of Native Americans, 16, 28, 30–36, 37, 29–31, 41–61, 68, 112, 127, 136, 138, 166, 212–13, 228–33, 242, 246–50, 259–63, 270–84, 314–16, 327
patrilineal descent in, 73–74, 73, 75, 98–99, 102–3, 106, 107–9, 120–21, 145, 159, 191–92, 249–50
population, 29, 66, 67, 121, 133, 140–41, 248, 272–76
public interest in, 21, 72–93, 179–86, 293–94, 298–99
randomness in, 111, 168, 173
records for, 82–93, 183–86, 228–29, 296–97
self-identity and, 121, 134–35, 146–49, 151–54, 163, 177–96, 230–31, 245–55, 275–84, 293–94
testing in, 20–21, 51–52, 57, 72–93, 97, 101, 116, 126, 145, 147, 149–54, 160–64, 166, 178–88, 185, 230–33, 238, 244, 247–55, 270, 285–90, 307–21
volunteers in, 97, 101, 147, 178–95, 200, 228–29, 230, 234, 243–55, 256, 259–63, 264, 268, 282, 307–21
see also DNA
genetic screening, 116–17
genetic signatures, 168
genocide, 280
Genographic Project, 79–80, 273–75, 280, 316
genome, human, 22, 24, 78–79, 105, 155–74, 248–49, 272–74, 283, 300–301
Geoffrey of Monmouth, 130
geographical distribution, 60–61, 81–82, 87–93, 139–47, 275–76
Georgetown University, 295
Georgia, 243–44, 251, 252, 311
German Americans, 66
German Jews, 95
German language, 96
Germany, 19, 66, 84, 95, 96, 114, 118, 119–22
Germany, East, 19
germ cells, 167–68
Gerzina, Gretchen, 130
Ghana, 130, 134–35
ghettos, 115
giant ground sloths, 44
Gila River, 30, 59
Gillette, Wyo., 214
Ginsberg, Maurice, 237–38
glaciers, 14–15, 37–38, 42
Glaxo, 74
Glencoe, Massacre of (1692), 106–7
Glencoe Visitors Center, 107
global warming, 29
globin, 311, 317–18
Gobi Desert, 44
Godfrey mac Fergus, 103, 104–5
Gold Coast, 130
Golden Gate Bridge, 227
goldfinches, 190
gold rush, 192
Goodfellas, 204
Gordon-Reed, Annette, 299
Granada, 124
Grand Canyon, 46, 59, 60, 259
grandparents, 146, 156–58, 173–74, 182, 237–38, 239, 259–60
Grapes of Wrath, The (Steinbeck), 253
Great Basin, 223–24, 263
Great Britain, ix–xi, 31, 58, 63–64, 74–75, 81–93, 97, 102–3, 119, 120, 129–30, 131, 134–35, 150, 151, 153–54, 160, 177–96, 212–13, 228, 245, 287–88, 310–11
great circle route, 40
Great Depression, 65, 253–54
great-grandparents, 156, 174, 194–95, 246, 253
great-great-grandparents, 156–57, 174, 191–92, 246
Great Ice Age, 38–39
Great Lakes, 47, 214
Great Salt Lake, 223
Great Spirit, 212–21
Greece, 124, 213
Greenbank, Va., 191
Greenland, 62–63
Greenspan, Alan, 78
Greenspan, Bennett, 77–78, 100, 126, 238, 244, 270, 286, 290
Grey, Zane, 257–58, 259, 261
Grizzly Bay, 225
grizzly bears, 45
Guinea-Bissau, 132
Gulf of Guinea, 132, 140, 240
Gulf of Mexico, 43, 222
Gutfrith, 104
Hadza foragers, 143
haggis, 96–97
hair, 22, 320
Haiti, 63
Haley, Alex, 130–31
Hammer, Michael, 77–78
Hancock, John, 186, 188
Haney, Jerry, 283
haploblocks, 97–98, 122, 169–70, 185, 239, 316
haplogroup J, 239
haplogroup K (Katrine), 122, 316
haplogroup N1 (Naomi), 122
haplogroup R1a (Oisin), 97–98, 185
HapMap Project, 169–70
Harvard University, 132, 298–304
Hausa, 151–52
Havai’iki, 58
Havasupai, 58–61, 127, 212, 230, 249, 271, 272
Hawaii, 37
Hawk Wing, Pansy, 229
health-care reform, 201–2
Heart of Darkness (Conrad), 130
Hebrew language, 118, 126–27
Hebrides, 97, 104
Hedges, Robert, 20
Hemings, Sally, 72–74, 297, 299
Hemings, Thomas Eston, 73, 74
hemoglobin, 115, 125, 156–57
Henry VIII, King of England, 82
herbivores, 44
heresy, 124–25
Hertel, Jacques, 187
hexosaminidase A, 113–17
Hey, Gustav, 271
Heyerdahl, Thor, 37, 52–53, 212
Higginbotham, Evelyn Brooks, 301
High King of Ireland, 101
Highlands, Scottish, 106–7, 258
Highway 87, 263–64
Himalaya Mountains, 129
Hispanics, 118, 126–27
Hispaniola, 63
Hobart Zoo, 44
Holland, 63, 66, 131, 186–88, 189
Hollywood pseudonyms, 181
see also case histories
Holocaust, 119–20
Holy Communion, 189
Holy Land, 119
Holyroodhouse Palace, 94–95
Homecoming Scotland, 94–95
Homestead Act (1862), 65
hominids, 128–29
Homo erectus, 128
Homo sapiens, 128–29
homosexuality, 217
Hopi, 247, 259–65, 266, 315
Hopi Cultural Center, 263–64
Hopper, Dennis, 178, 307
Horningsham, 89–93
horses, 28, 43–44
“hot spots,” 168, 169
Houston, Tex., 270
Howard University, 151, 294
Hrolf (Rollo), 103–4
Hudson River, 187
human ancestors, 36–37, 45, 128–44
human genome, 22, 24, 78–79, 105, 155–74, 248–49, 272–74, 283, 300–301
Human Genome Diversity Project, 248–49, 272–74
Human Genome Project, 105, 166, 169–70, 248–49, 272
Humfrey, Duke, ix–xi
hunter-gatherers, 59–60, 139–41
hunting, 6–11, 28, 38–39, 59–60
Huntington’s disease, 163–64
Hutchinson, Anne Marbury, 183
Hutu tribe, 275
Hyannis, 192
hydrogen sulfide, 221
hyenas, 28
hypertension, 162
Ibadan, 169
Iberia, 125–26, 185
IBM, 79–80, 273–74
Ice Age, 5, 14–15, 37–42, 52–53, 62–63
Iceland, 46, 62–63, 103
“Iceman,” 54
Idaho, 222
illegitimate children, 74
Illinois, 205
Illinois, University of, 149
Illinois River, 49
Image of the Black in Western Art, The, 300
Immigration Act (1924), 65
immune system, 80
Ina, 33–34, 36, 37–38, 41, 46, 47, 50, 52, 68–69, 136, 327
inbreeding, 61
Inca Empire, 63
indentured servants, 65, 130, 131
India, 63, 247
Indian Gaming Regulatory Act (1988), 282
Indian Ocean, 143, 147–48
Indian Removal Act (1830), 252
Indian Reorganization Act (1934), 278
Indian River, 50
Indian Wars, 140, 214, 220–21
indigenous megafauna, 44–45
indigenous peoples
, 24, 59–60, 128–44, 212, 248–49, 272–74
see also Native Americans
Indonesia, 36–37, 128
infants, 113–17
infectious diseases, 115
infidelity, 74
inherited diseases, 18–19, 20, 112–17, 121, 125, 129, 159–64, 168, 169, 240–42, 272–74, 287–88, 300–301, 317–18
Inquisition, 123–27
in situ mutations, 35
Institute of Molecular Medicine, 81–82
insulin, 304, 311, 317–18
Interior Department, U.S., 57
intermarriage, 121, 231, 251, 282
Internet, 82–83, 95, 161
“interrogate,” 167, 173
intravenous catheters, 79
Inuit, 32
Iowa, 96
Ipswich, 87–88
Ireland, 52, 95, 96, 100–105, 106, 130, 153, 177, 185, 213, 262, 275
Irish Americans, 66, 95, 96
Irish kings, 100–105, 106
iron weapons, 140
Iroquois, 217
Isabella I, Queen of Castile, 124
Islam, 118, 119, 121, 123, 124, 133, 152
Islay, 107
Israel, 53, 77–78, 116, 120, 275–76
Istanbul, 124
Isthmus of Panama, 44
Italian Alps, 54
Italy, 54, 65, 239
Jackson, Andrew, 252
Jackson, “Shoeless Joe,” 178, 206
Jacobites, 107
jaguars, 44
Jamaica, 134–35
James River, 64
Jamestown, 64
Jane (Scottish American), 95
Japan, 40, 96, 169, 170, 232
Japanese Americans, 96
Jefferson, Field, 73–74
Jefferson, Lucy Elizabeth, 72
Jefferson, Martha, 72
Jefferson, Peter, 74
Jefferson, Thomas, 12, 65, 72–74, 73, 75, 252, 297, 299
Jesus (train passenger), 206
Jewish Americans, 95, 112–13, 116–20, 237–38, 239
Jewish Encyclopedia, 117
“Jewish” gene, 120–21
Jews, 53, 65, 77–78, 95, 112–27, 237–38, 239, 275–76, 287, 288, 289
John, Lord of the Isles, 107, 108, 110, 111
John Hancock Tower, 186
Johnston, Philip, 261
Johnston, William, 261
joint replacement, 159–60
Jones, Charles “Buffalo,” 257–58
Jones, Steve, 162
Jordan, Michael, 304
Jos plateau, 152
Judaea, 118, 123
Judaism, 117–18, 122–27
Jurassic Park (Crichton), 21
Jutland, 228
Kaestle, Frederika, 57
Kalahari Desert, 140–41, 147
Kamchatka, 40
Karionake (“sky world”), 217
Kasparov, Garry, 75
Katrine, 122, 316
Kayenta, Ariz., 247–48, 266–69
Kenneth mac Alpin, 102
Kennewick Man, 48, 53–57, 61, 212
Kenya, 134–35, 141, 144, 146–47, 171
Keys, Elizabeth, 231
Keys, John, 231
Khoisan language, 139, 140–41
kidney dialysis, 60
Kikuyu tribe, 134–35, 144, 146
King, Roy, 236–40, 242, 245, 294
King Philip’s War, 194
King salmon, 29
Kirtland, N.Mex., 248
Kittles, Rick, 149–53, 154, 166, 195, 201, 204, 270, 281–84, 285, 286, 302, 303
Knights of the Round Table, 130, 213
Kon-Tiki, 53, 212
Korea, 46, 177
Korean War, 205, 318
Kyrgyzstan, 80
L1 superclan, 136–37, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 329
L1A2 cluster, 141
L1B cluster, 142
L1C (Lalamika), 147, 148
L1C1a1 cluster, 137
L1D cluster (Latasha), 140, 141, 147
L1K cluster, 140, 141
L2 superclan, 136–37, 139, 142, 143, 329
L2A cluster (Leisha), 142, 143, 146
L2B cluster, 143
L2C cluster (Lingaire), 143, 151, 239
L2D cluster, 143
L3 superclan, 136–37, 139, 142, 143–44, 329
L3B cluster, 143
L3D cluster, 143, 239
L3E cluster, 143–44
L3F cluster, 143
L3G cluster, 143
Labrador, 62–63
lactose intolerance, 319
Lake Shore Limited, 198–205, 207
Lakota Sioux, 214–16, 220, 221
Lalamika, 147, 148
lampreys, 29
land connections, 37–39
Lander, Eric, 300
landowners, 131
languages, 47, 251–52, 253, 260
see also specific languages
Las Vegas Nev., 224, 279
Latasha, 140, 141, 147
Latinos, 241
Laurentide ice sheet, 14–15, 42
Legacy Fund, 274
Lehman surname, 84–85
Leisha, 142, 146
Leuppe Extension Treaty (1901), 261
Levites, 120
Lewis, Meriwether, 65, 183–86
Lewis and Clark expedition, 183
Liberia, 303
Library of Congress, 237
licenses, slavery, 132
Lingaire, 143, 151, 239
lions, 28, 44–45
literacy, 84
Lithuania, 119
Little Bighorn, Battle of, 216, 220–21
liver, 318–19
llamas, 44
Loch Foyle, 104
Lockwood, Edmund, 87
Lockwood surname, 87–88
Lombard, Margaret, 191
Long, George, 92
Longleat estate, 89–93
Lords of the Isles, 100, 107, 110, 111
Loughlin, John, 159–61, 162
Louisiana Purchase (1803), 65, 183, 252
Louisiana Territory, 183
Lowes, Colo., 208
lunar cycle, 219
Lynx, 217
MacAlistair surname, 98, 99–100, 107
Macaulay, Vincent, 69
MacDonald, Allan Douglas, 108, 111
MacDonald, David, 108
Macdonald, Godfrey, Lord, 104–5
MacDonald, Iain, 108
MacDonald, Ian Moidartach, 111
Macdonald, J. J., 111
MacDonald, Maggie, 99
Macdonald, Mark, 100, 103, 104
Macdonald, P. M., 111
MacDonald, Ranald Alexander, 108, 111
MacDonald surname, 98–100
MacDonnell, Ranald, 108
MacDougall surname, 98, 99–100, 106, 107–8
MacPherson, Mike, 170–71, 232–33, 238, 315
MacRanald, Donald, 107
MacUais clan, 104
Madagascar, 132
magnesium carbonates, 51
Maheo (Great Spirit), 212–21
malaria, 115, 125, 287, 318
Malawi, 141–42, 147
Malawi, Lake, 140
Michigan, Lake, 201
Malick, Terrence, 232
mammals, 44–45, 52
mammoths, 11–12, 15, 28, 41, 43, 44
Mammoth Springs, 221
Mandela, Nelson, 295
Mapuche, 32
Marines, U.S., 261
Markley, Michael, 280, 281
Markow, Therese, 60
Marlborough, Duke of, 86
marriage, 74, 90, 103, 104, 113–17, 121, 157–58, 259, 261, 277–78, 282
marsupials, 44
Maryland, 64
Mashantucket Pequot, 278, 279
Mashpee, Mass., 192
Mashpee Indians, 280
Massachusetts, 64, 179–88, 192–96, 197, 208, 228
Massachusetts Bay Colony, 64, 183, 194
Massasoit, 194
Massom, 2
19
mastodons, 15, 43
mating habits, 83–93
Mato Tipila (Bear Lodge), 214–16, 217, 219, 221, 233, 267
matrilineal descent, 23–27, 30–31, 33, 36, 68–69, 70, 109, 134–35, 136, 137–39, 145–46, 231, 249–50, 280, 301, 309
Matthews surname, 90
Maulin, 15
maximum parsimony, 109–10
Mayflower, 62, 64, 182, 188, 189, 194, 280
Mayflower Society, 182, 188
Mbuti Pygmies, 140, 141
McCain, John, 263
McDonald, J. Douglas, 100
McDonald, Labrina, 244–45
McDonald, Ray, 235, 244–45
McDonald, Ray, Sr., 244–45
McDougall surname, 106
McGregor, Neil, 3–4
McInnes, Roderick R., 61
McJunkin, George, 5–6
McKinley Range, 42
McTair, Marion, 287–88
Meadowcroft Rockshelter, 12–15, 16
Means, Russell, 204, 209
medicine, 105–6, 236–38, 272–74, 316–19
see also disease, inherited
Medicine Wheel, 218, 219, 212
Mediterranean Sea, 125, 287
megafauna, 44–45
Meharry Medical College, 237, 240, 294
melanin, 248, 319–21
melanocytes, 319–21
menstruation, 219
mercury, 184
Merewether surname, 184
Meriwether, Lucy, 183
Meriwether, Nicholas, 183–85
Meriwether, Will, 184
Meriwether Society, 184
Meriwether surname, 183–86
Merryweather surname, 184
Mesolithic era, 185
metabolism, 59–60, 113–17
Metacomet, 194
Metropolitan Council for Educational Opportunity (METCO), 193
Mexico, 47, 63, 125–27, 132, 147, 206, 241, 242
Mexico City, 127
mice, 169, 249
Michigan, 66
Michigan, Lake, 201
Middle Ages, 212
Middle East, 69, 118, 121, 122, 126, 132–33
Middle Passage, 131
migoi, 129
migration, 18, 28, 29, 35–45, 46, 47–53, 57–58, 139–42, 144, 146–47
military auxiliaries, 129–30
Miller, Albert, 13
Miller point, 13
mining, 266–67
miscegenation, 292–93
Mishongnovi, 264
Mississippi River, 43, 65, 252–53, 282
mitochondria, 18, 22–23
mitochondrial DNA (mDNA), 22–27, 155, 159, 188, 242, 274, 276, 299
African, 134, 135–39, 137, 141, 142–43, 146–48, 150, 151–52, 239, 297, 327, 329–31
of African Americans, 145–54, 300–301, 302
clusters of, see DNA, genetic clusters of
European, 68–70, 75, 88, 89, 109, 328
genetic dating and, 26–27
Jewish, 121–22, 125
mutations in, 23, 24–26, 27, 33, 34, 35, 36, 48, 49, 57, 70, 137–39, 137, 146, 148, 327
Mitochondrial Eve, 137–39, 137, 159
Mizrahim, 118
Mohave Indians, 262
Mohawk, 187–89, 200, 261, 309, 317
Mohegan, 279–80
monarchs, 100–104, 212–13