
Seimandy, House of 155
Seleucus and Seleucid empire 46
Selim III, sultan 123
Selimiye Camii 100
Seljuks of Rum 79–80, 89, 99–100
Serapis (ship) 160
Serbia and Serbs 78, 91, 99, 119, 190, 193–5, 207, 209
Sevastopol 31, 143, 158, 160, 163–5, 173, 179–80, 189, 211, 221, 228, 240
Sevastopolis 84
Seven Sages 38
Severin, Tim 41
Seville 86
Sèvres, treaty of 213
Seyahatname 114; see also Evliya Çelebi
Seydahmet, Cafer 226
Shakespeare xi
shavi zghva xii; see also Black Sea: names for
sheep 115
sherry 177
shipbuilding 30, 172
ship 125–9
armored 190, 193
canoes 27, 30
in Byzantine period 72
in Greek and Roman periods 28–9, 71–2
sailing 157–8, 180–1
steam 181, 190, 192, 194, 197, 200, 205, 207, 217
shipwrecks 18–19
shipyards see shipbuilding
Siberia 9, 124, 128
khanate 142
Sicily 92
Sidorov, Vasilii 203
Sigurdsson, Harald 76
silk 82, 115, 117
silver 43, 50
Simeon, tsar 78
Simferopol 162, 172, 246
Sinan 100
Sinop 115, 123, 126, 129–30, 162, 165, 173, 190, 208, 214, 222; see also Sinope
Sinop, battle of 161, 179, 181, 190, 192, 194
Sinope 18, 29, 30, 31, 33, 42, 45, 57, 49, 84, 88, 95, 104; see also Sinop
Skene, James Henry 172
skins 115
Skunkha 36
slave trade 73, 76, 116–19, 122, 135 16 n, 142
Slavs 69, 75–7
Smal-Stocky, Roman 227
Smyrna 213
Socrates 29
Soldaia 84, 88
Soldaia 38
Solov’ev, N. S. 217
Soumela 96, 106 51 n
South Ossetia 241–2
South Pacific 4
South Tyrol 229
Soviet Union 5, 12, 216, 224–7, 231, 239
navy 228
Sozopol see Apollonia
Spain 48, 57, 128
Sparta 32
Spencer, Edmund 170–1
spice trade 115
sprat 18
Stalin 227, 229, 231
Stalingrad 228
Standard Oil Company 198
states: as idea 6, 190
unrecognized 241–2
weakness of 240–1
steamships see ships: steam
steel 198
Ştefan the Great (of Moldova) 121
steppe: and rise of Russia 140–3
in Byzantine period 67–70
settlement on 124; see also Black Sea: geography and ecology
Ştirbei, Barbu (of Wallachia) 172
Stoicism 52
Strabo 13, 25, 27, 30, 33, 38, 41
Straits 133, 141, 147, 161, 173, 178, 180–1, 190, 213, 240; see also Bosphorus; Dardanelles
Struma (ship)
Sudak see Soldaia
Suez canal 177, 190, 197
sugar 177
“suitcase trade” 245
Sukhumi 11, 31, 84
Süleyman, emir 97
Sumer 15
sürgün 207; see also deportations
Sürmene see Hyssus
Suvorov, Alexander 159
Sweden 143, 145, 220
Syria 45
Tabriz 82, 88, 96, 175, 209; see also Trabzon–Tabriz route
Tafur, Pero 86, 97, 116
Taganrog 146, 165, 184 48 n
Taman peninsula 72
Tamar (of Georgia) 94
Tamerlane 90, 100
Tana 84, 88, 90–1
Ottoman conquest 111
siege by Tatars 92–3; see also Tanais (city)
Tanais (city) 54, 84; see also Tana
Tanais river see Don river
Tanzimat see Ottoman empire: Tanzimat
Tartary 139
Tatar–Mongols 74, 87–93, 98, 119, 124, 141, 143, 150
Tatars see Crimean Tatars; Tatar–Mongols;
Volga Tatars
Tauri 26, 27
Taurus mountains 17
Tavrida see Crimea
Tbilisi 245
tea 155, 177
Tehran 176
Tel Aviv 246
telegraph 173
Tennyson 181
Terme river see Thermodon river
territorial waters 216
thalassion pyr see sea-fire
Theodora 74, 77
Theodore 85
Theodosia 31, 54, 84–5; see also Caffa; Feodosiia
Thermodon river 26
Thessaloniki 246
Thrace and Thracians 27–9, 32, 42–3, 46, 50, 100, 191, 207, 216–17
Thracian horseman 34
Thucydides 43
Tiber river 66
Tiflis 175, 177, 197, 201; see also Tbilisi
Tigranes 48–9
Tigris river 30
Titanic 18
tobacco 177
Tolstoy, Leo 180
Tomis 32, 44, 199; see also Constanţa; Köstence
Toulon 154
tourism see travel and tourism
Tourkoi see Khazars
Tournefort, Joseph Pitton de 14
Toynbee, Arnold 240, 246
Trabzon xii, 115, 117, 123, 126–7, 162, 165, 172–7, 190, 197, 205, 208–9, 211, 214–15, 222, 246; see also Trapezus; Trebizond
Trabzon–Tabriz route 175–7, 190
trade see commerce
trains see railways
Trajan 50–2, 57, 67, 71, 217
Trajan’s Column 51, 71
Transcaucasian railway 199, 205, 212, 245
Transnistria 228, 241–2, 246
Transylvania 50, 132, 224
Trapezus 25, 30, 33, 47, 53, 57, 68–9, 71, 81, 86; see also Trabzon; Trebizond
travel and tourism 181, 200–4, 233, 243, 246
Travels of Anacharsis the Younger in Greece 39–40; see also Barthélemy, Jean-Jacques
Trebizond 80–2, 84, 86, 88, 93, 102
description during Comneni period 95–6
empire of 93–8, 101–4;Ottoman conquest 104, 111; see also Trabzon; Trapezus
Trieste 197
triremes 71–2
Trojan war 27
Troy 19, 223
tsar (word) 124
Tuna province 196, 205
tunny 33
“Turchia” 98; see also Ottoman empire; Turkey and Turks
Turkestan 227
Turkey and Turks 5, 7, 11, 47–8, 53, 65, 91, 97, 126, 139, 190, 205, 212, 214, 216, 224–9, 241, 244–5; see also Ottoman empire
“Turkish lake” 111, 125, 132
“Turkish yoke” 139, 224
Turkomans xiii, 11, 79–81, 86, 97–9, 102–3
Turner, Frederick Jackson 9
Turnovo 78
Twain, Mark 3, 189, 202
typhus 180
Ubashi Khan 152–3
Üçşerefeli Cami 100
Ukraine and Ukrainians 7, 10, 11, 16, 31, 36, 48, 84, 91, 142–3, 166, 195, 212, 216, 225–7, 231, 239, 246
navy 240
Russian annexation of 151
United Kingdom see Britain
United Nations 241, 243
United States 4, 227
and American identity 9
Congress 212;navy 158, 229
Ural mountains 7
Varangians 76; see also Rhos
Varna 27, 32, 173, 199, 205–6, 208, 232, 246
Vassili 85
Venali 85
Venice and Venetians 8, 10, 66, 80–7, 91, 98, 102–3, 114, 126, 128, 168, 173
Versailles 225
Vesano, Guglielmo 85
Vienna 190, 197
Vikings see Norsemen
vilayet see Tuna province
Virgil 32
Vixen (ship) 177
Vlachs 217
Vlad (of Wallachia) 121
Vladimir (of Kiev) 77, 164
Vladimir (ship) 158
Voinovich 158
Volga–Don canal 145, 182 8 n, 190, 231
Volga Germans 229; see also deportations
Volga river 68, 74–8, 82, 84, 89, 124, 142, 145, 151, 153, 218
Volga Tatars 226
Voronezh 144–5
Vorontsov, Mikhail 164, 196, 202
Wallachia 119, 122, 132, 140, 145–6, 172, 178, 193, 195, 205, 218
relations with Ottomans 120–1
war correspondents 181
Warsaw 200
Washburn, Stanley 12
Washington, George 147
wax 155
The Western Question in Greece and Turkey 246
see also Toynbee, Arnold
wheat 29, 32, 115, 155, 205
in Russia 167, 190, 197–8
White Russians 225
White Sea 143
whiting 18
“wild field” 140; see also steppe
Wilde, Oscar 38
William of Rubruck 88
wine 37, 91
Wizard of Oz 56
wool 43
Xenophon 23, 25, 27, 32
Yalta 202–3
conference 229
Yasun (cape) 42
Yenikale 147
Yeşilirmak river 17
Yorkshire 160
Yugoslavia 5, 11
Zalmoxis 50
Zaporozhian Cossacks see Cossacks
Zeus 31, 41
Zhordania, Noe 226
Zigana pass 30