Alexandria 32, 40, 197
Alexius Comnenus (of Trebizond) 94–5
Alexius III Angelus (of Byzantium) 94
Alexius III Comnenus (of Trebizond) 97–8
Alighieri, Michele degli 102–3
Alps 7, 17
Alupka 202
Alushta 202
Amaseia 47; see also Amasya
Amasya 25
Amazon river 4
Amazons 26, 45, 68
amber 76
American Civil War 181, 192
American Relief Administration 212
American War of Independence 160
amphoras 30
Anacharsis the Scythian 37–40, 157
Anacharsis the Younger 39–40
Anapa, Ottoman conquest of 111
Anatolia xii, 16, 28, 33, 46–7, 79, 82, 89, 91, 97–8, 100, 104, 115, 139, 172–4, 176, 194–5, 207–9, 211, 213
anchovy 18, 33, 233
Andrusov, Nikolai 222–3
anoxic zone 18; see also Black Sea: geography and ecology; hydrogen sulfide
Anthoine de Saint-Joseph, Antoine-Ignace 155–7, 165–6, 169, 221
Antioch 43, 103
Antipa, Grigore 222–4
antiquities, destruction of 205
Apollo 31, 55
Apollonia 32
Apollonius of Rhodes 40–2, 46
Apsarus 53
Apsilae 54
Apsyrtos 53
Arabia and Arabs 45, 66, 69, 72, 74, 91, 128, 190
arak 115
archaeology 33, 246
and Scythians 35–6
evidence of cross-sea contact 19
Argo (beer) 42
Argo (ship) 40–2
Argonautica 40–2, 46
Argonauts 40–2, 53, 71
Argun, khan 85
Arimasps 27
Aristophanes 35
Aristotle 38–9, 219–20
Arkhangel’sk 143
Armenia and Armenians 45, 49, 59, 82, 91, 114, 162, 175–6, 185 78 n, 213, 225, 240, 246
Cilician 102
deportations 229
in Russia 166–7, 203–4, 207
massacres 200, 215, 207, 209–10; see also Armenian genocide
Armenian genocide 211–2; see also Armenia and Armenians: massacres
Arrian (Flavius Arrianus) 52–4, 57
Art Nouveau 36
Artemis 26
Asclepius 55–6
Ashkenaz 36; see also Scythia and Scythians
Asia (Roman province) 48
Asia Minor 13, 28–9, 37, 47–8, 212; see also Ionia;
Ottoman empire
Turkey and Turks
Asparukh 78
Assyrians 28
Astrakhan, khanate of 142
Atatürk see Mustafa Kemal
Ateas 36
athanatizontes 50
Athena 41
Athens 32, 35, 38–9, 48, 246
Atlantic Ocean 168, 232
Atlas of the Black Sea 221, 236 48 n; see also Manganari, Egor
Augustus 44, 50
Aurelian 52
Austria 140, 166, 176
Austrian Lloyd Company 197
Austrian Steam Navigation Company 197
autocracy, as ideology 178, 208
Avars 67–8
Axis Powers 228
Azerbaijan 5, 226, 240–1, 225
Azov (fortress) 126, 140, 145–6, 151, 165
conquest by Cossacks 132–3, 144;conquest by Peter the Great 144–6; see also Sea of Azov; Tana; Tanais
BP (former British Petroleum) 245
BSEC see Black Sea Economic Cooperation
Baedeker, Karl, publishers 200–1, 203
Baghdad 75, 79, 89, 98
Bagrat IV 97
bahr al-Khazar see Caspian Sea
bahr al-Rus 76; see also Black Sea: names for
bahr al-Tarabazunda 82; see also Black Sea: names for
bahr Buntus xi; see also Black Sea: names for
Bakhchisarai 122, 149, 162, 172–3
bahr al-Rus 76
Baku 196, 198–9, 212, 231, 245
Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline 245
Balaklava 173, 180
Baldwin of Flanders 81
Balkan wars(1912—1913) 200, 209
Balkans (mountains and region) 4–8, 69–70, 81, 4, 99, 100, 115, 118, 121, 139, 163, 168, 191, 195, 199, 200, 208, 212, 217, 227, 229, 241
Balkars, deportation of 229; see also deportations
Ballard, Robert 18–19, 21 24 n
Baltic fleet (Russia) 146
Baltic Sea 5, 74, 76, 82, 124, 143, 145
barbarians, meaning of term 33–4
Barbaro, Josafa 90
Barbié de Bocage, Jean Denis 157, 221
Barkley, Henry 204–7
barley 32, 198
Barthélemy, Jean-Jacques 39–40, 157; see also Travels of Anacharsis the Younger in Greece
Bascom, Willard 18–19
Basil II Bulgaroktonos 77–8
Batumi 15, 195–7, 199–200, 212, 218, 228, 246
Beauplan, Guillaume Le Vasseur, sieur de 131–3
beeswax 115
Behistun 36
Belgrade, treaty of 140
Bender 160
Bentham, Jeremy 158
Bentham, Samuel 158
Berezan 31, 34
Berlin 246
Berlin, treaty of 195, 206, 215, 223
Bessarabia 10, 162, 203, 219, 224, 228
biology 223
Bithynia and Bithynians 28–9, 47, 52, 99
Black Death 116; see also plague
Black Sea: ancient travel across 15–16
book by Antipa 223
flood thesis 13–15, 201–5 n, 17
freezing of 13
geography and ecology 15–19, 192, 219–24, 230–3, 243
historiography 4–5, 25, 216–19
names for xi—xii, 12–13
regional identity 8
sediments 14, 17
weather and climate 12–13, 17; see also individual subject entries
Black Sea Economic Cooperation 7, 242–4
Black Sea fleet (Russia) 179, 194, 240
Black Sea Hydrographical Office 221
Black Sea “Negroes,” 218
Black Sea region (of Turkey) 11
Black Sea trout 18
black-earth region 197, 230
bluefish 18
boats see ships
Bolshevik revolution 225
Bolsheviks 5
bonito 18, 33
Bonhomme Richard (ship) 158, 160
Borysthenes (horse) 57
Borysthenes river 31; see also Dnepr river
Bosphorus (Cimmerian) see Kerch (strait)
Bosphorus (Thracian) 25, 29–30, 33, 37, 82–3, 101, 113, 125, 156, 194, 203, 232
currents in 13, 16, 17, 220
origins of 14
Bosporan kingdom 47–9, 54
Brant, James 175–6
Braudel, Fernand 3, 239
Britain 16, 76, 140, 156, 166, 174–7, 179, 194, 197, 200, 210
Bryer, Anthony 95
buboes 93
Bucharest 172, 203, 206, 223
Bucharest Convention 242
Buckingham Palace 202
Budapest 88–9
Buddhism 150
Budini 34
Bug river 29, 31
Bujak 113, 132
Bukovina 224
Bulan, khagan 74–5
Bulgaria and Bulgarians 7, 16, 19, 32, 43, 50, 66, 99, 171, 190, 194–5, 199, 205–6, 216–17, 224–5, 227–9, 243
“Bulgarian atrocities” 200
Bulgars 77–8
Burebista 50
Burgas 15
Bursa 100
butter 115
Byzantine empire 8
and Christianity 78–9
identity 65–6
navy 66, 71–3, 128
relations with Bulgars 77–8
relations with Khaza
rs 73–5
relations with Ottomans 98–101
relations with Pechenegs 69–70
relations with Rhos 75–7
Byzantium (city) 25, 31, 33, 44, 57, 65; see also Constantinople; Istanbul
Byzas 65
cabotage 126
Caffa 84–7, 91–2, 111, 115, 117, 126, 162, 165; see also Feodosiia; Theodosia
Cairo 116 caliph 147
Callinicus 72
Callistratus 44
Cambridge 164
“Canal of Death” see Danube—Black Sea canal
cannabis 35
Cantemir, Dimitrie 145–6
Cape of Good Hope 13
Cappadocia 45, 52
caravel 128–9; see also ships
Carpathian mountains 29, 51–2, 120
carrack 128–9; see also ships
Carthage 47
cartography 9, 55, 77, 82, 85, 156–7, 183 35 n, 185 73 n, 221–3
Caspian Sea 13, 15, 17, 75, 82, 84, 94, 103, 142–3, 150, 174, 196, 198–9, 231, 244–5
Castor 27
Catalans 84, 91
Catherine the Great 140, 146, 153–6, 158, 162, 163, 166, 174
procession to Crimea 147–50, 158
Caucasus (mountains and region) 4, 7–9, 16–17, 26–31, 41–2, 45–6, 48–9, 52, 73, 75, 81, 85, 88, 111, 117–20, 122–3, 126, 139, 162, 165–6, 175, 177, 191, 195, 197–201, 208–9, 212, 221, 224, 226–7, 229, 241, 245
Caucasus wars (nineteenth century) 177
Celts 57, 68
central Asia xiii, 36, 43, 82, 84, 87, 100, 103, 174–5, 177, 229
Central Powers 210, 228
Çepni 80
Cerasus 32
Cerberus 26
Ceyhan 245
Ch’art 215; see also Armenian genocide
chaikas 131
Chalcedon 65
Charaszkiewicz, Edmund 227
“Charge of the Light Brigade” 181
Chechens 208
deportation of 229; see also deportations
chemicals 231–2, 243; see also Black Sea: geography and ecology
Cherno More xii; see also Black Sea: names for
Chernoe More xii; see also Black Sea: names for
cherries 32
Chersonesus 31, 47, 66, 69–71, 74, 77, 84, 94, 162, 164–5
Chesapeake Bay 4
Chicago Daily News 12
China xii, 9, 35, 67, 82, 84, 87, 90, 103, 152
Chingis Khan 87–90, 120, 122
cholera 172
chora 43
Chorne More xii; see also Black Sea: names for
Churchill, Winston 229
Cilicia 45; see also Armenia and Armenians: Cilician
Cimmerians 28–9, 35
Circassia and Circassians 117, 139, 207
deportation of 208–9, 215; see also deportations
Civrano, Andreolo 91–2
Clavijo, Ruy González de 96
coal 190, 194, 198
cog 127–9; see also ships
Colchis and Colchians 27–8, 40–2, 45, 57, 191, 218
cold war 4, 227, 239
colonization 166; see also Greeks (ancient): exploration and colonization; Russian empire: colonization
commerce: growth in eighteenth century 154–7
in New Russia 162–8; see also individual products
communism 6, 229–33, 241
Comnenus dynasty 93–8, 101, 103
Conan the Barbarian 28
Constanţa 32, 206, 210, 228–9, 232, 246; see also Köstence; Tomis
Constantine the Great 65, 72
Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus 73–5, 69–70
Constantinople xii, 65–6, 71–2, 75–6, 89, 92, 96, 101–2, 146
conquest by Latins 80–1, 119
conquest by Ottomans 66, 100–1, 111, 113
population 113
reconquest by Byzantines 83, 103–4; see also Byzantium (city); Istanbul
Continental Army 148
conversion see religious conversion
Cordoba 75, 86, 116
corn laws (Britain) 167
corruption 240–1
in quarantine systems 171
Çoruh river see Acampsis river
Cossacks 8, 140, 147–8, 153, 208, 227
capture of Azov fortress 144, 151
destruction of Zaporozhian headquarters 147
navy 129–34, 144–6
origins 130–1
Costas 85
cotton 115, 177
coureurs des bois 8
Cracow 88
cranes 27
Crimea 10, 15–17, 26–8, 30, 32–3, 36, 46, 49, 50, 54, 66, 68–9, 75, 85, 94, 97, 111, 114, 126, 139, 143, 149, 162, 164–5, 173, 200, 204, 219, 225
annexation of by Russia 147, 154
republic of 226, 229
under Ottomans 121–2
Crimean Tatars 11, 121–2, 131, 139, 146, 149, 151
deportation of 206–8, 215, 229
relations with Muscovy 141–3
return to Crimea 229, 246
Crimean war 140, 177–81, 189–90, 196–7, 200, 208
Croatia 169
Crusades and Crusaders 83, 94, 99, 104
conquest of Constantinople 80–1, 93
culture, as idea 7
Cumans 67, 74, 77, 89, 120
Curzon, Lord 214
Cybele 37
d’Albenga, Obertino 85
da Bologna, Ludovico 101–4
da Vinci, Leonardo 220
Dacia and Daci 50–2, 57, 216–17
Damascus 43, 89, 98, 115
Dandolo, Enrico 80
Danube–Black Sea canal 231
Danube Commission 193
Danube river 7, 16–18, 26, 36, 49, 51–2, 54, 77, 84, 111, 113, 120–1, 125–6, 133, 161, 163, 165, 170, 172, 178, 180–1, 190, 194, 196–7, 199, 201, 205–6, 215, 217, 221, 224, 240
delta of 32
Danubian principalities 162
see also Wallachia;
Moldova (principality)
Dardanelles 13, 17, 32, 101, 125, 140, 156, 210
origins 14
Darius 36
Dasht-i Qipchaq 113, 133, 134 5 n
David Comnenus 95, 102
David II 94
De administrando imperio 69–70; see also Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus
De Quincy, Thomas 153
de Ribas, José 163
de’ Mussi, Gabriele 92
Decebal 50–2
Decembrist rebellion 178
deforestation 230
Delphi, oracle at 65
Demidoff, Anatole de 172
deportations 206–15, 229
derebeys 123–5, 173–4, 176
devşirme system 135 19
di Campo, Mazzo 85
di Ghisulfo, Giacommo 85
di Saluzzo, Guglielmo 85
Diderot, Denis 139, 189
Dio Chrysostom 43–4
Diodorus Siculus 13, 15
Diogenes Laertius 37
Dionysus 34
Dioscurias 29, 31, 54
disease 165–6, 180; see also Black Death; cholera; malaria; plague; typhus
Dnepr estuary, battle of the 159–61
Dnepr river 7, 16–18, 26, 31, 34, 46, 68, 76, 111, 113, 115, 120–1, 126, 129, 131, 143, 146–8, 153, 156–8, 160–1, 162–3, 165–6, 168, 197
damming of 190, 231
Dneprostroi hydroelectric station 231
Dobrudja 10, 199, 203–6, 217–19, 224, 228
railways in 204–7
Dodonian oak 41
dolphins 30
Dominicans 84, 89
domni 121
domnitori 121
Don Cossacks see Cossacks
Don Juan 164
Don river 7, 16–18, 26, 36, 74, 82, 84, 88–9, 91, 111, 126, 133, 143–5, 151, 165
as Europe–Asia boundary 54, 68
Dracula 121
dredge nets 233
Dubrovnik see Ragusa
Durham (city) 205
Durham, Edith 191
eastern Europe, as region 4–5, 20
Eastern Question 5, 227
Edirne see Adrianople
Edward I 95
Egypt 10, 43, 80, 116, 143, 169
Egyptians 28, 36, 218
Eleusinian mysteries 38
emirs 79
emporia 30
Encyclopédie 139
England 128; see also Britain
Enlightenment 14, 162, 220
environment see Black Sea: geography and ecology
epic of Gilgamesh 15
Epictetus 52
Erasmus 38
Erzurum 97, 211
Eski Cami 100
Essex (ship) 176
estuaries 17
Ethiopia 102
Euphrates river 30, 45
Eurasia see individual subject entries
Europe, nation-states in 6
European Union 7, 239, 241, 244, 246
eutrophication 232; see also Black Sea: geography and ecology
Euxine xi, 1
see also Black Sea: names for
Evliya Çelebi114, 117, 130, 132
exile 207; see also deportations
famine 212
Feodosiia 31, 204; see also Caffa;
Theodosia
fertilizers see chemicals
First World War 140, 161, 191, 198, 207, 209–12, 217, 224, 228, 246
fish and fishing 29, 31–3, 46, 215, 219, 233, 243; see also Black Sea: geography and ecology; entries for individual species
flatulence 33
flood see Black Sea: flood thesis
Florence 90–1, 102
flounder 18
fluid mechanics 219–20
Foreign Office (Britain) 175
France 140, 148–9, 155, 167, 178–9, 197, 200, 210
Franciscans 84, 86, 103
Franks 91, 114
Frederick III 102
Frederick the Great 148
French revolution 149, 156
frontier, as idea 8–11
fur trade 10, 73, 76, 82, 115
Galaţi 170, 173, 228
galeasse 128; see also galleys
Galicia 82
galleys 128, 132, 144, 157–8, 159–61
Gallipoli 101, 210, 213
Gaul and Gauls 49, 57
Gazaria 75, 81
Gelonus 34
Genesis 15, 28, 36
Genoa and Genoese 8, 10, 66, 81–7, 91–2, 98, 103, 114, 173, 167–8
genocide 211–12, 214–15
Georgia and Georgians 5, 7, 11, 16, 31, 41–2, 66, 69, 84, 94–5, 97, 102, 119, 139, 148, 162, 174–5, 195, 199, 225–7, 239, 241, 243–4, 246
relations with Ottomans 122–3
Georgian military highway 177
Germans, as settlers in Russia 166–7; see also Volga Germans
Germany 197, 211, 222
invasion of Soviet Union 227–8
Getae 43, 46, 49–52, 191, 216–17
Gibraltar 143, 179
Giray dynasty (Crimea) 120, 122
globalization 93
Goeben (ship) 211
gold 19, 27, 32, 36, 43, 50
extraction using fleeces 41, 60 52n
Golden Fleece 27, 40–1