2 Sun Tzu, The Art of War, ed. James Clavell (New York: Delacorte Press, 1983), 9–14.
3 Caspar Weinberger, “The Use of Military Power,” Remarks delivered to the National Press Club, Washington, DC, November 28, 1984. See http://www.airforce-magazine.com/MagazineArchive/Documents/2004/January2004/0104keeperfull.pdf.
4 See The Correlates of War Project’s data on Israel, Egypt, Jordan, and Syria for 1967, at http://www.correlatesofwar.org/datasets.htm.
5 Anna Getmansky, “Protecting the Protectors: A Cross-National Study of Domestic Regimes and Protection of Soldiers,” Working Paper, Department of Politics, New York University, 2008.
6 Martin Meredith, The Soccer War (New York: Vintage Books, 1992), 201–202.
7 In Europe in the 1980s it was a popular joke that Ronald Reagan was America’s apology for being late for the first two World Wars, by being really punctual for the next.
8 Graph is generated using military expenditure from the Correlate of War Project’s National Material Capabilities Data. We do not have data for Austria in 1919 as Austria-Hungary ceased to exist.
9 For a more detailed and rigorous account of how our perspective explains the incentive to create puppet regimes see Bruce Bueno de Mesquita, et al., Logic of Political Survival, especially chapter 9; and Carmela Lutmar, “Belligerent Occupations,” in ISA Compendium of International Law, Robert J. Beck and Henry F. Carey, eds. (Oxford: Blackwell, 2009).
10 See Michela Wrong, I Didn’t Do It for You: How the World Betrayed a Small African Nation (New York: HarperCollins, 2005), 328.
11 Ibid., 351–353.
12 Bruce Bueno de Mesquita and Randolph M. Siverson, “War and the Survival of Political Leaders: A Comparative Study of Regime Types and Political Accountability,” American Political Science Review (December 1995); and Bueno de Mesquita, Randolph Siverson, and Gary Woller, “War and the Fate of Regimes: A Cross-National Analysis,” American Political Science Review (September 1992): 638–646.
13 G. M. Gilbert, Nuremberg Diary (New York: Farrar, Straus and Company, 1947), 278–279.
14 Quoted in David D. Laitin and Said S. Samatar, Somalia: Nation in Search of a State (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1987).
15 Wrong, I Didn’t Do It for You, 336.
16 In fact there are numerous cases of violent conflicts between pairs of democracies in the Correlates of War Project’s militarized disputes data. None become wars because while one side used force, the other side backed down rather than fight back.
17 See Dan Reiter and Allan C. Stam, Democracies at War (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2002).
Chapter 10: What Is To Be Done?
1 NFL Fan Support Ranking, http://www.bizjournals.com/specials/slideshow/13.html?page=4; Brand Keys, Sports Loyalty Index, http://www.brandkeys.com/awards/sports.cfm; Sports Illustrated, http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2007/writers/rick_reilly/10/09/reilly1015/index.html; http://www.packers.com/team/executive-committee.html.
2 Robert Romano, “The Sarbanes-Oxley Act and the Making of Quack Corporate Governance,” Yale Law Journal 114 (May 2005): 1521–1611.
3 Jeffrey L. Jensen “Initial Institutions, Institutional Persistence, and the Promotion of Economic Development by the Original 13 States,” Working Paper, NYU Department of Politics, 2007.
4 Akhil Reed Amar, America’s Constitution: A Biography (New York: Random House, 2006).
5 Congressional Research Service, “The Cost of Iraq, Afghanistan, and Other Global War on Terror Operations Since 9/11,” Amy Belasco, September 2, 2010, http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/RL33110.pdf.
6 For instance, http://www.npr.org/2011/01/30/133305663/in-haiti-cell-phones-serve-as-debit-cards.
Index
Abdel-Hussein, Muhyi
Abortion
Accountability. See also Transparency
Adamishin, Anatoly
Adams, John Quincy
Adamu, Amos
Advisers
Afabet, Battle of
Afghanistan
Africa
Horn of Africa
See also North Africa; South Africa; individual countries
Agramonte, Robert
Agriculture
agricultural marketing boards
See also Farmers
Aideed, Mohamed Farrah
Airports
Albright, Madeleine
Algeria
Al-Jazeera
Allende, Salvador
Al Qaeda
Alzheimer’s disease
Amin, Idi,
Amnesty
Angola
Apostles
Aquino, Benigno, Jr.
Aquino, Corazon
Arafat, Yasser
Arbenz, Jacobo
Argentina
Aristocracy
Aristotle
Artiga, Luis
Assad, Hafez al-
Assassinations. See also Executions
Aswan Dam
Atim, Chris
Atlanta Olympics
Atlee, Clement
Atrocities. See also Massacres
Augustus (emperor)
Aung San Suu Kyi
Australia
Austria
Autocrats/autocracies
autocrats’ initial period in office (see also Leaders: new)
and borrowing
protest in autocracies
universities as autocracies
and wars(see also Wars)
See also Dictatorships; Leaders; Winning coalitions: small
Aziz, Tariq
Ba’ath Party
Babies. See also Infant/child mortality
Bahrain
Bailouts
Balance of power
Bam, Iran
Bangladesh
Ban Ki-Moon
Bankruptcy
Banks
Barre, Siad
Bashir, Omar al-
Basil (emperor)
Bates, Robert
Batista, Fulgencio
BBC
Belarus
Belgium
Bell, California
Ben Ali, Zine el-Abidine
Ben Bella, Ahmed
Benin
Bevilaqua, John
Bhutan
Bhutto family
Bible
Bill of Rights
Bin Laden, Osama
Bishop of Rome
Black Hawk Down (film)
Black marketeering
Blatter, Sepp
Boahen, Adu
Bolivia
Bolsheviks
Bonuses
Bonyads
Booth capture
Borrowing. See also Debt
Bosch, Juan
Botswana
Boumediène, Houari
BP. See British Petroleum
Bribery. See also Corruption
Britain
debt of
Olympic games in
British Petroleum (BP)
Brown, Jerry
Budgets. See also Government spending
Bueno de Mesquita, Bruce
Building codes
Burkina Faso
Burma. See Myanmar
Burundi
Bush, George H. W.
Bush, George W.
Buying countries’ policies
Byzantine Empire
Cabinets
California
Caliphate
Calvino, Italo
Cambodia
Cameron, David
Cameroon
Canada
Vancouver Olympic games
Cancer
CAP. See Common Agricultural Policy
Capital-intensive vs. labor-intensive products
Carter, Jimmy
Carter Center
Cartwheels company
Castellano, “Big” Paul
Castro, Fidel
Castro, Raul
Catherine the Great
Catholic C
hurch
Cattle
CCM. See Chama Cha Mapinduzi party in Tanzania
Cedi currency
Cell phones
CEOs. See also Corporations
Chad
Chama Cha Mapinduzi party (CCM) in Tanzania
Change. See also Reforms
Charity Navigator
Chavez, Hugo
Chazan, Naomi
Checks and balances. See also Separation of powers
Chemical Ali
Chernositov (Russian police chief)
Chicago
Children. See also Infant/child mortality
Chile
Chiang Kai Shek
China
Beijing summer games
earthquakes in Qinghai and Sichuan
income tax in
Chiyangwa, Phillip
Cholera
Churchill, Winston
Cities, general vs. charter
Citizenship
Civil liberties. See also Freedoms
Civil wars
Clausewitz, Carl von
Clay, Edward
Clemençeau, Georges
Climate
Clinton, Bill
CMB. See Cocoa Marketing Board
Coalitions
coalition governments
See also Winning coalitions
Cocoa Marketing Board (CMB)
Cold war
Collectivization
College of Cardinals
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP)
Common good. See also Public welfare
Communist Party
of India
Compaq company. See Hewlett-Packard company: merger with Compaq
Comparative advantage
Congo
Conservatives
Constantinople
Constantius II (emperor)
Constitutions
Contracts
Copper
Corporations
boards of directors
corporate coalitions
corporate fraud
senior management
shareholders
See also CEOs; Stock value/dividends
Corruption
anticorruption drives
in Iran and Turkey
as political tool
in Russia
See also Bribery
Cost of living
Côte d’Ivoire. See also Ivory Coast
Coups
self-coup
Credit. See also Debt
Crime. See also Mafias
Cronies. See also Winning coalitions: small
Crusades
Cuba
Cuban missile crisis
elections in
Culture
Cyclones
Czechoslovakia
Daley, Richard
Damasus I (pope)
Debt
debt crises
debt forgiveness
See also Borrowing
DeCicco, Frank
De Klerk, F. W.
Dellacroce, Aniello “Neil,”
Democratic Party (U.S.)
Democracy/democracies
bloc voting in fledgling democracies
and borrowing
democratizing other nations
democrats
European democracies
fixing democracies
and foreign aid
good ideas in democracies
leader transitions in democracies
Mexico’s tax take and democratization
multiparty democracy
patronage systems in emerging democracies
peace between democracies
private goods in democracies
promise of democratization
protest in
and resource allocation
stability of mature democracies
undermining democracy
and wars
See also Elections
Demographics
Deng Xiaoping
Denmark
Deresa, Yelma
Diamonds
Diaz, Porfirio
Dictatorships
benevolent
shifts to democracy
See also Autocrats/autocracies
Dien Bien Phu
Discourses, The (Machiavelli)
Diseases
Dissent
Districting issues. See also Gerrymandered districts
Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act
Doe, Samuel
Dominican Republic
Douglas, Stephen
Dow Jones index
Dredd Scott decision
Drinking water
Drone attacks
Drought
Dunn, Patricia
Duvalier, Jean-Claude “Baby Doc,”
Dymovsky, Alexei
Earmarks. See also Pork-barrel projects
Earthquakes
Easterly, William
Eastern Europe
Economic crises. See also Bankruptcy; Financial crises
Economic growth
Economist, The
Eden, Anthony
Education. See also Universities
Edward IV and Edward V (English kings)
Egypt
Egyptian-Israeli peace treaty (1979)
gross domestic product
uprisings in
Elderly people
Eleanor of Aquitaine
Elections
bloc voting in
in Britain
in Cuba
and designated seats for minorities
dividing opposition vote
in Egypt
fraudulent/rigged
in Ghana
in India
in Myanmar
papal
in Tanzania
in Turkey
in tyrannical states
in Ukraine
in United States
See also Voters
Electoral college
Electricity
Embezzlement
Eminent domain
Emirates
Emperors
Enfranchisement rules
Enlightenment
Enron
Environmental issues
Equality
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Eshkol, Levi
Essentials
in corporations
keeping off-balance
purging(see also Winning coalitions: purges of members)
welfare of essentials and ordinary citizens
See also Winning coalitions
Ethiopia
Ethnic groups
Eunuchs
European Union
Exchange rates
Executions. See also Assassinations
Exile
Exports
Extraction
Eyes of the Storm (PBS documentary)
Facebook
Falashas
Falklands war
Farmers. See also Agriculture
Federalist 10 (Madison)
Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA)
Felix II (antipope)
FIFA. See Fédération Internationale de Football Association
Fiji
Financial crises. See also Bankruptcy; Economic crises
Finland
Fiorina, Carly
Fire departments
First Gulf War
Floods
Flowers
Food shortages. See also Starvation
Ford Motor Company
Foreign aid
aid shakedowns
assessing
fixing aid policy
given for security reasons
impact of
misappropriated and misdirected
political logic of aid
and poverty
questions about
tied
aid(see also Buying countries’ policies)
US assistance to Egypt
US assistance to Pakistan
Foreign policy
Foucault, Michel
France
Franco-Prussian War (1870–1871)
French Revolution
Ministry of the Economy, Finance and Industry
Franz Ferdinand (Archduke)
Fratricide law
Fraud. See Corporations: corporate fraud; Elections: fraudulent/rigged
Freedoms
free speech and assembly
Fronde
Fujimori, Alberto
Gambino, Carlo
GATT. See General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
Gays
GDP. See Gross domestic product
Geldof, Bob
Gems. See also Diamonds
Gender equality
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
General welfare
Genghis Khan
Genocide
Georgia (country)
Germany
Weimar Germany
Gerrymandered districts
Ghana
Githongo, John
Giuliani, Rudy
Global warming
Golan Heights
Gold
Gome retailer in China
Gonzalez, Hank
Good ideas. See also under Democracy/democracies
Gorbachev, Mikhail
Goring, Hermann
Gotti, John “the Dapper Don,”
Government spending. See also Budgets; Military: military spending; Public works
Graft. See also Corruption
Grau San Martín, Ramón
Gravano, Sammy “The Bull,”
Greece
Greed
Green Bay Packers
Gross domestic product (GDP)
Guardian, The
Guatemala
Guevara, Che
Guinea worm disease
Gukurahundi
Gulf War. See First Gulf War; Iraq: Iraq War
Guttmacher Institute
Habermas, Jürgen
Haiti
Hallmark Cards
Hamas
Hanoverian dynasty
Hardwood
Harvard University
Hassan al-Bakr, Ahmed
Hassan al-Majid, Ali. See Chemical Ali
Hawaii
Hayward, Tony
Health care
Heavily Indebted Poor Country (HIPC) initiative
Hegemony
Henry II (English king)
Henry V (Shakespeare)
Hernandez, Oscar
Hevia, Carlos
Hewlett, Walter
Hewlett, William
Hewlett-Packard company
merger with Compaq
Himmler, Heinrich
HIPC. See Heavily Indebted Poor Country initiative