152, 247n11; Carter, Champ, 48, 60,
Edward C. , 165; Hogue, James A. , 10,
247n11; Chaff ee, Adna R. , 179; Claf-
49, 105, 107; Holsinger, Frank, 18;
lin, Ira W. , 256n1; Clark, Hiram,
Holt, William, 27, 129; Homer,
128–129, 261n25; Coggeshall, Alex B.,
Arthur B. , 103, 157; Horton, William
49, 96–97, 99–100, 103, 105, 125, 135,
H. , 18, 25, 66, 105, 137, 142, 161, 224n6;
157, 170, 247n11; Collins, Edward,
Howard, Philip, 28, 40, 44, 59, 61–62,
141–142; Conner, John C. , 247n11;
123, 128; Howard, William H. , 177,
Cox, A. H. , 168, 247n11; Craig, Sam-
249n15; Howe, H. S. , 98; Hunsaker,
uel A. , 25, 53–58, 65, 68, 78, 103, 106,
D. S. , 123–124, 247n11; Hutchison,
172, 247n11; Culver, Charles E. , 83,
James F. , 25, 65–66, 103; Inge, F. D.,
100, 120–121, 125, 136–137, 141, 173,
32, 42, 72, 207n7; Jenkins, Nesbit, 75,
256n1; Curtis, James, 161; Davis,
78, 98, 159–160, 165; Johnson,
Mahlon E. , 27, 97, 105–107; DeGress, George, 27; Johnson, Hiram, 162;
Jacob C. , 9, 17, 26, 52, 75–76, 79, 103,
Johnson, H. S. , 123, 133, 142; Johnson,
118, 207n7, 247n11; Delano, A. P. , 35,
Isaac, 40, 85, 105, 128, 144; Johnson,
59, 91, 105, 107, 123, 162, 244n36;
P. B. , 34, 118, 247n11 248n13; Kirk-Devine, James C. , 61, 97, 122, 126,
man, William G. , 84, 101, 144, 154,
146, 256n1; Dix, John, 25, 34, 85–86,
161–162, 178, 256n1; Krutz, T. J., 146;
92, 100, 121–122, 124, 132, 156–157, 171,
Lancaster, George, 144; Latimer,
173, 247n11; Doubleday, Abner, 72,
Albert, 10–12, 117, 137, 247n11; Long-18779-Bean_TooGreat.indd 306
18779-Bean_TooGreat.indd 306
4/27/16 11:13 AM
4/27/16 11:13 AM
Index 307
worth, William, 26–27, 43, 53–54, 56,
109, 118, 122, 134, 136–137, 144–145,
60, 65, 85–86, 103; Lowrie, James,
154–155, 164, 171–172, 247n11; Sloan,
132, 135; Mackenzie, Ranald S.,
Samuel C. , 41, 59, 69, 72, 76, 83, 93;
202n21; Malloy, A. G. , 104, 247n11;
Smith, Eugene, 26, 39; Smith, Cap-
Manning, Alfred T. , 66–67, 120;
tain George W. , 54, 68; Smith, T. M.
Mayer, A. H. , 23, 35, 37, 50, 100–102,
K. , 154, 156; Steinberg, Otto F. , 70,
104, 125, 128, 133, 142–143, 151, 168,
164–165; Stevens, Phineas, 140; Ste-
173; McClermont, Robert, 26, 163;
venson, Louis W. , 61, 67, 84, 96, 129;
McConaughey, J. W. , 163; Metzner,
Stewart, William H. , 164; Stiles, D.
Albert A. , 25, 66, 103–105, 120, 133,
F. , 152; Stokes, John F. , 75; Sturgis, F.
150; Miller, Edward, 25, 65, 96, 103,
B. , 60, 121; Swingley, Oliver H. , 79,
128, 144, 150, 168; Morton, Lemuel
81, 207n7; Taylor, A. H. M. , 164;
K. , 25, 104–105; Morrison, John H.,
Th
ompson, John A. , 256n1; Tolman,
24, 27, 97–99, 126, 152, 247n11; Mont-Th
omas Murray, 133, 179, 256n1; Van
gomery, David L. , 36, 97, 173, 256n1;
Horn, William M. , 144; Vernay, J. D.,
Moore, James B. , 54, 218–219n15;
84; Voris, Samuel P. , 256n1; Warren,
Murray, Th
omas Tolman, 133; Neely,
L. H. , 146, 256n1; Weaver, Stanton,
William J., 82, 247n11, 261n25;
41–43, 52, 69, 76; Wheelock, Edwin Oakes, James, 126; O’Connell, J. D.,
Miller, 25, 97, 204–205n40, 247n11;
92, 145–146, 256n1; Pease, Walter B., Whiteside, Johnathan F. , 32, 207n7,
84, 100; Pedigo, Ira P. , 32, 81, 143,
247n11; Whittemore, Edward W.,
207n7; Peterson, Hamilton C. , 129;
142; Williamson, John, 256n1; Wood,
Porter, Bryon, 40, 43, 52, 93–94, 100,
F. P. , 82, 92, 117, 122, 154, 157, 247n11;
126, 134–135, 140–141, 247n11; Pratt, Young, Henry, 26, 85; Young,
O. E. , 17, 97; Price, William, 25,
Mathew, 120, 122
247n11; Rand, Charles F. , 13, 51, 57,
Subassistant Commissioners, 2, 3, 5–6,
65, 97, 137–139, 150, 156, 168, 259n14;
10–13, 15, 10; approach and leniency Randall, Joshua L. , 104, 121, 125, 134,
toward freedpeople, 40–41, 49, 72,
257n6; Randlett, N. H. , 27, 65, 84–85,
168; and bibliography, 195–196n5;
150, 158–159, 168, 268n19; Raper, John birthplace and age, 9–11, 19–20, 117–
T. , 37, 43, 82, 207n7; Raymond, C. C.,
118, 203n26; and confusion about
156, 266n16; Reinhard, Fred W. , 100,
duties, 42–44, 50–51, 77, 81–82, 108,
129, 122, 142, 173, 177, 247n11, 261–
141–142, 152, 154, 173–174, 176, 230n27,
262n25; Richardson, J. P. , 126,
214n30, 251n27; and criticisms about
247n11; Rock, William H. , 42, 94–96,
concerning free labor, 41; and educa-
127, 151, 154, 164, 168, 173; Rolfe, A. F.
tion, 28, 96–99, 144–145, 237n11; and
N., 28, 164; Ruby, George T. , 9, 12, 97,
incompetence and criminality, 28,
118, 120, 122, 247n11; Russell, Charles,
44, 54, 64, 66–67, 99, 105–107, 118,
105, 163; Sanger, L. H. 119, 136; Saylor,
136, 142, 144–145, 162–165, 174, 216–
J. Albert, 105; Schmidt, Charles, 26,
217n6, 223n1, 236n7, 258n12, 259n12;
121, 154; Scott, John T. , 29, 43, 207n7;
and judicial proceedings, 69–77,
Shelby, J. Orville, 25, 44, 49–50, 100,
76–78, 89–90, 125–127, 151–153, 154,
142–143; Shaft er, William Rufus,
226n11; and labor policy, 39–42, 102–
16–17, 202n21; Sinclair, William H.,
103, 113, 140, 152, 154–155, 234n37,
15, 24, 35, 50, 54, 58, 71, 83, 100, 108–
244n37; and length of tenures, 7–9;
18779-Bean_TooGreat.indd 307
18779-Bean_TooGreat.indd 307
4/27/16 11:13 AM
4/27/16 11:13 AM
308 Index
and monthly reports, 60–62, 96,
courts; Bureau of Freedmen, Labor,
99–100, 129, 137, 139, 155–162, 173,
and Abandoned Lands; Reconstruc-
241nn22,23, 266n15; and not needing
tion Act of 1867; violence
troops, 127–130, 134, 156–157, 168,
Supreme Court, 72
266n16; and number and composi-
Sutherland Springs, Wilson County,
tion, 6–9, 198–199n4, 199–200n5,
Texas, 26, 34, 43, 53
201n11, 203n26, 214n32, 228n19; and occupations, 14–19, 21, 207n8; and temperance, 12, 31
philanthropy, 144, 146; and political
Tennessee, 10, 17, 86, 115, 148
activity, 115–124, 247nn11,12, 249n17;
Texas Declaration of Independence, 11
and problems with fellow SACs,
Texas Land Company, 13
142–145, 220n24, 225–226n10; and Texas Rangers, 116
problems with freedpeople, 65–66,
Texas Revolution, 11
84–85,
97–98; and problems with
Th
ompson, Wells, 160
freedmen’s schools teachers, 98, 144,
Th
rockmorton, Governor James W, 47,
239nn14,15, 239n1; and problems
52, 55–56, 58, 67, 77, 115, 117, 130
with Winfi eld Scott Hancock, 151–
Tillotson College, 13
153; and problems with superiors,
Trinity County, Texas, 123
33–37, 43–44, 65–67, 99–102, 106–107,
Tyler, Smith County, Texas, 125, 156, 163
138, 173, 177, 241n22, 241n23, 243n31,
259n15; and problems with supply
Union League, 120, 170
shortages, 33–36, 108, 139, 173, 175,
Unionism/Unionists, 12, 15, 22–26, 28, 44,
208n12, 208–209n13; and problems
52–53, 58, 105, 107, 115, 117–118, 123–
with white Texans, 54–56, 66, 84–85,
124, 137–138, 161, 164–165, 167, 178
88, 97, 132, 154, 158–160, 174, 177,
United States Army, 12–14, 16–17, 22,
216n6; and protecting labor, 75, 102–
25–26, 31–32, 47, 67–68, 111, 114, 127,
103, 134, 141–142, 217nn7,8; and race
132, 148–149, 179, 201n14, 207n6,
relations/beliefs, 16, 102–103, 125–128,
260n17, 271n3
132–133, 151, 155–157, 253n30,
United States Colored Troops (U.S.C.T.),
266nn15,16, 272n22; reasons for leav-
15, 17, 32, 43, 47, 54, 116, 127–128,
ing agency, 162–163, 256n1; and
202n18. See also Assistant Commis-
reasons for service, 15, 22–29; and
sioners; United States Army
recommendations to superiors, 108,
United States Navy, 23, 26, 32
139, 163–165; and sanitation, 146,
Upper South, 9
263n33; and U.S. troops, 67–68, 128–
130, 136, 139, 144, 157–158, 161, 168,
vagrancy/idleness. See Bureau courts;
178–179; and white Texans, 33, 54, 67,
Bureau of Freedmen, Refugees, and
82–83, 84–85, 88, 97–99, 118–119, 125–
Abandoned Lands
126, 132–140, 152, 156, 158–162, 165,
Vermont, 12
217n7, 266n16; and workload, 6, 15,
Veteran Reserve Corps (VRC), 13, 18, 25,
20, 42, 62, 65–66, 96–102, 137, 139,
63–67, 128, 138, 149, 158, 167, 223n3,
143–144, 165, 171–173, 241n24, 261n24;
224n6
and yellow fever, 132, 144–147; and
Victoria, Victoria County, Texas, 43, 82,
wealth of, 20–21, 117–118. See also
103, 129
Assistant Commissioners; Bureau
Victorian behavior, 88, 91–92, 94
18779-Bean_TooGreat.indd 308
18779-Bean_TooGreat.indd 308
4/27/16 11:13 AM
4/27/16 11:13 AM
Index 309
violence, 129–130, 155–157, 221n25, 269n21,
wages. See free labor; Subassistant
266–267n16, 267–268n17; against Commissioners
freedpeople, 69, 107, 116, 125, 168–169,
Wallace, William A. A. “Bigfoot,” 116
177, 242n25; against Subassistant
War Department, 1, 78
Commissioners, 67, 119–120, 132–133,
Ward, Arica, 95
135, 137–138, 159–162, 178; and Bren-Washington, D.C. , 9, 13, 19, 21, 28, 30, 59,
ham Fire, 68; and “Christmas
77, 79, 96, 121, 130, 146, 149, 173
Insurrection,” 37–38, 209–20n18;
West Point, 48, 111, 148
and Andrew Johnson’s impeach-
West Virginia, 17
ment, 59–60, 156–157, 267n17; and Ku Wharton, Wharton County, Texas, 75, 78,
Klux Klan, 157–158, 268n18; and Mil-
98, 107, 127, 133, 138, 159–160, 165
lican Riot, 158–159, 268n19; and
Wiggins, Jacks, 95
Stockade incident and trial, 160–161,
Wiley, Bill I. , 20
269n25; and threats against Subass-
Willis, Hiram F. , 262n27
istant Commissioners, 59, 61–62, 125,
Wiseman, Judge William C. , 53–54
135, 137, 159–161
Woodville, Tyler County, Texas, 34, 81,
Virginia, 10, 12–13, 18, 20, 25, 28, 31, 41,
119, 136, 207n7
47–48, 66, 82, 86, 111, 118, 129
Wounded Knee, 16
voter registration, 111, 115, 125, 127, 130,
Wright, General Horatio G. , 77
132–133, 143, 146–147, 168–170, 256n2
Wright, J. U. , 125
voting, 176
Wright, Samuel J. (Quartermaster), 35
Waco, McLennan County, Texas, 61, 67,
yellow fever. See Subassistant
121, 152
Commissioners
18779-Bean_TooGreat.indd 309
18779-Bean_TooGreat.indd 309
4/27/16 11:13 AM
4/27/16 11:13 AM
This page intentionally left blank
Reconstructing America
Andrew L. Slap, series editor
Hans L. Trefousse, Impeachment of a President: Andrew Johnson, the Blacks,
and Reconstruction.
Richard Paul Fuke, Imperfect Equality: African Americans and the Confi nes of
White Ideology in Post- Emancipation Maryland.
Ruth Currie- McDaniel, Carpetbagger of Conscience: A Biography of John
Emory Bryant.
Paul A. Cimbala and Randall M. Miller, eds., Th
e Freedmen’s Bureau and
Herman Belz, A New Birth of Freedom: Th
e Republican Party and Freedmen’s
Rights, 1861 to 1866.
Robert Michael Goldman, “A Free Ballot and a Fair Count”: Th
e Department of
Justice and the Enforcement of Voting Rights in the South, 1877–1893.
Ruth Douglas Currie, ed., Emma Spaulding Bryant: Civil War Bride, Carpet-
bagger’s Wife, Ardent Feminist—Letters, 1860–1900.
Robert Francis Engs, Freedom’s First Generation: Black Hampton, Virginia,
1861–1890.
Robert F. Kaczorowski, Th
e Politics of Judicial Interpretation: Th
e Federal
Courts, Department of Justice, and Civil Rights, 1866–1876.
John Syrett, Th
e Civil War Confi scation Acts: Failing to Reconstruct the South.
Michael Les Benedict, Preserving the Constitution: Essays on Politics and the
Constitution in the Reconstruction Era.
Andrew L. Slap, Th
e Doom of Reconstruction: Th
e Liberal Republicans in the
Civil War Era.
18779-Bean_TooGreat.indd 311
18779-Bean_TooGreat.indd 311
4/27/16 11:13 AM
4/27/16 11:13 AM
Edmund L. Drago, Confederate Phoenix: Rebel Children and Th
eir Families in
South Carolina.
Mary Farmer- Kaiser, Freedwomen and the Freedmen’s Bureau: Race, Gender,
and Public Policy in the Age of Emancipation.
Paul A. Cimbala and Randall Miller, eds., Th
e Great Task Remaining Before Us:
Reconstruction as America’s Continuing Civil War.
John A. Casey Jr., New Men: Reconstructing the Image of the Veteran in Late-
Nineteenth- Century American Literature and Culture.
Hilary Green, Educational Reconstruction: African American Schools in th
e
Urban South, 1865–1890.
Christopher B. Bean, Too Great a Burden to Bear: Th
e Struggle and Failure of
the Freedmen’s Bureau in Texas.
18779-Bean_TooGreat.indd 312
18779-Bean_TooGreat.indd 312
4/27/16 11:13 AM
4/27/16 11:13 AM
Document Outline
Cover
Half-Title
Title
Copyright
Contents
Introduction
“A Stranger Amongst Strangers”: Who Were the Subassistant Commissioners?
“The Post of Greatest Peril”: The E. M. Gregory Era, September 1865–April 1866
Conservative Phoenix: The J. B. Kiddoo Era, May 1866–Summer 1866
Bureau Expansion, Bureau Courts, and the Black Code: The J. B. Kiddoo Era, Summer 1866– November 1866
The Bureau’s Highwater Mark: The J. B. Kiddoo Era, November 1866–January 1867
“They Must Vote with the Party That Shed Their Blood . . . In Giving Them Liberty.” Bureau Agents, Politics, and the Bureau’s New Order: The Charles Griffin Era, January 1867–Summer 1867
Violence, Frustration, and Yellow Fever: The Charles Griffin Era, Summer–Fall 1867
General Orders No. 40 and the Freedmen’s Bureau’s End: The J. J. Reynolds Era, September 1867–December 1868
Conclusion: The Subassistant Commissioners in Texas
Appendix A
Appendix B
Notes
Bibliography
Index A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
Y