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Index
A. Ruttkey & Company, 141–142
appointed Subassistant Commission-
abolitionism. See Assistant Commission-
ers (SACs), 113; and competency of
ers: Gregory, Edgar M.
appointments, 114; and composition
adultery, 92–93. See also marriage; moral-
of agents, 113, 123; Griffi
n’s education
ity; prostitution
policy, 96; and Griffi
n’s judicial pol-
Alabama, 7, 9–10, 164
icy, 73, 125–127, 151, 251n27, 252n29;
Allec (no last name), 93
and labor policy and problems, 111–
Allen, Richard, 6
113, 132, 140–142, 176; and length of apprenticeship, 43, 53–54, 80–88, 93, 112,
tenure of appointments, 113; and rea-
126, 170–171, 231–232n33, 232nn35,37,
sons appointments left agency, 114;
233n38, 234n43; and composition of
and registration and politics, 115–124,
cases, 83; and criticisms of, 85–87;
267–268n17. See also Subassistant
and number of cases, 80; and out-
Commissioners
come, 83–84; and Subassistant
Kiddoo, Joseph Barr, 15, 19, 44–48,
Commissioners’ opinions on, 85–86,
50–51, 53–59, 62–67, 77–78, 80–81,
170. See also Subassistant
88–89, 96, 99, 108–109, 111–114, 130,
Commissioners
140, 149, 154, 175–177, 214–215n1,
Arapaho Indians, 149
223n2; and appointed Subassistant
Arizona, 16
Commissioners (SACs), 63–65; com-
Arlington National Cemetery, 13, 17, 149
petency of appointments, 66–67;
Assistant Commissioners:
and composition of agents, 15, 63–66;
Gregory, Edgar M. , 10, 15, 19, 30–32,
37–39, 44–47, 49–50, 53, 64, 67–68, 93,
lems, 96–99; and labor policy and
112–113, 149, 154, 175, 206n4, 207n5;
problems, 48–51, 96, 102, 108–109,
and appointed Subassistant Com-
215n2; and length of tenure of
missioners (SACs), 31–32, 207n7; and
appointments, 64; and reasons
competency of appointments, 44–46;
appointments left agency, 64
and composition of agents, 44; and
Reynolds, Joseph Jones, 17, 64, 68, 113,
Gregory’s judicial policy; and labor
145, 147–152–155, 159, 163–165, 177, 179;
policy and problems, 31–32, 37–39, 43;
and appointed Subassistant Commis-
and length of tenure of appoint-
sioners (SACs), 149; and competency
ments, 44; and marriage policy, 91,
of appointments, 149; and composi-
235n6; and occupations of appoint-
tion of agents, 149; and labor policy
ments, 18; and reasons appointments
and problems, 150, 155; and length of
left agency, 44–45, 31–32, 43
tenure of appointments, 149; and rea-
Griffi
n, Charles, 31, 52, 64, 67, 73–74, 96,
sons appointments left agency,
109–115, 118, 123–126, 130, 132, 140–
149–150; Reynolds’ judicial policy,
142, 145–151, 154, 176–177; and
153–155, 164
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300 Index
Austin, Travis County, Texas, 13, 17, 26,
Abandoned Lands; Subassistant
69, 75, 81, 85, 118, 130, 134, 136, 149,
Commissioners
151, 164
Bureau of Freedmen, Refugees, and
Austin County, Texas, 157, 207n7
Abandoned Lands (Freedmen’s
Bureau), 1–3, 5–7, 14–16, 18, 76, 79,
Baker, Cullen, 159, 161
80–81, 87, 89, 104–105, 109, 111, 118–
Bardaglio, Peter, 2
119, 123–124, 128, 130, 136, 139, 142, Barkley, Benjamin Franklin, 6
144–145, 148–149, 151, 153, 159–162,
Bartholomew, E. C. , 145
165–167, 170, 173, 175, 179; and aban-Bastrop, Bastrop County, Texas, 97,
doned land policy, 37; and
99–100, 134–135, 165
alternatives to, 179–180; and appren-
Beaumont, Jeff erson County, Texas, 59,
ticeship policy, 80–88, 170–171; and
97, 128, 136
confl ict with civil authorities, 51–58,
Bell, William J. A. , 134–135
75–76, 140–141, 151–152, 163, 177–178; Belton, Bell County, Texas, 120, 152
and confl ict with white Texans,
Bentley, George R. , 58
54–55, 58–59, 83, 125–127, 133–134,
Black Codes, 79–80, 82, 88, 155, 170. See
136–138, 152, 154, 158–162, 175; and also Bureau courts; Bureau of Freed-criticisms of labor policy, 105; and
men, Refugees, and Abandoned
education policy, 96; and free labor
Lands
ideology and problems, 33, 38–39,
Blair, William, 179
48–51, 102–103, 108–109, 112, 154–155,
Boris, Eileen, 2
175; and historiography and bibliog-
Boston, Massachusetts, 49, 84, 144, 161
raphy, 3, 196n6, 197nn7,8, 198n9; and Brenham, Washington County, Texas,
O. O. Howard, 2, 15, 30–32, 37–38, 48,
55–56, 68, 82, 92, 98, 106–107, 154, 157,
56, 58, 65, 68–69, 77–78, 91, 99, 106,
207n7
109, 112, 116, 121–122, 126, 128, 142,
Bryan, Brazos County, Texas, 24, 84, 128,
145, 149–150, 153, 174, 252n28; and
144, 158
judicial policy and proceedings,
Bryant, Charles, 6
40–41, 68–96; and jurisdiction and Brooks, George E. , 158
authority, 76–77, 125–127, 151–154;
Brown, Miles, 158
and leniency toward freedpeople, 41,
Brownsville, Cameron County, Texas, 16,
168; and misconceptions to resis-
97
tance, 177–178; and origins,
bureaucratization. See Bureau of Freed-
criticisms, and mandate, 1–2, 5–6,
men, Refugees, and Abandoned
30–31, 167, 195n2; planter acceptance, Lands; Subassistant Commissioners
212–213n26, 213n27; and reasons for
Bureau courts, 63, 68–88, 227n14; and failure, 168, 178–181, 198n1, 273n27;
confl ict and criticisms, 76–79; and
and sharecropping vs. wage labor,
confusion, 77, 154; and nature of
102–105, 169, 243n29, 243n30; and off ense, 69–74, 89–91, 94–95, 227n15,
vagrancy policy, 38–39, 51, 95, 217n8;
228n20; and number, 69, 74, 89–90,
and white resistance to, 40–41, 48,
94; and outcome, 70, 84, 89–90, 95;
134, 148. See also Bureau courts; Sub-
and racial/gender composition, 70,
assistant Commissioners
73, 80, 83, 89, 92, 94–95
. See also Bureau teachers. See education
Bureau of Freedmen, Refugees, and
Burnside, Ambrose P. , 18
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Index 301
Campbell, Randolph B. , 211–212n24,
Corsicana, 137
203nn28,29, 204n33
Cotton Gin, Freestone County, Texas, 67,
Cantrell, Greg, 227n14
92, 121, 125, 136–137, 163
carpetbagger, 3, 10, 12, 118, 128, 161,
Cox, John P. , 95
200–201n9
Cox, LaWanda and John, 15
Carpenter, John A. , 1, 42, 120, 129
Crawford, Sheania, 93
Centreville, Leon County, Texas, 127, 142
Crazy Horse, 149
children, 53, 70–71, 80–82, 84–86, 97, 170.
Crockett, Houston County, Texas, 42–43,
See also apprenticeship; domesticity;
52, 69, 76, 104, 177
Subassistant Commissioners
Crouch, Barry, 2, 227n14
Cimbala, Paul A. , 4, 21, 120, 204n32
Custer, George A. , 5, 17, 48, 149
citizenship, 78–79, 87–88, 91, 94, 123, 125,
167, 171, 175, 177, 179
Dallas, Dallas County, Texas, 16, 137, 142,
civil courts, 125–126
161
Civil Rights Act of 1866, 59, 76–77, 79, 125,
Dallas Herald, 178
226–227n13
Davis, Governor Edmund Jackson, 12–13,
Civil War History, 180
25, 44, 118, 124, 137
Clark, C. C. , 152
Davis, Jeff erson, 118
Clarksville, Red River County, Texas, 12,
De Forest, John William, 60
116, 137–139
Degener, Edward, 25
Cole, Richard, 50
Democrat, 12–13, 17, 20, 52, 54, 116, 118,
Columbia, Brazoria County, Texas, 126,
120–123, 126, 156, 159–160
146, 157, 164
Denson, B. H. , 36
Columbus, Colorado County, Texas, 37, 43,
Department of Arkansas, 148
49, 61, 67, 76, 98, 103, 129, 144, 207n7
Department of California, 16
Congressional Reconstruction, 115, 130.
Department of the Lakes, 48
See also Assistant Commissioners
Department of Texas, 17
Confederate/Confederacy, 1, 5, 9–10, 13, 16,
dependency, 85–87, 91, 93–95, 217n8,
18, 23, 25, 28, 31, 37, 54, 57, 66, 79–80,
233n39. See also Bureau courts;
98, 111, 114–115, 118–119, 123–124, 130,
Bureau of Freedmen, Refugees, and
138, 163, 166, 168, 178–180, 250n23
Abandoned Lands; domesticity; free
Constitutional Convention of 1866, 11, 137