Nuremberg laws, 31, 55
percent of population, 14
policies against, ix, 15–17, 47
as soldiers during World War I, 26, 31, 53, 214, 378
Jews in Vichy France, laws and actions against, 80–81
Jones, Alan, 270
Josbach, Germany, 26, 27, 28–29, 30, 32–33, 378–379
Joseph, Willi, 152, 183–184
K
Kahn, Harry, 132
Kann, Edgar, 293, 303, 304, 331–332
Kathe (cousin of Martin Selling), 2, 363, 364, 365
Katten, Arthur, 30, 31, 33, 53
Katten, Lina, 30, 33
Kaufman, Rose, 90
Kauter, Heinrich, 304–306, 347
Keffer, Frederic, 327
Kindergarten Front, 268
Kitchener Refugee Camp (Kent, England), 116
Klapper, Bert, 82
Königsberger, Leo, 68
Korn, Anton, 308, 349
Kristallnacht (“Night of Broken Glass”), ix, 1–2, 3, 45–46, 91
L
Landsberg concentration camp, 304
Laub, Hugo, 53
Laub, Isa, 54
Laub, Julius, 2, 3, 4, 53, 118
Laun, Karl, 296–298
Lehrberg, Germany, 1, 2, 55, 363
Lewy, Arthur
in America, 81–82, 214
background, 37–40
in Nazi Germany, 42, 43–44, 47–50, 72
Lewy, Gertrude, 37, 38, 38–39
Lewy, Johanna, 47–49, 214
Lewy, Stephan, 38, 41, 80
arrival in America, 214
at Château Chabannes in unoccupied France, 78–81
childhood before Hitler, 37, 39–40
childhood in Nazi Germany, 40–43, 45–47
emigration, 48–50, 71
escape from occupied France, 74–78
in France with Count Monbrison, 71–74
life after World War II, 376–377
voyage to America, 82–84
Lewy, Stephan, in Army, 216, 319
Battle of the Bulge and, 318–321
in Brittany, 215–218
at Camp Ritchie, 214
citizenship, 214
contact with Russians, 351–352
interrogation technique, 320–321
liberation of Buchenwald, 327–331
Nazis rounded up by, 352–355
promotion, 215
return to Europe, 213, 215
Loinger, Georges, 79
Losheim Gap, 270, 273
Luxembourg, German occupation of, 125
M
Maginot Line, 72, 73
Majdanek death camp, 370
Mann, Erika, 88, 89
Mann, Thomas, 88–89
Marcuse, Jean-Pierre, 79
Marshall, George C., 131–132
Martha (cousin of Martin Selling), 365
McAuliffe, Anthony, 318
McNair, Lesley J., 228
Meiters, Margarethe, 349–350
Meyer, Hermann, 306, 309–310
Middleton, Troy, 261
Military Intelligence Training Center (MITC). See Camp Ritchie
Monbrison, Count Hubert Conquéré de, 71–74
Montgomery, Bernard, 235
Murrow, Edward R., 331
MV Georgic, 118
N
Nathan, Eric, 245
Nazi Germany. See also concentration camps; Jews in Germany
elections, 29–30
history rewritten, 17–18
imprisonment of opposition, 3
invasion of Poland, 72–73, 103
jet planes, 245
National Socialist Party organization, 352–353
Nuremberg Laws, 31, 55
occupation of Rhineland, 31
Siegfried Line, 73, 256
V-1 rockets, “buzz bombs,” 206
war crimes against civilians, 311, 312
war crimes against U.S. soldiers, 277, 305–306
youth organizations, 16–17, 30–31, 33, 47, 59
Neuengamme system of concentration camps, 355–366
Neumann, Heinz, 356
“Night of Broken Glass” (Kristallnacht), ix, 1–2, 3, 45–46, 91
Nijmegen bridge operation, 235–238
Nuremberg Laws (Germany, 1935), 31, 55, 61
O
Oeuvre de Secours aux Enfants (OSE), 71, 78, 80
Old Men Front, 268
101st Airborne, 175
106th Infantry Division, 267–277, 279
Operation Cobra, 219
Operation Market Garden, 235, 238, 241, 245, 247–249
Oppermann (German lieutenant), 350
Oranienburg concentration camp, 42
Organization for Rehabilitation through Training (ORT), 79
P
Paley, Princess Irina, 71
“A Paratrooper’s Prayer” (Wood), 242–243
Patton, George S., Jr., 206, 216–217, 318–319
Pétain, Philippe, 80
Phoney War, 73, 104
Poland, 72–73, 93–94, 185, 369–370
Q
Queen Mary, 213, 215, 267
R
Radinowsky, Else, 68
Ramdohr, Ludwig, 356–359
Ravensbrück women’s concentration camp, 356, 357, 358
Red Army, contact with, 337, 338, 351–352
Ritchie Boys. See also specific individuals
D-Day wait, 160, 164–165, 166
in England, 151–154, 158–160, 159, 206–207, 229, 231–233
execution of, by Germans, 205–206, 277
German-born, 393–408
German Jewish refugees as, 159
in German uniforms in England, 158, 233
killed, 409
nickname, 215
overview of, xi–xii, 393–409
percent of credible intelligence gathered by, in European Theater of Operations, xii, 393
postwar lives, xii
promotions, 150–151, 157, 215, 229, 284, 288
RMS Rangitata, 149, 151, 157
Roosevelt, Franklin, 126
“Roosevelt’s Butchers,” 181
Rosenbusch, Minna, 34, 96
Rosenbusch, Morris, 34, 96
Rundstedt, Gerd von, 273
Rust, Melvin, 187–188, 292
S
Sachsenhausen-Oranienburg concentration camp, 190–191
Saint-Lô, France, 219
Schwartzberg, Idamae, 88
Seale, John, 271
Sears, Walter, 365
Second War Powers Act (US, 1942), 129
2nd Armored Division, “Hell on Wheels,” 152–154, 178–179, 181–182, 183, 218, 221, 251, 252
Selling, Leopold, 4, 118
Selling, Martin
in Dachau, 5–10, 51–52
emigration, 54, 55–57
as “enemy alien” in England, 115, 116–117
imprisonment of, 3–4
life after World War II, 378
life in America, 118–119
life in Nazi Germany, 1, 2–5
release from Dachau, 52–54
voyage to America, 117–118
Selling, Martin, in Army, 205, 210
Battle of the Bulge and, 315–317
at Camp Ritchie, 121–122, 205–206
citizenship, 204
enemy alien status and, 119, 120–121
in England, 206–207
fake nurses exchange and, 311–313
in France, 207–213
God, belief in, 10
inability to exact revenge, 211
interrogation technique, 209–213
loyalty questioned, 313–315
return to Europe, 204
search for family members, 361–365
Selling, Siegfried, 54–55
Serpa Pinto (passenger ship), 83–84
Siegfried Line, 73, 256, 319
Silberberg, Benno, 19, 20–21, 22, 23, 8
6–87
Silberberg, Ethel, 21, 86
Silberberg, Melvin, 86
6th Armored Division, “Super Sixth,” 213, 215, 216–217, 317, 318, 327–331, 351–352
Solomon, Rudy, 87
Spang, Karl, 218
SS Hamburg, 25, 85
SS Navemar, 1–9, 107–108
SS New York, 94–95, 95
SS Veendam, 124
St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 189–190
Stajkowski, Sigmund “Sig,” 197, 202
Stangl, Alois, 52
Statue of Liberty, 84, 95, 108–109
Steinfeld, Abraham, 26–27
Steinfeld, Herbert, “Naftali,” 27, 35, 97, 379
Steinfeld, Irma, 27, 97, 227, 338, 379
Steinfeld, Isador, 26
Steinfeld, Johanna Hanschen, 27, 28–29, 30, 32–33, 35–36
Steinfeld, Manfred, “Manny”
childhood before Hitler, 26–29
childhood in Nazi Germany, 29–34
emigration of, 35
life after World War II, 378–380
life in America, 96–98, 227–228
trip to Chicago, 94–96
Steinfeld, Manfred, “Manny,” in Army, 242
Army Specialized Training Program, 228–229
arrest of Ramdohr, 358–360
at Camp Ritchie, 229
at Camp Roberts, 228
citizenship, 228
crossing Elbe River and contact with Russians, 334–337, 338
dog tags, 230–231
in England, 229
glider mission, 240–244
in Holland, 235–245
jump training, 229–230
promotions, 229
at Wöbbelin concentration camp, 338–339, 344–345
Steinfeld, Paula, 27–28, 33–34, 36–37, 96–97, 97, 379
Steinfeld, Solomon, 26, 29–30, 33, 53
Stern, Eleonore, 14, 90–94, 92
Stern, Günther, “Guy”
childhood before Hitler, 13, 14–15
childhood in Nazi Germany, 15–18
immigration to America, 21–26, 24
life after World War II, 380–381
life in America, 87–94, 93
Navy and, 154
promotion, 288
trip to St. Louis, 85–86
Stern, Günther “Guy,” in Army, 157, 365, 365
assignment in Europe, 158–160
Battle of the Bulge and, 287, 296–297
at Buchenwald, 331–334
at Camp Barkeley, 154–155
at Camp Ritchie, 155–157
citizenship, 155
Dietrich and, 298–302
in England, 158–159
“German Preparations for Chemical Warfare” report, 289–290
German railroad report, 288–289
Laun and, 296–298
in Normandy, 184–193
partnership with Howard, 291–296, 298–302, 303–304
return to Europe, 157
search for family, 192–193, 365–371
Stern, Hedwig, 14, 15, 18, 25, 90–94, 92
Stern, Julius, 14, 15, 16, 18, 25, 90–94, 92
Stern, Werner, 14–15, 90–94
Stimson, Henry, 132
Strauss, Lewis L., 123
Strong, George V., 133
Stutthof concentration camp, 363, 379
“superior knowledge” interrogation technique, 156–157, 293
Swanson, John, 309
Swarsensky, Manfred, 60
Sztrum, Marjan, 79–80, 377
T
Thalhimer, Morton, 124
Thalhimer, William, 124
35th Infantry Division, 206, 207, 310–311, 315
Tittel, Herr, 19–20, 22, 86
Trains of Thought: Memories of a Stateless Youth (Brombert), 376
Treblinka death camp, 370–371
28th Infantry Division, 254, 255–261, 263, 266, 267
U
United States
as arsenal of democracy, 126
bombing of Pearl Harbor, 111
“de-Nazification” policy, 352–354
German citizens as enemy aliens, xi
German Jewish refugees’ desire to fight Nazis, x–xi
immigration restrictions, ix–x, 18–19, 33–34
intelligence apparatus, 131–132 See also Camp Ritchie
isolationism, 110–111
Second War Powers Act, 129
United States Army, 278–286. See also Camp Ritchie; Interrogation of Prisoners of War (IPW) courses
alien detachment, 129–130
Ardennes training and rest area, 267
Army Specialized Training Program, 228–229
best interrogators, 209
central depot at Bad Schwalbach, Germany, 361–362
dog tags, 177, 178, 230–231
82nd Airborne Division, 161, 169–171, 175, 230, 233–240, 248, 334–338, 339
execution of Jewish soldiers, 205–206, 277
fears about German treatment of captured German Jewish soldiers, 178, 185, 193, 306–307
First Army, 158–159, 287, 290–291
Flying Coffins, 240–241
grenades, 173
IPW graduates in North Africa, 134
military tribunal commissions, 346
mobile Psychological Warfare Units, 183–184
Nijmegen bridge operation, 235–237
101st Airborne, 175
106th Infantry Division, 268–277
Operation Cobra, 219
Operation Market Garden, 235, 238, 241, 245, 247–249
2nd Armored Division, “Hell on Wheels,” 152–154, 178–179, 181–182, 183, 218, 221, 251, 252
6th Armored Division, “Super Sixth,” 213, 215, 216–217, 317, 318, 327–331, 351–352
Third Army, 206, 213, 307, 313, 318, 326
35th Infantry Division, 206, 207, 310–311, 315
treatment of, by French civilians, 174–175, 176
28th Infantry Division, 254, 255–261, 263, 266, 267
Waal bridge operation, 238–239
Waco CG-4A gliders, 241
“use of fear” interrogation technique, 157
V
von Tippelskirch, Kurt, 335–337
W
Waal bridge operation, 235, 237–239
Warsaw Ghetto, 93–94, 185, 334, 369–370
Wienecke, Robert, 236, 244
Wiesel, Elie, 330
“Willie Petes,” 173
Winston, Walter, 240, 244
With Rancor and Compassion: The Memoirs of a Jew Who Thought He Was a German (Selling), 378
Witness to the Storm: A Jewish Journey from Nazi Berlin to the 82nd Airborne (Angress), 375
Witte (German Lieutenant Colonel), 307–308
Wöbbelin concentration camp, 338–345, 340, 341, 343, 355–356
Wolf, Danielle (Dany), 103–104, 104, 224, 376
Wood, George “Chappie,” 242–243, 344–345
Wynne, Edward, 240, 244–245
Z
Zappler, Murray
background, 271
execution of, 276–277, 305–306, 308–310, 346–350
under fire, 272–273
grave of, 382, 382
surrender, 276–277
Zebra Battalion, 215
About the Author
BRUCE HENDERSON has written more than twenty books, including the #1 New York Times bestseller And the Sea Will Tell, the national bestseller Hero Found: The Greatest POW Escape of the Vietnam War, and Rescue at Los Baños: The Most Daring Prison Camp Raid of World War II. An award-winning journalist and author, he has taught writing and reporting at USC School of Journalism and Stanford University. He lives in Menlo Park, California.
Discover great authors, exclusive offers, and more at hc.com.
Also by Bruce Henderson
Rescue at Los Baños: The Most Daring Prison Camp Raid of World War II
Hero Found: The Greatest POW Escape of the
Vietnam War
Down to the Sea: An Epic Story of Naval Disaster and Heroism in World War II
And the Sea Will Tell (with Vincent Bugliosi)
Fatal North: Murder and Survival on the First North Pole Expedition
Trace Evidence: The Hunt for the I-5 Serial Killer
True North: Peary, Cook, and the Race to the Pole
Ring of Deceit: Inside the Biggest Sports and Banking Scandal in History
Copyright
SONS AND SOLDIERS. Copyright © 2017 by Bruce Henderson. All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. By payment of the required fees, you have been granted the nonexclusive, nontransferable right to access and read the text of this e-book on-screen. No part of this text may be reproduced, transmitted, downloaded, decompiled, reverse-engineered, or stored in or introduced into any information storage and retrieval system, in any form or by any means, whether electronic or mechanical, now known or hereafter invented, without the express written permission of HarperCollins e-books.
FIRST EDITION
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ISBN 978-0-06-241909-5 (Hardcover)
ISBN 978-0-06-280384-9 (International Trade Paperback Edition)
EPub Edition July 2017 ISBN 978-0-06-241911-8
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* One in six German Jews, more than one hundred thousand in total, fought for their country in World War I, and twelve thousand of them died on the fields of battle on the western and eastern fronts.
* A crematorium was built at Dachau in 1940, and a second, larger crematorium with a gas chamber was erected in 1942.