60.Oates, Jonathan. John George Haigh, The Acid-Bath Murderer: A Portrait of a Serial Killer and His Victims. Barnsley, England: Wharncliffe, 2014. (viii)
61.Ibid. (193)
62.Somerfield, Stafford. The Complete and Revealing Story of John George Haigh. 1950. Quoted in ibid.
63.Oates, John George Haigh. (189)
64.Calamai, Peter. “The Real Sherlock Holmes.” Cosmos. March 14, 2015. Web accessed May 8, 2015.
NINE: THE SCIENCE OF SHERLOCK
1.Beattie, J. M. The First English Detectives: The Bow Street Runners and the Policing of London. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 2012. (1)
2.Ibid. (2)
3.Kenealy, Edward Vaughan. The Trial at Bar of Sir Roger C.D. Tichborne, Bart: In the Court [. . .] Vol. 7. Dec. 11, 1873. (157)
4.Blum, Deborah. The Poisoner’s Handbook: Murder and the Birth of Forensic Medicine in Jazz Age New York. New York: Penguin Publishing Group. Kindle Edition. (1)
5.McDermid, Val. Forensics. The Anatomy of Crime. London: Wellcome Collection. Profile Books, Ltd. 2014. (88)
6.Ibid. (90)
7.Morison, Elting. Men, Machines, and Modern Times. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1966. (125)
8.McDermid, Val. Forensics. The Anatomy of Crime. London: Wellcome Collection. Profile Books, Ltd. 2014. (90)
9.Quoted in ibid. (90)
10.Quoted in ibid. (90)
11.Ibid. (91)
12.Ibid. (92)
13.Ibid. (94)
14.Doyle, Arthur Conan. A Study in Scarlet. Project Gutenberg. Release date: July 12, 2008 [Ebook #244]. (NP)
15.Ibid.
16.Wagner, E. J. The Science of Sherlock Holmes. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley and Sons, 2006. (8)
17.Morison, Elting. Men, Machines, and Modern Times. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1966. (68)
18.Doyle, Arthur Conan. A Study in Scarlet. Project Gutenberg. Release date: July 12, 2008 [Ebook #244]. (NP)
19.Quoted in Liebow, Ely. Dr. Joe Bell: Model for Sherlock Holmes. Madison, Wisc.: Popular Press. 1982. (2)
20.Doyle, Arthur Conan. Sign of Four. Project Gutenberg. Release date: March 2, 2011 [Ebook #2097]. (NP)
21.Burney, Ian, and Neil Pemberton. Murder and the Making of English CSI. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2016. (3)
22.Ibid. (5)
23.Ibid. (5)
24.Ibid. (10)
25.Ibid. (11)
26.Burney, Ian, and Neil Pemberton. “Making Space for Criminalistics: Hans Gross and Fin-de-Siècle CSI,” Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Vol. 44, No. 1 (March 2013). (16–25)
27.Ibid. (16–25)
28.Berg, Stanton O. “Sherlock Holmes: Father of Scientific Crime and Detection,” Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, Vol. 61, No. 3 (1971).
29.Quoted in Steenberg, Lindsay. Forensic Science in Contemporary American Culture. (35)
30.Ibid. (35)
31.Berg, Stanton O. “Sherlock Holmes: Father of Scientific Crime and Detection.” Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, Vol. 61, No. 3 (1971).
32.Locard, Edmond. “The Analysis of Dust Traces, Part I,” The American Journal of Police Science, Vol. 1, No. 3 (May–June 1930). (276–298)
33.Berg, Stanton O. “Sherlock Holmes: Father of Scientific Crime and Detection,” Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, Vol. 61, No. 3 (1971).
34.McDermid, Val. Forensics: The Anatomy of Crime. London: Wellcome Collection and Profile Books, Ltd., 2014. (67)
35.Ibid. (67)
36.Burney, Ian, and Neil Pemberton. Murder and the Making of English CSI. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2016. (91)
37.Burney, Ian, and Neil Pemberton. Murder and the Making of English CSI. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2016. (65–66)
38.Savage, quoted in ibid. (66)
39.Ibid. (81)
40.Burney, Ian and Neil Pemberton. Murder and the Making of English CSI. Johns Hopkins. 2016, 88.
41.Liebow, Ely. Dr. Joe Bell: Model for Sherlock Holmes. Madison, Wisc.: Popular Press, 1982. (2)
42.Jenkins, Henry. Vintage Tomorrows, eds. James Carrott and Brian David Johnson. Sebastopol, Calif.: O’Reilly, 2013. (160)
43.Doyle, Arthur Conan. The History of Spiritualism V. 1. ReadHowYouWant, Large format ebook, 2008. (2)
44.Falcone, Arcadia. “The Adventure of the Immortal Detective: Discovering Sherlock Holmes in the Archives.” Cultural Compass. University of Texas Austin. Accessed Dec. 26, 2016.
45.Winter, Alison. Mesmerism. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998. (3)
46.Chism, Stephen. “‘The Very Happiest Tiding’: Sir Arthur Conan Doyle’s Correspondence with Arkansas Spiritualists,” Arkansas Historical Quarterly, Vol. 59, No. 3 (Autumn 2000). (299–310)
47.Seifer, Marc J. Wizard: The Life and Times of Nikola Tesla: Biography of a Genius. Secaucus, N.J.: Citadel Press, 1998. (91)
48.Ibid. (92)
49.Tesla, Nikola. My Inventions and Other Writings. Courier Dover Publications, 2016. (57)
50.Chism, Stephen. “‘The Very Happiest Tiding’: Sir Arthur Conan Doyle’s Correspondence with Arkansas Spiritualists,” Arkansas Historical Quarterly, Vol. 59, No. 3 (Autumn 2000). (299–310)
51.Interview, Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. Recorded by William Fox, Fox Movietone News, October 1928.
52.Ibid.
53.Ibid.
54.Cervetti, Nancy. S. Weir Mitchell, 1829–1914: Philadelphia’s Literary Physician. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012. (78)
55.Tesla, Nikola. My Inventions and Other Writings. Courier Dover Publications, 2016. (58–59)
56.Lamont, Peter. “Spiritualism and a Mid-Victorian Crisis of Evidence,” The Historical Journal, Vol. 47, No. 4 (2004). (897–920)
57.Interview, Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. Recorded by William Fox, Fox Movietone News, October 1928.
58.Ibid.
59.Doyle, Arthur Conan. “Adventure of the Empty House.” Return of Sherlock Holmes. The Strand Magazine, Vol. 26, October 1903. Project Gutenberg. Release date: February 1995 [Ebook #221]. (NP)
60.Mitchell, C. Ainsworth, quoted in Current Opinion. Eds. Edward Jewitt Wheeler and Frank Crane. Current Literature Publishing Company, 1911. (280)
61.Mitchell, C. Ainsworth, quoted in ibid. (280)
62.McDermid, Val. Forensics. The Anatomy of Crime. London: Wellcome Collection and Profile Books, Ltd., 2014. (290)
FINISHING THOUGHTS: MAD SCIENCE REPRISE
1.Morison, Elting. Men, Machines, and Modern Times. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1966. (224)
2.Ibid. (226)
3.Jenkins, Henry. Vintage Tomorrows, eds. James Carrott and Brian David Johnson. Sebastopol, Calif.: O’Reilly, 2013. (113)
4.Bowser, Rachel, and Brian Croxall. Like Clockwork: Steampunk Pasts, Presents, and Futures. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2016. (xxxiv)
5.Ibid. (xxxvii)
6.Gibson, William. Interview with Scott Thill. Wired, Sept. 7, 2010. https://www.wired .com/2010/09/william-gibson-interview/.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
First: To the Dittrick Medical History Center and Museum, James Edmonson, Jennifer Nieves, and Laura Travis, thank you. History owes a deep debt to all museums, everywhere.
To my colleagues, family, and friends, who lent advice and support, my deep gratitude. To readers of early drafts, and most especially Lance Parkin, I owe you—and you know where I live. To Roger Whitson and to all those who kindly submitted to interview questions, endless thanks. And finally, to Mark, who patiently listened to more drafts with more encouragement than any other human, all my love. Also, you are stuck with me.
INDEX
Page numbers listed correspond to the print edition of this book. You can use your device’s search function to locate particular terms in the text.
A
Abernethy, John, 87
accidents, 171, 176, 201, 205–206
Acerbic Liquescence Atomizer, 206–207
acid
carbolic, 200–207
murder and, 218–226
nitric, 214
acid batteries, 213–218
Adam, Juliette, 195
Adams, Douglas, 24
Aerial Female, 76
Africa, exploration of, 107–112
agriculture, 219–220
alchemy, 20, 21, 25, 30, 219
Aldini, Giovanni, 78–79
Aldiss, Brian W., xi
Alexander II, 251
algorithms, 124, 126
Alice in Wonderland (Carroll), xv
alternating current (AC), 146, 157–167
Althaus, Julius, 216
Ambassadors, The (Holbein), 6
amber, 62
Americas, discovery of, 94
Analytical Engine, 124–128, 130
Analytical Society, 120
anarchy, xx, 181, 185, 192–194, 196–197, 213, 229
anatomy, 40, 42, 44, 231
androids, 37–38, 54
anesthesia, 42, 53, 203
animal electricity, 70–74, 76–77, 116, 214
animal magnetism, 152, 214
Antarctica, 102–106
anthropology, 100
antiseptics, 42, 204–207
applied science, 130–131
Araki, Hirohiko, 148
arctic exploration, 104–106
Arctic Marauder, The, 106
Aristotle, 3–4, 6, 14
Armstrong, William George, 131–142, 170, 173, 175, 180–184, 197, 216–218
Arnold, Matthew, 30
Around the World in Eighty Days (Verne), 132, 213
arsenic, 225, 232–233, 235
artificial intelligence (AI), 45, 54, 141
artisans, 210
aseptic medicine, 207
Aspray, William, 127
assumptions, 14
Astell, Mary, 48, 49
astrarium, 7
astrological clocks, 26–27
astronomy, 4, 6–9, 14–15
atom bomb, 170
atomism, 33–34
Aurora Australis, 103–104
Australia, 103
authority, 8–9
“Automaton of Dobello” (Jenkins), xvii
automatons, xvii, 27, 33–38, 42–47
B
Babbage, Charles, 111, 119–128, 140–141, 168, 170
Bacon, Francis, 60
Baker, Morrant, 205
Bakken Museum, 66
Banks, Sir Joseph, 92, 95, 99–101, 106–108
Batchelor, Charles, 145, 149
Batman, 200
batteries, 61, 77–79, 82, 116, 213–218
Beeckman, Isaac, 46
Bell, Alexander Graham, 118
Bell, Joseph, 239–240, 245
Berkeley, George, 39
Bernard, Claude, 203
Berthelot, Marcellin, xiv, xvi
Bertucci, Paola, 64, 66
Bessemer, Henry, 234
Bessemer steel, 234
Bible, 19, 92
Black Plague, 5
blackness, 105
Blackwell, Bonnie, 48
Blake, William, 174
Blakey, William, 44–46, 48
Bliss, Willard, 204
blood, 40–41
bloodletting, 40–41
Blum, Deborah, 232
bodies, 31–40, 44, 45, 54
Bodle Case, 225
body electric, 67
Boulton, Matthew, 60, 84
bourgeoisie, 181, 186
Bow Street Runners, 230–231
Boyle, Robert, 41
Brahe, Tycho, 7–8, 13–15, 22
brain, 45, 54
British Association for the Advancement of Science, 122–123, 130, 131, 173–174
Browne, W. G., 108, 109
Brunel, Isambard Kingdom, 137–141, 160
Buddle, John, 86
Bulwer-Lytton, Edward, 150, 153–156
Bunsen, Robert, 214
Bunsen cell, 214
Bunts, Frank Emory, 201–202, 207
Burnett, John, 183, 184–185, 188
Burney, Fanny, 41, 42
Burning Man, xii
Byron, Lord, 80, 123
C
calculus, 12, 21–26, 28, 116, 119–120, 202
Camper, Peter, 50
cannibalism, 41
carbolic acid, 201–207
Carlyle, Thomas, 173–175, 182
Cartesian dualism, 37
Cartwright, Edward, 175
Caruth, Cathy, 259
Catholic Church, 8–9, 18
Cavallo, Tiberius, 72
Cavendish, Henry, 71
Chadwick, Edwin, 137
change, resistance to, 129
chaos, xx, 9, 16, 18, 21, 28–30, 34, 55, 213, 229
Charles I, 9
Charles II, 40–41
Chartist movement, 174, 181, 186
chemistry, xiv, 20, 30, 219–220, 233
Chess Player, 46
Chicago, 144
Chicago World’s Fair, 166, 218–219
ChihiraAico, 37, 45
child labor, 174, 175, 178–179, 191
childbirth, 47–53, 203–204
cholera, 136, 144, 225
circuits, 71, 77
cities
industrial, 144
medieval, 5
slums, 144, 178
unsanitary conditions in, 136–137
Victorian, xvii, 10–11
civil engineering, 133
Civil War, 129, 140
civilization, 4
Clarke, Samuel, 27–28
class conflict, 181–182
Cleveland, 144
clockpunk, 213
clocks
astrological, 26–27
cuckoo, 33
clockwork, 6, 10–12
clockwork universe, 12, 21, 29–30, 36
coal/coal mines, 59, 83–86, 89, 141, 174–175, 196
Cochrane, Alfred, 134
Cold War, 155
Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, 98, 102, 104
Collins, Wilkie, 104
communism, 181–182, 192–193
Communist Manifesto, The (Marx and Engels), 181, 185–186
commutator, 157
computer programs, 124
computers, 24, 54, 124–125
computing, 125–128
conductors, 64, 77
conflict, 24
conquistadores, 94
Conrad, Joseph, 110–111
consciousness, 82
consumerist culture, xii
contaminated water, 136–137
Cook, Captain, 99–106
Cooke, William Fothergill, 130–131
Copernican system, 8–9, 14
Copernicus, Nicolaus, 8–9, 18
corpse medicine, 41
corpuscular theory, 34, 36, 82
cosmos, 6–9, 80–81. See also universe
cosplay, 206
counting, 3
Cowen, Joseph, 183–184
Cragside, 201
Crimean War, 138
criminals, 211–212, 219, 221–226, 230–231, 243–244
Cromwell, Oliver, 9
Crookes, William, 152–153, 248–249
Crookes tubes, 152–153
Crosse, Andrew, 130, 225
Crumbles case, 243–245
Csicsery-Ronay, Istvan Jr., 115–116
cuckoo clocks, 33
Culpeper, Nicholas, 31–32, 39–41, 53
cupping, 63
cybernetics, 38
cyborgs, 45
D
da Vinci, Leonardo, 13, 27
Dalibard, Thomas-Francois, 69
dams, 217
Dana, Charles, 166
dark continent, 61, 107–112
darkness, xx, 74–75, 92, 111, 229
Darwin, Charles, 80, 92
Darwin, Erasmus, 80
Das Kapital (Marx), 190
Dauphin, The, 97–100
Davy, Humphry, 62, 78–89, 95, 102, 111, 116–118, 121, 122, 225
death, xx, 6, 53, 78, 87, 226, 229–230, 233, 249–250
Declaration of Independence, 4
deep space, 80
deep time, 80
Deists, 29
Delgado, James P., 106
Democritus, 33
Desaguliers, Jean, 64
Descartes, René, 24, 32–37, 38, 42, 44–46, 54
detectives, 226, 230–232, 237–246, 253–255
Devil in the White City (Larson), 219, 221
d’Holbach, Baron, 38–39
Dickens, Charles, xvii–xviii, 51, 136, 175, 182, 249
difference engine, 119–128, 130, 140–141
Difference Engine, The (Gibson and Sterling), xi, 119, 123, 125, 127, 168–169, 258
direct current (DC), 133, 146, 157, 160, 163, 167
Discourse on Method (Descartes), 35
discovery, 115–116
diseases, 5, 11–12, 31–32, 94, 136–137, 144
dislocation, 30
DNA evidence, 241
Dobbs, Betty Jo Teeter, 19–20
Dolnick, Edward, 5, 19, 24, 28
Dondi, Giovanni de,’ 7
Donkin, Armorer, 175
Donne, John, 5
doubt, 9–10, 26, 28, 35–36
Downey, Robert Jr., xi, 246
Doyle, Arthur Conan, 152, 162, 201, 208, 225, 227, 236–240, 244–255
Drake, Judith, 28, 39, 49, 177
Drax, 118
dread, xix, 258
dreams, 35
drinking water, 136–137
dust, 242–243
dysentery, 136
E
earth
age of, x, 4
center of, 104
East India Company, 107
Eckert, J. Presper, 125
ecstasy, 22
Edison, Thomas, 118, 143–149, 154, 159–161, 163–164, 167
Edison Electric Light Company, 146
Edmonson, James, 207
Elce, Erika Behrisch, 106
electric chairs, 161
electric house, 132
electric shock, 71
electrical generator, 133
electrical power, 61, 134, 141, 166–167
electricity, 61–70, 92–93, 118, 196, 214
alternating current (AC), 146, 157–167
animal, 70–74, 76–77, 116, 214
batteries, 213–218
detective work and, 254–255
direct current (DC), 133, 146, 157, 160, 163, 167
Edison and, 118, 143–149, 154, 159–161, 163–164, 167
experiments with, 76–78
as life force, 151