“Castle Craigie.” See Craigie House
Catholicism: and Longfellow in Italy, 56–57; and Longfellow’s account of Spain, 89
Catlin, George, 207
Cervantes, Miguel de, 132, 179
Chamberlain, Joshua, 241
Channing, William Ellery, 17, 156
Chantrey, Sir Francis, 102
Chase, Salmon, 17
Chaucer, Geoffrey: and Tales of a Wayside Inn, 230–35
Cheever, George Barrell, 38, 79
“Children’s Hour, The,” x, 215, 252
Children’s poet: Longfellow seen as, 246
Christ, Carol, 253–54
Christus: A Mystery, 235
Cilley, Jonathan, 36
Civil War: and Longfellow’s work, 221, 229; Charles Longfellow’s experiences in, 222–26, 228–29; and Tales of a Wayside Inn, 231; and vision of America, 246
Clark, Willis Gaylord, 98
Cleaveland, Parker, 33–34, 35, 41, 43, 73, 108, 109, 242
Clemm, Maria, 162
Cleveland, Henry, 135
Cogswell, Joseph G., 49
Cole, Thomas, 203
Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, 104, 134
Coleridge-Taylor, Samuel, 252
Colman, George, 86
Colman, Samuel, 74
Colonial Revivalism, xi, xiv-xv, 198, 231, 233, 245–46, 258
Columbiad (Barlow), 180
Comparative literature: and Longfellow, xiv, 81, 82, 131, 179, 242
Conolly, Horace, 180
Constitution, U.S.S., 21, 82
Cooper, James Fenimore, 52
Copenhagen: Longfellow in, 106–7, 111–14
Couper, William, 251
Course of Empire, The (Cole), 203
Courtship of Miles Standish, The, 198
Craigie, Andrew, 126
Craigie, Elizabeth (Widow), 124, 126, 134
Craigie House, ix, xiv, I; Longfellow in, ix, xiv, 1, 126–27; and aestheticism, 2; distinguished British visitors in, 2; history of, 124–26; view from window of, 149; and meadow to Charles River, 167, 199, 216, 240; Longfellow and Fanny in, 167–69, 198, 199; visitors to, 199, 245; replicas of as homes, 245; first-floor plan of, 257; as tourist attraction, 260
“Cross of Snow, The,” 230
Crowninshield, Clara, 95–97, 101, 108, 109, 111, 112, 114–15, 116, 117, 120, 121
Crowninshield, George, 96
Cushman, Bezaleel, 22
Cushman, Charlotte, 197, 238
Dana, Richard Henry, 79
Dana, Richard Henry III, 217, 218, 248
Dante Alighieri, xiii; Longfellow as translator of, xi, 55, 229, 236, 237; Longfellow’s interest in, xi, 236; in Longfellow’s lectures, 132; and Fanny as Beatrice, 164; Longfellow sonnet to, 176; and “The Bridge,” 177; and Longfellow’s “Cross of Snow,” 230; and Eliot, 254
Dante Club, xiii, 236, 237
Dante Club, The (Pearl), 258
Dante Society of America, 237
Davie, Miss (governess), 238
“Day Is Done, The,” x
“Death of the Old Year, The” (Tennyson), 158–59
Deering, Ellen, 68
Deering, Nathaniel, 28
Defence of Poesy (Sidney), 81, 202
Democracy: and HWL’s father, 17;
Jacksonian, 28, 78, 127
Denmark: Longfellow in, 106–7, 111–14
de Vere, Aubrey, 238
Dickens, Charles, 2, 85, 150–51, 155, 190, 198, 246, 262
Didacticism: and Poe on Longfellow, 159; of “The Arsenal at Springfield,” 175; and Pound-Longfellow similarity, 254
Divine Comedy, The (Dante), xiii, 221
Divine Comedy of Dante Alighieri, The (1867), 237
Divine Tragedy, The, 235
“Divinia Commedia” (sonnet collection), 243
Doane, Nancy, 13
Dresden: visit to, 59–60
Dvorák, Antonin, x, 252
Dwight, Timothy, 9–10, 11, 19
Edrehi, Isaac, 232–33
Edwards, Jonathan, 234
Eliot, Charles William, 71, 129
Eliot, T. S., 177, 251, 254
“Elizabeth,” 187
Emerson, Ralph Waldo: and Carlyle, 100, 104; and Nietzsche on Harvard, 129; and post-Kantian idealism, 132; and male friendships, 136; on Hiawatha, 204–5; at Longfellow memorial service, 249
England: Longfellow’s visits to, 66, 97–106, 238
Estray, The, 184
Ethnic cleansing: and Acadian deportation, 182
Euro-American style, 134; and James on
Longfellow, 244
Evangeline (silent film), xiii
Evangeline (story and character), xi, 57
Evangeline: A Tale of Acadie, 175, 184–89; Longfellow introduced to story of, 180, 181; and Hawthorne, 180–81; and history of Acadian deportation, 181–82, 184; illustration for, 183; editing of by friends, 189; publication of, 189; popularity of, 189–91; earnings from (1857), 199; historical impact of, 259–60
Everett, Alexander H., 51, 80
Everett, Edward, 126
“Excelsior,” 140–42; illustration for, 141; musical rendition of, 251
Faculty psychology, 130
“Falcon of Ser Federigo,” 233
Fanshawe (Hawthorne), 32
Faust (Goethe), 100, 131, 133, 255
Fay, William, 222, 223
Federalist Party and Federalism, 17; and Hartford Convention, 19–20, 264; and Bowdoin College, 36, 72
Felton, Cornelius Conway, 124, 135; as Harvard president, 135, 222; Longfellow’s trip facilitated by, 150; at breakfast with Dickens, 151; introductions for anthology by, 179; and Evangeline, 180, 189; on Fanny’s accident and death, 216, 218, 218–19; death of, 222
Fessenden, William Pitt, 67, 171, 229
Fields, Annie, 197, 247
Fields, James T., 197, 246
Finland: and Kalevala, 205
Finnish language: Longfellow’s study of, 108
“Fire of Drift-Wood, The,” 195, 256
“Five of Clubs,” 135
Fletcher, Angus, 212
“Footprints on the sands of time,” xi, 137, 259
Ford, Henry, 233
Forster, John, 155
France: Longfellow in, 39–40, 42–47, 50
Freiligrath, Ferdinand, 155
Fremont, John C., 226
Frith, Francis, 144
Frost, Robert, 254
Fugitive Slave Act, 195, 213
Fuller, Margaret, 132, 161–62, 253
Fuller, Melville, 251
Gardner, Alexander, 229
Gardner, Isabella Stewart, xiii
Garfield, James: assassination of, 242
Gartner, Matthew, 231, 258
Gender relations: and “Wreck of the Hesperus,” 139; and Evangeline, 188
General Joshua L. Chamberlain House, 91
Germany: critical scholarship in, 49; Longfellow in, 59–66, 118, 120, 121, 150, 151, 152–55
Gerome, Jean-Léon, 241
“Giles Corey of the Salem Farms,” 235
Gioia, Dana, x–xi, 256, 259
Gladstone, William, 238, 251
Goddard, Mary, 95–96, 97, 108, 109, 111, 112–13
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 103, 131–33, 145, 172, 185, 254
Gold, Martha, 165
Golden Legend, The (Longfellow), 57, 199, 235, 255
Goldsmith, Oiver, 85
Gonzalez, Florencia, 53
Goodwin, Emma, 190
Göttingen, Germany, 49, 50, 60–61, 62–63, 69, 70, 71, 137
Graham’s Magazine, 159, 175
Greeley, Horace, 75
Greene, George Washington, 55–56, 247–48; Longfellow letters to, 75, 109, 126; job inquiries for, 78–79; and review of Outre-Mer, 87; and Craigie House, 167; in Dante Club, 237
Greene, Nathaniel, 125
Greenleaf, James, 196
Greenleaf, Mary Longfellow. S
ee Longfellow, Mary
Greenleaf, Patrick, 46
Griffin, Joseph, 73, 74, 88
Grisi, Carlotta, 209
Gruesz, Kirsten Silva, 258
Gulotta, Victor, 256–57
Hale, Edward Everett, 133
Haliburton, T.C., 181
Hancock, John, 168
“Hanging of the Crane, The,” 242, 246
Haralson, Eric, 258
Hartford Convention, 19–20, 264
Harvard College and University: Stephen Longfellow at, 16; and HWL’s college aspirations, 29; religious liberalism of, 41; in job hopes, 42, 78; becomes research university, 71; Ticknor at, 81, 94; HWL as professor at, 95, 100, 124, 127–28, 129–34, 150, 179, 184, 198, 208, 236, 242; two-hundredth birthday celebration of, 128; Henry Adams on, 128–29; and modern languages, 129, 130; Felton as president of, 135, 222; HWL honorary degree from, 198; memorial service at, 249; memorial tributes from, 251; HWL collection sold to, 257–58;
Hawthorne, Nathaniel, xii, 32, 35; at Bowdoin, 32, 35, 36–37; fictional college account by, 32–33; and Evangeline, 180–81, 189–90; and New England Tragedies, 235; tribute to, 242; death of, 246
Heade, Martin Johnson, xv
Healy, G.P.A., 238
Heckewelder, John G., 207, 208
Heidelberg, 120, 121
Herder, Johann Gottfried von, 203
Hermann und Dorothea (Goethe), 185
Hiawatha, xi, 25
Hiawatha. See Song of Hiawatha, The
Hiawatha (film), 259
“Hiawatha’s Photographing” (Carroll), 211
“Hiawatha’s Wedding Feast” (musical performance), 252
Higginson, Thomas Wentworth, 133
Hilen, Andrew, xii
Hillard, George, 126, 135, 158, 180, 189, 219
Hilliard, Gray & Co., 88
Historical preservationists, Longfellow and Fanny as, xv, 168
History, Manners, and Customs of the Indian Nations (Heckewelder), 207
“History of the Italian Languages and Dialects,” 80
History of Nova Scotia (Haliburton), 181
Hoffman, E.T.A., 145
Holmes, Oliver Wendell, 198
Homer, Winslow, 173
Homes of American Statesmen (Whipple), 169
Hosmer, Harriet, 238
Howe, Lyman, 233
Howe, Samuel Gridley, 190
Howells, William Dean, 236–37
Hugo, Victor, 235
Hunt, Leigh, 103, 104
“Hymn to the Night,” 137, 158
Hyperion, 134, 143–49, 150; Poe’s review of, 158; earnings from (1857), 199; and Hiawatha reception, 211
“In the Churchyard at Cambridge,” 199
“Indian Hunter, The,” 37–38
Indians, American: and Acadians, 182; Longfellow themes from, 202–3; whites’ view of, 203; and Longfellow’s “Revenge of Rain-in-the-Face,” 242–43
Infant mortality, 193
Ingraham, Joseph Holt, 28
In the Harbor, 242
Inventing the American Primitive (Carr), 204
Irmscher, Christoph, 258
Irving, Peter, 51, 52
Irving, Washington, 52, 84–85; and
Longfellow, 23; and Le Havre scene, 39; in Spain, 51; letters of introduction from, 59; and Spanish version of “Rip Van Winkle,” 73; and Allston, 134; on author-public relation, 250
Isle of Wight, 97, 238
Italy: Longfellow in, 55–57
Ives, Charles, x
James, Henry, 3, 32, 34, 46, 235, 244
Jefferson, Thomas, 27, 69–70, 78
Jewett, Isaac Appleton, 119
Jewett, Sarah Orne, 197
“Jewish Cemetery at Newport, The,” 199–200
“John Endicott,” 235
Johnson, Andrew, 68
Johnson, Eastman, xv
Kalevala (Finnish epic), 205, 211
Kavanagh, 189, 196–97, 199, 252
Kellogg, Elijah, 22
Kemble, Fanny, 2, 194, 200
Keramos, 242, 255
Kete, Mary Louise, 258
“Killed at the Ford,” 221
“King Christian” (Danish ballad, translated), 116
King Philip (Indian chief), 203
Knickerbocker Magazine, 137
“Knight and the Friar, The” (Colman), 86
Knox, Henry, 125
“Lady Wentworth,” 233
LaFayette, Marquis de. 20, 47, 68
Lane, Fitz Hugh, 173
Lawrence, Charles, 181–82
Leaves of Grass (Whitman), 204
“Legend of Sleepy Hollow” (Irving), 85
Lesbian relationship: in Kavanagh, 197
Lewis, Edmonia, 238
Lewisohn, Ludwig, 254–55
Liberty Party, 157
Lied von der Glocke (“Song of the Bell”) (Schiller), 195, 255
Life of Schiller, The (Carlyle), 101
“Lighthouse, The,” 173
Lighthouses: Longfellow’s visits to, 172–73
Lilly, Wait, and Co., 88
Lincoln, Abraham: and male friendships, 136; as president, 201
Lind, Jenny, 198
Liszt, Franz, 238
Little Big Horn massacre, 242
“Little Merrythought. An Autobiography with a Portrait,” 227–28
Lives of the Poets (Schmidt), 204
Locke, John, 64–65
Lockhart, J. G., 100
London: Longfellow passes through, 66; Longfellow’s group in, 97–106; Dickens-escorted trip through East End of, 155
Longfellow, Alexander Wadsworth, 15, 26, 30
Longfellow, Alice Mary, 127, 170, 218, 220, 248
Longfellow, Anne (sister), 15, 27, 67, 68, 165, 170, 220, 226
Longfellow, Anne Allegra (daughter), 170, 217, 218, 220, 248
Longfellow, Anne Sewall, 15
Longfellow, Charles Appleton (Charley), 2, 170, 171, 192, 220, 222, 228, 238, 248; Civil War experiences of, 222–26, 228–29
Longfellow, Edith, 170, 217, 218, 220, 248
Longfellow, Elizabeth, 15, 33, 66, 67–68
Longfellow, Ellen, 15
Longfellow, Ernest Wadsworth, 170, 216, 220, 228, 238, 248
Longfellow, Frances (daughter), 170, 189, 191–92, 215
Longfellow, Frances (Fanny; formerly Frances Appleton); and Craigie House, xv, 167–68; Longfellow’s first meetings with, 119, 120–22; Longfellow’s pursuit of, 122–23, 142–43; and Hyperion, 143–46; engaged to Longfellow, 163–65; married to Longfellow, 165–66; children of, 169–70; on Hiawatha, 209; death of, 215–20, 224, 236; sonnet in memory of, 230
Longfellow, Hattie, 238
Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth (HWL), x–xii; and Craigie House, ix, xiv, 1, 126–27 (see also Craigie House); as cultural force, xiii–xvi; as multiculturalist, xiv, 233, 242; linguistic abilities of, xiv, 40, 42; as nation builder, xiv, 262 (see also National identity or character); and Wilde, 1–3; birth and childhood of, 5, 7, 15, 18, 20, 21–22, 28; nationalist stance of, 20; education of, 22–23, 29, 32, 33–34, 35, 36–38 (see also Bowdoin College); Europe trip of (first), 2, 39–57, 59–66, 68, 95 (see also France; Göttingen; Italy; Spain); briefly reads law, 42; as Bowdoin professor, 68–69, 72–79; Europe trip of (second), 89, 93–94, 95–122 (see also England; Netherlands; Sweden; Switzerland); first marriage of, 90–92, 93–94, 95, 114–18 (see also Longfellow, Mary Potter); water cure of, 150, 151, 152–55, 184; and Dickens, 150–51, 262; post-1861 life and appearance of, 221–22, 224, 245; portraits and photographs of, 222, 238–39; Europe trip of (third), 237–38; death of, 248–49; in Westminster Abbey, 250–51; commemorations of, 251–52; material and memorabilia on, 252–53, 258; critics on, 253–58; and extraliterary public, 258–62
Personal characteristics of: clothing tastes, 43–44; opera-lover, 46, 109, 209; and sexual adventure, 54; sensual inclinations, 54; eye for female beauty, 54, 136, 245; caricaturist, 64, 227; illnesses and bad health, 127, 142, 150, 170, 199, 211, 246, 248; aversion
to public speaking, 196, 240–41
Literary career of: first versification, 23–25; student writings, 37–38; and Bowdoin position, 41; and Romanticism, 79, 120 (see also Romanticism); and Harvard position, 128, 184; first major poetry, 137–42, 150; and Poe, 150, 157–60, 161, 162; “Mezzo Cammin,” 154; sonnets, 154, 176, 230, 243, 256; Poems on Slavery, 156–58; The Belfry at Bruges and Other Poems, 170, 175–78, 199; poetry from New England coast, 173–74; Evangeline, 175, 180–91, 199, 259–60; and poetic production in late 1840s, 179; as most famous American writer, 190; works of 1850s, 194–98, 199–200; earnings from (1857), 198–99; Song of Hiawatha, 202, 203–14; in Civil War period, 221; and everyday events, 227; translation of Dante, 229, 236–37; Tales of a Wayside Inn, 230–35; and The New England Tragedies, 235–36; in last years, 240, 242–44; and vision of America, 246.
See also particular works
As Harvard professor, 127–28, 129–34; lodgings found at Craigie House, 124, 126–27; male companionship, 134–37; unhappiness of, 142; leave of absence, 150–55; comparative literature classes, 179, 242; frustrations with, 184; end of teaching, 198, 208; Dante as focus in, 236. See also Harvard College and University
Marriage to Fanny: first meeting, 119; companionship in Switzerland, 120–122; as frustrated suitor, 122–23, 142–46, 150; engagement, 163–65; wedding, 165–66; Craigie House as home of, 167–69, 198, 199; children of, 169–70 (see also individual children); summer retreats of, 170–74 (see also Nahant); and “The Arsenal at Springfield,” 175; Fanny’s death, 215–20. See also Appleton, Frances Last years of: at Bowdoin reunion, 240–42; literary works, 242–44; celebrity role of, 245–46; and vision of America, 246–47; family and friends in, 247–48
Longfellow, Mary (sister), 15, 165–66, 196
Longfellow, Mary Potter (wife), 90, 91, 93–94; European trip of, 95, 96–97, 102, 108, 109, 112–13, 114; and Clara Crowninshield, 96; pregnancy and miscarriage of, 111, 114–15; final illness and death of, 117–18, 137, 169; Longfellow’s guilt over, 142; and Hyperion, 147; memory of as barrier for Fanny Appleton, 163
Longfellow, Samuel, xii, 15, 22, 24, 30, 133, 165, 226, 238, 249
Longfellow, Stephen (brother), 29–31; in childhood, 5, 15, 20; at Bowdoin, 30, 32, 33, 37; HWL’s letters to, 39, 43–44, 45–46; and law career, 41; and small-town atmosphere, 54; marriage of, 90, 91; spa for alcoholism of, 170; house of, lost to fire, 172
Longfellow, Stephen (father), 12–13, 16–20, 27, 31; Portland house of, 5–6; marriage of, 14, 15; on Bowdoin boards, 19; and Lafayette, 20, 47; and HWL at Bowdoin, 29; and HWL’s career, 40; and HWL’s journeys through Europe, 41–42, 44, 45, 47–49, 50, 58, 66, 94; and HWL’s job at Bowdoin, 41–42, 68–69; and Ned Preble, 62; on death in family, 68; and HWL’s ideas on universities, 70, 71; as lawyer for Bowdoin, 72; and NYU job prospect, 78; on HWL’s descriptions of Europe, 84; and sons’ marriages, 90; and sacralization of Washington, 127; as Maine vacation guest, 171