Greene, Nathanael, 170
Hackensack, N.J., 28
Hale, Nathan, 20–25, 31, 34, 36, 213, 215
execution of, 1, 3, 26–27, 30, 33, 38, 58, 172, 193, 219
Halifax, Nova Scotia, 6, 83, 195
Hamilton, Alexander, 26, 124, 148, 153, 165–68
Hancock, John, 38
Hard Winter, 11
Harlem, 81
Harlem River, 81
Hartford, Conn., 165
Haverstraw Bay, 157
Hawkins, Jonas, 60, 90, 92, 100
Henry, Patrick, xvi, 18
Hessians, 10–11, 27, 29–30
Higday, George, 89–90
Honeyman, John, 29–31, 126
Hooper, William, 107–8
Horn’s Hook, 81
House of Representatives, U.S., 211
Howard, William, Jr., 9–10
Howard, William, Sr., 9–10
Howe, Robert, 143–44, 156
Howe, William, 28, 86, 107
New York as goal of, 5–6, 8, 10, 12
Hudson River, 6, 109, 112, 142, 146, 151, 157, 167
Hudson Valley, 4, 45, 62, 136, 191
Huntingdon, Francis Hastings, tenth Earl of, 48
Huntington, N.Y., 65
Huntington, Samuel, 176
Intolerable Acts, 18, 131, 180
invisible ink, 62–67, 90, 96–97, 99, 114, 134, 148, 221
Iredell, James, 107
Jamaica, 61
Jamaica Pass, 9, 12, 37, 74
Jameson, John, 160–61, 163–64, 167, 170
Jay, James, 62, 63, 221
Jay, John, 62, 195
Jefferson, Thomas, 18
Jersey, HMS, 178, 213
Jewish settlers, earliest, 185
King’s Bridge, 187
King’s College (Columbia University), 62
Knowlton, Thomas, 20–23
Lafayette, Marquis de, 121, 142
Langley, Va., 215
Laurens, Henry, 195
Lee, Henry, 18, 180–81
Lexington, Mass., 36
Lexington and Concord, fighting at, 18, 36, 73
Litchfield, Conn., 211
Lloyd’s Neck, 122
London, 17, 86, 190–91, 202
Long Island, xv, xvi, 9, 34, 35, 41, 48, 50, 66, 69, 78, 81, 82, 85, 93, 96, 100, 102, 122, 148, 176, 178, 186, 188, 198, 214
British occupation of, 1, 3, 27, 31, 49, 56, 59, 73, 75–76, 110, 135, 136, 142, 187
deteriorating state of affairs on, 60
fighting on, 74
Hale on, 1, 20, 21, 23–26, 38
impact of Revolution on, 47–49
Loyalists on, 21, 25–26, 56, 75, 103, 182, 205
luxury goods and, 45–46
Patriots on, 52
Scott’s missions to, 58
ships and shipbuilding on, 60–61, 189
smuggling on, 45
troop movements on, 142, 147–48
Washington’s tour of, 205–6
Woodhull’s reports on, 59
Long Island militia, 37
Long Island Sound, 42, 46, 47, 57, 62, 82, 93, 112, 123, 147, 177, 182–83, 209
privateers in, 65–66
Louis XVI, king of France, 34, 120
Loyalists:
Buchanan family as, 71, 77
emigration to England and Canada by, 192–93, 197
Hale and, 20–21, 25–26
on Long Island, 21, 25–26, 56, 75, 103, 182, 205
masquerading as, 112–14
in New York, 9, 42–43, 84–87, 93–94, 144–45, 153, 185, 191, 195
Peggy Shippen Arnold as, 86, 131
in Philadelphia, 131, 134–35
postwar concerns for spies who masqueraded as, 199–201, 202
Rivington’s spying among, 107–8, 177, 189–90, 220, 222
luxury goods, 45–46, 72
McLane, Allen, 130, 189
Manhattan, xviii, 1, 6, 7, 9, 10, 26, 34, 61, 87, 93, 139, 198, 206, 214
André in, 85–86
British capture of, 23, 31, 43–44, 73–74, 117
“Holy Ground” district in, 72–73
Patriot-held, 11–12
Townsend in, 72–73, 74–77, 79–82, 83–85, 106, 146–47, 149, 178, 186–88, 202, 224
Underhill boarding house in, 42, 46, 48, 57, 66, 67
see also New York, N.Y.
Mary (housekeeper), 212
Maryland, 9, 28
Massachusetts, 4, 6, 8, 17
fighting at Lexington and Concord in, 18, 36, 73
Patriot victories in, 5
Massachusetts Committee of Safety, 129
Mastic, N.Y., 182
Memoirs of the War in the Southern Department of the United States (Lee), 180
mid-Atlantic region, 27, 73
Montreal, 77
Montresor, John, 26
Morristown, N.J., 115
Mount Sinai, N.Y., 182
Mount Vernon, 202–3
Mulligan, Hercules, 115–16
Narragansett Bay, R.I., 122
Navy, French, 122, 188–90
New Brunswick, N.J., 28, 30, 197
Newburgh, N.Y., 197, 200
New Hampshire, 8
New Haven, Conn., 128, 130, 138, 169
New Jersey, 7, 27, 28, 110, 152, 180
New London, Conn., 21
Newport, R.I., 121, 125, 141
Newtown, 61, 82
New York, N.Y., 50, 90, 100, 105, 106, 115, 122, 123, 131, 152, 156, 177, 189, 210
Arnold in, 176
British in, xvi, 3, 13–14, 15, 19–20, 28, 34, 43–44, 49, 73–75, 93, 110, 113, 127, 132, 134, 136, 139, 145–46, 157, 177, 180, 185, 187, 191–93, 194–99
as British target, 5, 9
British withdrawal from, 199–201, 213
Culper letters from, 110–11
fashionable society in, 93–94
Loyalists in, 42–43, 84–87, 93–94, 144–45, 153, 185, 191, 195
merchants in, 45
strategic importance of, 5–7, 97, 190, 223
Townsend in, 80–82
Washington’s decision not to attack, 124–26, 182–83
Washington’s inauguration in, 205
Washington’s plans to recapture, 20, 85, 117, 119, 124, 147, 188, 191, 193–96
see also Manhattan
New York General Assembly, 70
New York Harbor, 3, 6, 38, 56, 93, 124, 125, 193, 197
New York Provincial Congress, 73
New York State, 27, 71, 73, 166
need for spy ring in, 33–34, 49–50, 120
northern, 77, 129
upstate, 138
North Carolina, 71, 107–8, 191
North Castle, 160–61, 164
North River, 100
Nova Scotia, 197, 202
Ohio River, 16
Oyster Bay, N.Y., xvi, xvii, xviii, 27, 61, 66, 67, 70, 74–75, 76, 85, 152, 205, 222, 224
Pacific Ocean, 214
Paris, negotiations in, 195–96
Park of Artillery, 26
Parliament, British, 17–18, 128, 131
opposition to American war in, 190–91
Patchogue, N.Y., 210
Patriots, xvi, 4, 5
Paulding, John, 158–60, 211
Pennsylvania, 7, 27, 28
Pennypacker, Morton, xv–xvii, 214, 222
Philadelphia, Pa., 4, 7, 28, 33, 39, 84, 86, 94, 104
Arnold in, 127, 130–34, 136–38, 189
British army’s abandonment of, 34, 130, 132
Continental Congress in, 18, 131
Loyalists in, 86, 131, 134–35
prison ships, 178
privateers, 65–66
prostitution, 48–49, 72–73
Providence, R.I., 4
Putnam, Israel, 60
Quakers, 72
Quebec, invasion of, 136–37
Queens County, 74
Queens County Militia, 74
Queen’s Rangers, 66–67, 75, 110, 152
Rall, Johann, 29–30
Rawdon, Lord, 48, 220
Revere, Paul, xvi
Rhode Island, 121, 124, 141
Rising Sun Tavern, 39
Rivington, James, xvii, 78, 84–85, 96, 117, 131, 205, 216
as American agent, 105–8, 177, 189–90, 220, 222
coffeehouse of, 85, 86, 135
Washington and, 202, 210
Robinson, Beverly, 154
Rochambeau, Count Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur de, 121
Rockaway Path, 10
Rodrigue Hortalez & Company, 120, 221
Roe, Austin, xvii, 9, 56–58, 60, 90, 93, 96, 123, 148, 177, 188, 216
postwar life of, 210–11
Roe, Catherine Jones, 210
Roosevelt, Theodore, xvii
Ross, Betsy, xvi
Royal Gazette, 84–85, 86, 105–8, 199
Royal Navy, British, 8, 12, 56–57, 121
movements of, 111, 135, 195
Sackett, Nathaniel, 33, 34
Salem, Conn., 168
Saratoga, Battles of, 130
Savannah, Ga., 121, 191
British departure from, 192
Scott, Charles, 34, 50, 52, 58
Second Continental Light Dragoons, 38–50, 152, 168, 182
Second Partisan Corps, 180
Setauket, N.Y., xviii, 35, 46, 57, 62, 66, 70, 82, 90, 95, 111, 182, 186, 206, 210
Setauket Presbyterian Church, 212–13
Sheldon, Elisha, 152, 168
Shippen, Margaret “Peggy,” see Arnold, Margaret “Peggy” Shippen
Simcoe, John, 61, 66–67, 75–76, 77, 110, 152, 206
Smallwood’s Regiment, 28
Smith, Joshua Hett, 154–58, 175
social class, 92–93
Sons of Liberty, 17, 84, 210
Southampton, N.Y., 61
South Carolina, 117, 127, 191, 196
Spain, Florida held by, 16
Stamford, Conn., 23
Stamp Act, 17, 128
Stamp Act Congress, 17
Staten Island, 7, 8, 19, 48, 109, 115, 220
Strong, Anna Smith, 93
Strong, Selah, 93
Suffolk County, 35
Sugar Act, 17, 128
Supreme Court, U.S., 107
Sutherland, Captain, 154
Tallmadge, Benjamin, 55, 83, 206, 223
André’s capture and, 160–61, 163–65, 168–70, 172–73
Arnold and, 169, 178–79
on Arnold as risk to Culpers, 176–79
background and education of, 35–37
British raids on camp of, 89–90
as chief of intelligence, 58
code developed by, 90–93
concern for postwar safety of spies by, 199
Culper Ring commanded by, xvii, 57, 60, 80, 94, 109–11, 114–16, 215–16
Hale and, 21–22, 37
on New York return, 201–4
postwar life of, 211, 212
return to Long Island by, 204–5
and Second Continental Light Dragoons, 35, 38–40, 168, 182–83
Townsend’s delivery to, 193–94
Washington and, 119, 123
Woodhull and, 89, 114, 122, 124, 147–49, 183, 186, 192, 198, 222
Woodhull recruited by, 49–53, 56
Woodhull’s anxieties and, 64–65, 67, 102–3
Tallmadge, Benjamin (father), 35, 37–38, 204
Tallmadge, Samuel, 52
Tallmadge, Susannah Smith, 35
Tallmadge, William, 37–38
Tallmadge, Zipporah Strong, 37
Tallmadge family, 70
Tappan, N.Y., 172
taxes on American colonists, 17, 45, 128
Teller’s Point, 153
Templeton & Stewart, 72
Townsend, James, 112–15, 119
Townsend, Peter, 211
Townsend, Robert, 69, 71, 74–77, 91, 201, 202, 216, 220, 224
Agent 355 and, 87, 165, 173, 177–78, 211
on André’s death, 172–73
on British counterfeiting, 104–5
British impressment of, 192
character and personality of, 71–72
concerns in wake of Arnold’s escape, 176–79, 182
Continental Army and, 73–74
identification as “Culper Junior” of, xvi–xvii, 214
postwar concerns of, 199–200
postwar life of, 211–12
recruitment of, 77–80
resignation of, 115
resumption of spying by, 123–24
Rivington and, 105–8
spying career of, 83–85, 89, 94–97, 100–102, 112, 114, 135, 146–47, 149, 186–88
Washington on, 80–82, 94–96, 111, 176–77, 206–7
Westchester delivery to Tallmadge by, 193–96
Townsend, Robert, Jr., 211–12, 220
Townsend, Samuel, xvii, 70–74, 79
arrest of, 74
British occupation of home of, 75–76, 110, 152, 206
Townsend, Samuel, Jr., 71
Townsend, Sarah, 70, 72
Townsend, William, 71, 212
Townsend family, xvi–xvii, 70, 71–72, 76–77, 110, 205, 220, 222
Treaty of Paris, 16, 199
Trenton, N.J., 27, 29, 126
Trumbull, Jonathan, 37
Tryon, William, 99, 106
Underhill, Amos, 42, 46, 57
in Culper Ring, 101–2, 110
Underhill, Mary Woodhull, 42, 46, 48, 66
Valley Forge, Pa., 34, 40, 131
Van Wart, Isaac, 158–60, 211
Villefranche, Chevalier de, 142
Virginia, 8, 18, 28, 34, 58, 181, 185, 189–90, 203
Vulture, HMS, 153–56, 168, 177
Wallabout Bay, 178
Washington, George, 1, 3, 38, 43–44, 56, 73, 79, 89, 91, 104, 145, 148, 200–201, 212, 215
Arnold and, 133, 137–38, 141–42, 146, 152–53, 163–73, 179–81
and Battle of Trenton, 29–31
as commander in chief of Continental Army, 18
counterintelligence by, 125–26
decision not to attack New York, 124–26, 182–83
departure for Mount Vernon by, 203–4
departure from Massachusetts by, 4
as first president, 205
in French and Indian War, 15–16
Hale and, 19–20, 23–27, 58
headquarters of, 124
Honeyman’s spying and, 28–31
invisible ink and, 62–63, 65
and Jamaica Pass mishap, 9–10
Lafayette and, 121
letters of, 28–29
Long Island attack reconsidered by, 182–83
Long Island toured by, 205–6
march to New York by, 6
New York City as goal of, 20, 85, 117, 119, 124, 147, 188, 191, 193–96
New York defended by, 7–9, 11–12
Pennsylvania campaign of, 34
return to New York City by, 199, 201–3
at Second Continental Congress, 18
&n
bsp; Simcoe’s failed attempt to capture, 110
speed of Culper operations criticized by, 109–12, 120, 122
spy network of, xv–xvi, xviii, 15, 19–20, 27, 30–31, 33–35, 40, 49–52, 57, 59, 60, 67, 80–83, 94–97, 99–100, 101–2, 107, 109, 114, 115–16, 135, 141, 186, 193–96, 216, 219, 222, 223
on Townsend, 80–82, 84–86, 111, 176–77, 206–7
in Yorktown, 189–91
Washington, John, 28
Washington, Samuel, 28
Westchester County, N.Y., 193–96
West Indies, 83, 121, 129, 195
Westminster Abbey, 172
West Point, xv, 94, 137–38, 142, 146, 149, 152–56, 160–61, 164–65, 175
Wethersfield, Conn., 36–37
White Plains, Battle of, 38
White Plains, N.Y., 51, 156
Whitestone, 124
Williams, David, 158–60, 210
Wolsey, John, 65–66
Woodhull, Abraham, xvii, 41–42, 44–46, 48, 75, 91, 93, 104, 110, 135, 138, 197–98, 206, 216
anxieties of, 59–61, 64–66, 102–3, 111–12, 123
Brewster recruited by, 55–58
British officers quartered in home of, 64–65
invisible ink and, 62–67
postwar life of, 212–13
on replacement spies, 116
Roe recruited by, 56–58
Simcoe’s pursuit of, 66–67
Tallmadge and, 89, 114, 122, 124, 147–49, 183, 186, 192, 198, 222
Tallmadge’s recruitment of, 49–53, 222
on Townsend, 177–78, 186
Townsend and, 83, 89, 96, 100–103, 187–88
Townsend recruited by, 77–80
on Washington’s revocation, 122
Woodhull, Adam, 41–42
Woodhull, Lydia Terry, 212
Woodhull, Margaret Smith, 212
Woodhull, Mary, see Underhill, Mary Woodhull
Woodhull, Mary Smith, 212
Woodhull, Nathaniel, 10, 37, 41, 74–75
Woodhull, Richard V. (brother), 41–42
Woodhull, Richard W. (father), 66–67, 75, 76, 212
Woodhull, Susannah, 42, 46, 50
Woodhull family, 70
Yale College, 20–22, 35, 36, 128, 169
Yorktown, Battle of, 188–91, 220
captured British codebook in, xv, 189–90
Young, Israel, 106