Husby, M. 1986. On the adaptive value of brood reduction in birds: Experiments with magpies, Pica pica. Journal of Animal Ecology 55:75–83.
James, R. D. 1998. Blue-headed Vireo (Vireo solitarius). The Birds of North America, no. 379., ed. A. Poole and F. Gill. Philadelphia: Academy of Natural Sciences.
Mock, D. W. 1984. Siblicide aggression and resource monopolization in birds. Science 225:731–733.
Mock, D. W., H. Drummond, and C. H. Stinson, 1990. Avian siblicide. American Scientist 78:438–449.
O’Connor, R. J. 1978. Brood reduction in birds: Selection for fratricide, infanticide and suicide? Animal Behaviour 26:790–796.
———. 1979. Egg weights and brood reduction in the European swift (Apus apus). Condor 81:133–145.
NUTHATCH HOMEMAKING
Ghalambor, C. K., and T. H. Martin. 1999. Red-breasted Nuthatch (Sitta canadensis). The Birds of North America Online, ed. A. Poole. Ithaca, NY: Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology. http://bna.birds.cornell.edu/BNA/.
BLUE JAYS IN TOUCH
Johnson, W. C., and T. Webb. 1989. The role of blue jays (Cyanocitta cristata) in the postglacial dispersal of fagaceous trees in North America. Journal of Biogeography 16:561–571.
Jones, T. B., and A. C. Kamil. 1973. Tool-making and tool-use in the northern blue jay. Science 180:1076–78.
Racine, R. N., and N. S. Thompson. 1983. Social organization of wintering blue jays. Behaviour 87:237–255.
Stewart, P. A. 1982. Migration of blue jays in eastern North America. North American Bird Bander 7:107–112.
Tarvin, K. A., and G. E. Woolfenden. 1999. Blue Jay (Cyanocitta cristata). The Birds of North America, no. 469, ed. A. Poole and F. Gill. Philadelphia: Academy of Natural Sciences.
CHICKADEES IN WINTER
Barnea, A., and N. Nottebohm. 1994. Seasonal recruitment of hippocampal neurons in adult free-ranging black-capped chickadees. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 91:11214–221.
Heinrich, B., and R. Bell. 1995. Winter food of a small insectivorous bird, the golden-crowned kinglet. Wilson Bulletin 107(3):558–561.
Heinrich, B., and S. L. Collins. 1983. Caterpillar leaf damage, and the game of hide-and-seek with birds. Ecology 64(3):592-602.
Nottebohm, F. 1980. Testosterone triggers growth of brain vocal control nucleus in adult female canaries. Brain Research 189:429–436.
———. 1981. A brain for all seasons: Cyclical anatomical changes in song control nucleus of the canary brain. Science 214:1368–70.
———. 1989. From birdsong to neurogenesis. Scientific American 260:74–79.
Sherry, D. F., and J. S. Hooshooly. 2009. The seasonal hippocampus of food-storing birds. Behavioral Processes 80:334–338.
Smith, S. M. 1991. The Black-capped Chickadee: Behavioral Ecology and Natural History. Ithaca, NY, and London: Comstock Publishing Associates of Cornell University Press. 362 pp.
REDPOLLS TUNNELING IN SNOW
Cade, T. J. 1953. Sub-nival feeding of the redpoll in interior Alaska: A possible adaptation to the northern winter. Condor 55:43–44.
Clement, R. C. 1968. Common redpoll. In Life Histories of North American Cardinals, Grosbeaks, Buntings, Finches, Sparrows, and Allies, ed. A. C. Bent and O. L. Austin. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.
Collins, J. E., and J. M. C. Peterson. 2003. Snow burrowing by common redpolls (Carduelis flammea). The Kingbird 53(1):13–22.
Furness, G. 1987. Common redpolls excavating snow burrows and snow bathing. The Kingbird, Spring, pp. 74–75.
Guntert, M., D. Hay, and R. P. Balda. 1988. Communal roosting in the pygmy nuthatch: A winter survival strategy. Proceedings of the International Ornithological Congress 19:1964–72.
Heinrich, B. 2014. Redpoll snow bathing: Observations and hypothesis. Northeastern Naturalist 21(4):N45–N52.
Heinrich, B., and R. Smolker. 1998. Play in common ravens (Corvus corax). In Animal Play: Evolutionary, Comparative, and Ecological Perspectives, ed. M. Beckoff and J. A. Byers, pp. 27–44. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Knox, A. G., and P. E. Lowther. 2000. Common redpoll (Carduelis flammea). The Birds of North America Online, ed. A. Poole and G. Gill. Ithaca, NY: Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology. http://bna.birds.cornell.edu/BNA/.
Korhonen, K. 1981. Temperature in the nocturnal shelters of the redpoll (Acanthis flammea L.) and the Siberian tit (Parus cinctus Budd.) in winter. Annales Zoologici Fennici, pp. 165–168.
Meltofte, K. 1983. Arrival and pre-nesting period of the snow bunting Plectophenax nivalis in East Greenland. Polar Research 1:185–198.
Novikov, G. A. 1972. The use of under-snow refuges among small birds of the sparrow family. Aquilo Serie Zoologica 13:95–97.
Palmer, R. S. 1949. Maine Birds. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 102.
Sulkava, S. 1968. On small birds spending the night in the snow. Aquilo Serie Zoologica 7:33–37.
TRACKING GROUSE IN WINTER
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CRESTED FLYCATCHER’S NEST HELPERS
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RED-WINGED BLACKBIRDS RETURNING
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PHOEBE SEASONS
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EVENING GROSBEAKS
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AUDIENCE TO A WOODCOCK
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rth, C. B. 1976. Body-bobbing woodcocks. The Auk 93:374–375.
Appendix
Latin names of the highlighted or commonly cited birds
* * *
American Crow
Corvus brachyrhynchos
American Goldfinch
Carduelis tristis
Turdus migratorius
Bank Swallow
Riparia riparia
Barred Owl
Strix varia
Black-capped Chickadee
Poecile atricapilla
Blue-headed Vireo
Vireo solitaries
Blue Jay
Cyanocitta cristata
Broad-winged Hawk
Buteo platypterus
Canada Goose
Branta canadensis
Cliff Swallow
Petrochelidon pyrrhonota
Common Grackle
Quiscalus quiscula
Common Raven
Corvus corax
Common Redpoll
Carduelis flammea
Eastern Phoebe
Sayornis phoebe
European Starling
Sturnus vulgaris
Evening Grosbeak
Coccothraustes vespertinus
Great Crested Flycatcher
Myiarchus crinitus
Great Horned Owl
Bubo virginianus
Mourning Dove
Zenaida macroura
Northern Flicker
Colaptes auratus
Northern Saw-whet Owl
Aegolius acadicus
Pine Siskin
Carduelis pinus
Red-breasted Nuthatch
Sitta canadensis
Red-tailed Hawk
Buteo jamaicensis
Red-winged Blackbird
Agelaius phoeniceus
Ruby-throated Hummingbird
Archilochus colubris
Ruffed Grouse
Bonasa umbellus
Sharp-shinned Hawk
Accipiter striatus
Tree Swallow
Tachycincta bicolor
Wild Turkey
Meleagris gallopavo
Yellow-bellied Sapsucker
Sphyrapicus nuchalis
Yellow-rumped Warbler
Dendroica coronata
Index
A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z
Page numbers in italics indicate illustrations.
A
Agelaius phoeniceus. See red-winged blackbirds
American robins, 14, 15, 16, 75, 146, 149
amphibians, 69–70
Argiope aurantia (garden spider), 122–23, 123
Argyresthia thuiella (gray moth), 118
Audubon, John James, 165, 166
B
Bakewell, Lucy, 165
barred owls
attracted to fledging flickers, 12
hunting shrews, 62–65
perched near cabin, 58, 59, 60, 67
vocalizations, 54, 56–58, 60–61, 65–66
Bauman, Nikki, 58
beak color, evening grosbeaks, 179–80, 181
Beakie (pet starling), 34
begging
flicker chicks, 6–10, 7
yellow-bellied sapsucker chicks, 49–50
blackbirds. See red-winged blackbirds
blackburnian warblers, 78
black-capped chickadees
at birdfeeder, 55, 108, 109–11
courtship and feeding behaviors, 42–43
egg, hatchling, and half-grown young, 117
flocks, 102, 107–8, 109, 111, 113, 117–18, 123, 125
foraging behavior, 111–13, 112, 114–23, 116, 123
learning, 114–17, 116, 120–23
nesting, 113–14, 146–47
sap licks, 43
stomach contents, 119–20, 120
vocalizations, 107, 108
winter survival strategies, 108–9
The Black-capped Chickadee (Smith), 107–8
black-throated green warblers, 179
Blarina brevicauda (short-tailed shrew), 13, 55, 60, 62–65
Blouin, Mike, 58, 60
blue-headed vireos
egg reduction, 80–82
fledging of young, 1
nesting, 77–82, 80
singing, 75–77, 166
vocalizations, 77, 78
blue jays
at birdfeeder, 65
courtship, 92, 96–97
flocking and feeding, 97–99, 104
food caching, 91, 101, 104
foraging behavior, 90
intelligence of, 91
nest protection, 92–96
and owls, 55
solitary behaviors, 100–105
broad-winged hawks, 69–73, 145
brood reduction, 80–82
brown creepers, 111
Brown, Michelle, 58
Buteo platypterus (broad-winged hawk), 69–73
C
Callosamia promethea (Promethia moth), 109
Canada geese, 85, 86, 146
Carpodacus mexicanus (house finch), 152–53
catbirds, 149
cedar waxwings, 149
chickadees. See black-capped chickadees
chicks
broad-winged hawks, 71
Pipsqueak (flicker chick), 10–11, 13–15
red-breasted nuthatches, 82
woodcocks, 185–86
yellow-bellied sapsuckers, 49–50
cluster flies, 30–31
Collins, Scott, 114–15
common redpolls burrowing in snow, 126–27, 128–29, 130–33
Corvus genus, 20–21
courtship
black-capped chickadees, 42–43
blue jays, 92, 96–97
red-winged blackbirds, 160–61
crossbills, 125
crows
attacks on other crows, 23–25
cooperative flocks and keeping watch, 21–22
Corvus genus, 20–21
feeding behaviors, 19–20, 21–22
human hunting of, 18–19
intelligence of, 17
pet crows, 17–18
D
Deely, Kat, 58
Douglas, Scott, 61
downy woodpeckers, 111, 179
drumming
and mate attraction, 40–42, 44–49
ruffed grouse, 166
yellow-bellied sapsuckers, 1, 37–42, 39, 48–49, 50
E
eagles, 81–82
eastern phoebes
egg reduction, 81
migration, 166, 169, 173–74
nesting, 145–46, 167–68, 167, 170–75
vocalizations, 167, 168–69, 170, 171–72, 173, 174
egg case, garden spider egg case, 122–23, 123
egg production, flickers, 3–4
egg reduction
blue-headed vireos, 80–82
great crested flycatchers, 151–52
eggshells, 5–6
Eurasian jackdaw, 20
European nuthatches, 84
evening grosbeaks
beak color, 179–80, 181
feeding, 177–78, 179–80
flocks, 178, 180
nesting, 181–82
F
feeding behaviors
black-capped chickadees, 111–13, 112, 114–23, 116, 123
crows, 19–20, 21–22
evening grosbeaks, 177–78, 179–80
flickers, 6–10, 7
ravens, 19, 22–23
ruffed grouse, 135, 140, 142
starlings, 27–28
woodcocks, 185
yellow-bellied sapsuckers, 1–2, 14, 51–52, 146
Fell, Greg, 70–71
Ficedula hypoleuca (pied flycatcher), 166
finches
feeding behaviors, 55, 125–26
purple finches, 65, 179
See also evening grosbeaks
fledging
blue-headed vireos, 1
crows versus ravens, 21
flickers, 11–15
great crested flycatchers, 151
flickers
baby flickers, 4–6, 5
begging and feeding of young, 6–11, 7, 12, 13, 14
egg production, 3–4
eggshells, 5–6
feeding on chokecherries, 75
fledging, 11–15
hunting restrictions, 19
nest cavity in cabin wall, 3–5, 15–16
nest cleaning, 6, 7, 8–9, 10
nest hole in outer cabin wall, 2–3