Crown: the branches and top of the tree above the bole
Faggot: a tied bundle of small branches traditionally used to fire ovens, now used for riverbank restoration and coastal defence
Greenwood: freshly cut wood
In-cycle coppice: coppice that has been cut at regular intervals and is not overstood
Maiden: young single-stem tree that has not been coppiced
Mortise: a chiselled slot, into or through which a tenon is inserted
Overstood coppice: coppice that has not been cut for many years and is out of rotation for usual coppice produce
Permaculture: ecological design for a sustainable future
Pollard: tree that has been cut above animal-grazing height to allow repeated harvesting of poles from the crown
Pleachers: partially cut-through stems of hedges that are laid at an angle and continue to grow as the sap still flows
Ride: an access route through a woodland, often used for timber extraction
Rootstock: the root onto which a scion is grafted
Snedding: removal of side branches and top of a felled tree
Standard: a single-stemmed tree allowed to grow to maturity, commonly amongst coppice
Stool: the living stump of a coppiced tree from which new stems grow
Suckering: re-growth from existing roots of a tree after cutting
Tenon: the projecting end of a timber that is inserted into a mortise
Underwood: coppice woodland
Windblow: trees that have been toppled over by the wind
Yurt: a wooden-framed, transportable dwelling with canvas covering, originating in Asia and now found as a dwelling in woodland
Index
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adze, cleaving, 108–9, 111
agro-forestry: systems, 208–9; in towns and cities, 211–12
Albania, permaculture in, 48–9
The Alchemist (Coelho), 25
alder (Alnus glutinosa), 193–4, 206; uses for wood, 194–5
allotments, 212
almond, 211
Ancient Woodland (Rackham), 74
anenome, wood, 49
apples: crab (Malus sylvestris), 35–6, 44, 48, 197–8; diploids and tetrapoids, 44; pollination, 195; pressing, 37–40; rootstocks, 44–5, 48; storage, 226, 227; varieties, 37, 43–4, 227; see also cider; orchards
architects, 133, 136
Arun, River, 23, 49, 228
ash (Fraxinus excelsior): as canopy species, 74; dieback, 178–9, 209; qualities of wood, 186, 187–90; standards, 187; uses for wood, 31, 37, 150, 187–90, 209; the ‘widow maker’, 186
autumn, 157, 160–1; colours, 196, 198
bakeries, 41, 228–9, 234–5
The Bard and Co, 18
barn conversions, 215, 216
beech (Fagus sylvatica), 4
bees, 195, 212
benders, 8–9, 136
bilberries, 62–4
bill hooks, 81–2; sharpening of, 82–3; uses, 83–4
biochar, 127–8
The Biochar Debate (Bruges), 127
biodiversity, 22, 26, 34, 75, 80, 91, 183
biosecurity, 179
birch, silver (Betula pendula): bark, 14, 192; as pioneer species, 74; sap wine, 192–3; uses for wood, 53, 191–2
birds: dawn chorus, 7–8, 14–15; hedges as perfect habitat for, 34; migratory, 157
black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia), 205–6, 207
blackberries, 62, 195
Blackdown, 62
blackthorn (Prunus spinosa), 29–30, 35
boar, wild, 210
boat building, 31
brambles, 74
canals, 222
caravans, timber-framed, 219
chainsaws, 85, 221
chairs, bentwood, 111, 112
charcoal: artists’, 124–6; biochar/fines, 126–8; burning, 19, 113–23; imported, 113; kiln, 116–19; markets for, 123–4; woods used for, 125, 194–5, 196–7
cherry, 35, 198, 211
chestnut, sweet (Castanea sativa), 8, 31, 64–6, 211; cleaving of poles, 101–5, 106–9; compared with oak, 205; growth rate, 105–6; introduction, 64, 201; nuts, 64–6, 106; qualities of wood, 105–6; and squirrels, 64–5; uses for wood, 31, 76–7, 106, 110–11, 151, 166; see also coppicing
chickens, 157
cider: apple varieties, 37, 227; making, 37–41, 227, 228
cities, agro-forestry in, 211–12
clay: puddling, 22–3; Wealden, 23, 76, 183
clear felling, 91–2, 166–7
cleaving, 76, 95, 101–5, 106–9, 187
climate change, 24, 216; effect on trees, 204–5, 207
cob nut, orchard, 42–3
community service, 223, 226
community-supported agricultural systems (CSA), 214
community-supported forestry (CSF), 214
continuous cover forestry, 92
Cook on the Wild Side (TV series), 146
coppice workers: accommodation, 215; tools, 81–4, 94–5, 107–8; training, 86–7, 214–15, 223 coppicing: benefits of, 70–1; deadwood, 80; definition, 70; early evidence of, 74; fruit avenues, 69–70; hurdle making, 76, 98, 109–10, 126, 182, 190; littering, 95, 98; lore, 94–5; management, 70–1, 80–1, 83–6, 88, 123; poles, 76–7, 83–4, 151; products from, 76–7, 98, 109–12, 116, 128, 166, 182, 183; re-growth, 75, 85, 93, 105–6; restoration of derelict coppice, 93–4, 185; rotation cycles, 74, 76–7; stools, 70, 71, 105; sustainability, 70, 85–6; trees used for, 186, 196–8, 205; underwood, 70; with standards, 181, 187; see also charcoal
Cowdray estate, 41, 176
Cranborne Chase, 183
cypress, swamp (Taxodium distichum), 206
deer, roe, 7; roadkill preparation, 57–8
Deer Act, 58
Dorset Coppice Group, 88
Douglas fir, 166, 207
Dutch elm disease, 207
dwellings, 133–6; benders, 8–9, 136; ‘Woodland House’, construction of, 145–57; yurts, 137–40
East Malling Research Station, rootstocks, 45
Farnham Castle, 30
Fearnley-Whittingstall, Hugh, 146
fires, 6, 15, 157, 231
fish, of River Lod, 50
flora, woodland ground, 21, 49, 90–1, 181, 183, 204
food production, 59, 212
foraging: bilberries, 62–3; roadkill, 57–8; sweet chestnuts, 64–6; walnuts, 58–9
forest dwellers, rainforest, 25–6, 141
framing, see roundwood framing
Frankia alni, 194
froe, 107–8
fungi: ash dieback fungus (Hymenoscyphus pseudoalbidus), 178, 209; chicken of the woods, 51–2; cultivation of, 52–4; Frankia alni, 194; horn of plenty (black trumpet), 51; puffball, giant, 51; shiitake, 52; sudden oak death fungus (Phytophthora ramorum), 177–8, 205
garlic, wild, 49–50
Grand Designs (TV series), ‘Woodland House’, 147–8, 161, 162, 170; response to, 162–4
grassland, chalk, 75
Great Storm (1987), 6
greensand, 8, 19, 183
grindstone, 83
Hampshire Coppice Group, 88
hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna), 35, 197
hazel (Corylus avellana): best areas for growing, 183; cob nut orchard, 42–3; coppicing, 74, 93, 181–2, 185; flowers, 184; qualities of wood, 182; uses for wood, 4, 8–9, 31, 35, 182, 183, 184, 185
heartnut (Juglans ailantifolia var. cordiformis, 209, 221
hedge laying: 30–1, 36, 182; benefits of, 31–5; uses for re-growth, 31
hedgerows, planting, 34–5, 36
holly (Ilex aquifolium), 8, 35
Hollist Arms, Lodsworth, 40, 87, 111–12, 228, 229
Holmes, Ted, 37, 41
honey, 212
honeysuckle, 37
hornbeam (Carpinus betulus), 19
6–7
horses: for pleasure, 210–11, 221; polo ponies, 211; working in woodlands, 77–8, 92, 221–2, 228
hurdle making, 76, 98, 109–10, 126, 182, 190
Hymenoscyphus pseudoalbidus, 178, 209
ivy, 195–6
King’s Somborne, 183
labour: community service, 223, 226; need for more, 208, 213–14, 216; trading for goods, 214
Langham Brewery, 228, 234
larch: European (Larix decidua), 90–1, 150; Japanese (Larix kaempferi), 178
Lawson cypress (Chamaecyparis lawsoniana), 166, 207
Leggatt Hill, 231
Lickfold Bridge, flooding at, 50–1
Lickfold Inn, 161
lime: burning, 149; plastering, 148–9, 151, 184; vs concrete, 149
Littlehampton, 23, 49
Lod, River, 23, 49, 50–1
Lod’s Bridge, 49
Lodsworth: cider-making, 37, 40–1; future of, 219, 226–31, 234–6; Larder, 168–9; Larder, future of, 229–30, 234, 236; see also Hollist Arms
Lurgashall, 50
McCloud, Kevin, 147, 161
maple, field (Acer campestre), 196
marketing of wood products, 111, 113, 125; niche markets, 128–9
mushrooms, see fungi
National Trust, 62, 169
nightjar, 11, 14
nitrogen-fixing trees, 194, 205, 206
oak, English (Quercus robur): as canopy species, 74; defoliation, 178, 205; management, 89, 176, 179–80; Queen Elizabeth Oak, 176; Shakespeare’s Oak, 16–19, 176; standards, 35, 175, 180–1, 186; sudden oak death, 177–8; uses for wood, 150, 168, 177; wildlife supported by, 181
oak processionary moth (Thaumetopea processionea), 178
oil: crisis, 214, 219, 222, 230, 231; post-oil society, 234, 236, 238
orchards: apple, 37, 43, 62, 227; cob-nut, 42–3; planting, 44–8, 45–8, 48; plum and gage, 42; in silvi-pastoral systems, 37, 208
owl, tawny, 7
pear (Pyrus spp.), 195, 211
permaculture, 146, 208, 236; research in Albania, 48–9
Pestalozzi International Village, 165
pheasant, roadkill, 57–8
Phytophthora ramorum, 177–8, 205
pigs: feed for, 40, 228; puddling clay, 22
planning applications, 144–5, 152; law, 141, 142–3; tests, 143
plantations on ancient woodland sites (PAWS), 88–91
plum (Prunus spp.), 42, 45, 62, 195, 211
poles, 76–7, 83–4; cleaving of, 76, 95, 101–5, 106–9, 187; peeling of, 151
pollarding, 29, 176–7
ponds: puddling, 22–3; swimming in, 20
population, human: control, need for, 55–6; hope in next generation, 56–7, 233, 237–8
power stations: nuclear, 222–3; wood-fired, 221, 235
Prickly Nut Wood, 3, 26; age, 9–10; apprentice workers, 111, 165, 168, 190, 214; drainage, 19–20, 22–3, 193; mixed coppice, 181, 183, 191, 194, 195–8; at night 6–7; open days, 164; pond, 20–1, 22–3; Shakespeare’s Oak, 16–19, 176; soil, 8; SSSI, 201; wood bank, 21–2; wooded common, 29–30; year of observation, 4, 25, 29, 69, 106
puddling, 22–3
Queen Elizabeth Oak, 176
quince, rootstocks, 45
rabbit, roadkill, 57, 58
railways, land management, 212–13
rainforest: destruction, 25; living conditions of forest-dweller, 25–6
Rayburn (stove), 161–2
Redlands Farm, 219
rhododendron, 15–16, 22, 177
roadkill, 57–8
rose, 35
Rother, River, 23, 49, 228
roundwood framing, 153–6, 165–6, 167–71, 172
Roundwood Timber Trading Company, 165–6; buildings by, 168–9
rowan (Sorbus aucuparia), 197
Rudd, Arthur, 82
sawmill, 92; mobile, 166
Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris), 166
seasons, change of, 157, 160–1, 227–8
seats, chestnut, 111
Shakespeare’s Oak, 16–19, 176
sheep, 157–60; grazing in silvi-pastoral systems, 37, 48, 62, 75, 208
shelters, see dwellings
silvi-pastoral system, 37, 62, 208
sloes, 29
Snaplands Farm, 215
soils: chalk/limestone, 183, 186; clay, 8, 76, 196; erosion, 91–2; greensand, 8, 19, 183; replenishing fertility, 70, 89, 208; terra preta, 127
solar panels, 221
squirrels, 59, 64–5, 106, 160, 209
stools, coppice, 70, 71, 105
straw bales, use of in dwellings, 148
strawberry, 63
Sussex Botanical Society, 91
Sussex ‘pimp’ (kindling), 116
Sussex and Surrey Coppice Group, 87
Temple of the Winds, 62
timber: bending, 137, 138–40; cutting, 221; extraction, 75–6, 77–80; panels, 110; for power, 221–2; roundwood framing, 153–6, 165–6, 167–71, 172; trees suitable for, 166, 206–7; unsustainable, 113
Transition Towns Movement, 236
transport, future of, 222, 228
trees: climate change, effect on, 204–5; dead, value to birds, 10–11, 80; exotics, 201, 203, 205–6; felling, 85, 91–2, 166–7; native, 201; nitrogen-fixing, 194, 205, 206; pathogens, 177–9, 207; pioneer and climax species, 74; pollarding, 176–7; as sacred places, 19; species for coppicing, 196–7; species for timber, 206–7; standards, 35, 37, 48, 85, 166, 175, 180–1, 186, 187; see also coppicing; woodlands; and individual trees
trout, brown, 50
underwood, 70
verjuice, crab apple, 35–6
walking sticks: ash, 37; blackthorn, 30; rowan, 197
walnut (Juglans regia), 58–9, 207, 209, 220–1, 229
waterwheel, for sharpening tools, 82
Weald and Downland Open Air Museum, 113
Wealden clay, 8, 23, 76
Wessex Coppice Group, 87
Western red cedar, 166, 207
wheelwrights, 41–2
wild service tree (Sorbus torminalis), 198
willow, 49, 74, 206; goat (Salix caprea), 22, 195; uses for, 125, 126, 177
winch, forestry, 79
wine: birch sap, 192–3; maple sap, 196; rowan berry, 197
wood bending, 137, 138–40
Woodland Crafts in Britain (Edlin), 182
‘Woodland House’, construction of, 145–57
woodlands: edges, 21–2; horses, working in, 77–9; littering, 95, 98; lore, 26; management, 10, 11, 26, 69, 70–1, 85–6, 88–92, 164, 166–8, 179–80; pioneer and climax species, 74–5; rotation cycles, 74–5, 76–7, 89, 166–7, 176; see also coppicing; trees
Working Horse Trust, 77
wren, 5
yurts, 137–40
Ben’s previous books:
The Woodland Way
The Woodland House
The Woodland Year
Roundwood Timber Framing
If you would like to find out more about Ben’s books, products, the courses and open days he runs and much more, please visit: www.ben-law.co.uk
Copyright
First published in 2013 by Collins
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Text and illustrations © Ben Law 2013
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