1867, AC, ROC, September–October, 1867, reel 22; A. H. Mayer, Liberty, to J. T. Kirk-
man, A.A.A.G., July 30, 1867, AC, LR, 1866–1867, reel 7; C. S. Roberts, A.A.A.G., to
Henry C. Lacy, Crockett, September 25, 1867, SAC, LS, May–November, 1867 and
September–November 1868, reel 19. Examples of registration violence are Oscar F.
Hunsaker, Sterling, to J. T. Kirkman, A.A.A.G., July 16, 1867, AC, LR, 1866–1867, reel
6; Albert A. Metzner, San Augustine, to Charles Garretson, A.A.A.G., October 31,
1867, AC, ROC, September–October, 1867, reel 22; James Lowrie, Jasper, to J. T. Kirk-
man, A.A.A.G., September 13, 1867, AC, LR, 1867–1869, reel 13; Billy D. Ledbetter,
“White Texans’ Attitudes Toward the Political Equality of Negroes, 1865–1870,” Phy-
lon 40 (September 1979): 253–263; Flake’s Daily Bulletin, August 16, 1867; P. B. John-
son, Woodville, to J. T. Kirkman, A.A.A.G., July 31, 1867, AC, ROC, June–August,
1867, reel 21; A. G. Malloy, Marshall, to J. T. Kirkman, A.A.A.G., September 31, 1867,
AC, ROC, June–August, 1867, reel 21; Special Orders No. 137, November 18, 1866, AC,
IRB, October 1865–April–1869, reel 19; George W. Smith, Seguin, to J. T. Kirkman,
A.A.A.G., July 4, 1867, AC, ROC, June–August, 1867, reel 21; Albert Evans, Kaufman,
to J. T. Kirkman, A.A.A.G., June 30, 1867, AC, ROC, June–August, 1867, reel 21; S. H.
Lincoln, Kaufman, to J. P. Richardson, A.A.A.G., November 30, 1867, AC, ROC,
November–December, 1867, reel 23; [E. M. Wheelock], Galveston, to J. P. Richardson,
A.A.A.G., October 31, 1867, AC, ROC, September–October, 1867, reel 22; William G.
Kirkman, Boston, to Charles Garretson, A.A.A.G., July 31, 1867, AC, ROC, June–
August, 1867, reel 21; William G. Kirkman, Boston, to J. T. Kirkman, A.A.A.G., Sep-
tember, 4, 1867, AC, LR, 1867–1869, reel 16; and Flake’s Daily Bulletin, July 12, 1867.
Examples of smooth registration are Phineas Stevens, Hallettsville, to J. T. Kirkman,
A.A.A.G., ROC, July 1, 1867, and August 1, 1867, AC, ROC, June–August, 1867, reel 21;
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Notes to pages 133–135
257
and A. G. Malloy, Marshall, to J. T. Kirkman, A.A.A.G., June 1, 1867, AC, LR, 1866–
1867, reel 7.
3. Albert Evans, Sherman, to S. H. Lathrop, A.A.A.G., February 14, 1867, AC, ROC,
December 1866–May 1867, reel 20; H. S. Johnson, Sumpter, to J. T. Kirkman, A.A.A.G.,
August 20, 1867, AC, LR, 1866–1867, reel 6; H. S. Johnson, Sumpter, to J. T. Kirkman,
A.A.A.G., May 8, 1867, AC, LR, 1866–1867, reel 6; Albert A. Metzner, San Augustine, to
J. T. Kirkman, A.A.A.G., July 31, 1867, AC, June–August, 1867, reel 21; Albert Evans,
Sherman, to J. T. Kirkman, A.A.A.G., February 28, 1867, December 1866–May 1867, reel
20; Th
omas M. Tolman, Sherman, to [Headquarters], March 31, 1867, ROC, December
1866–May 1867, reel 20.
4. Ira H. Evans, Wharton, to J. T. Kirkman, A.A.A.G., August 14, 1867, AC, LR,
1866–1867, reel 5; Ira H. Evans, Wharton, to J. T. Kirkman, A.A.A.G., August 14, 1867,
AC, LR, 1866–1867, reel 5; Endorsement of letter from Ira H. Evans, Wharton, to J. T.
Kirkman, August 16, 1867, AC, ES, April– 1866–September 1867, reel 2.
5. Joshua L. Randall, Sterling, to J. T. Kirkman, A.A.A.G., June 7, 1867, AC, LR,
1866–1867, reel 7; E. H. Mitchell to Charles Griffi
n, May 28, 1867, AC, LR, 1866–1867,
reel 7; Joshua L. Randall, Sterling, to J. T. Kirkman, A.A.A.G., May 11, 1867, AC, LR,
1866–1867, reel 7.
6. Joshua L. Randall, Sterling, to J. T. Kirkman, A.A.A.G., June 7, 1867, AC, LR,
1866–1867, reel 7; Joshua L. Randall, Sterling, to J. T. Kirkman, A.A.A.G., July 19, 1867,
AC, LR, 1866–1867, reel 7; Andrew J. Torget, “Carpetbagger on the Brazos: Th
e Texas
Freedmen’s Bureau in Robertson County,” Agora: An Online Undergraduate Journal of
the Humanities 1 (Winter 2000): 12; George E. Durant to J. P. Richardson, A.A.A.G.,
AC, LR, 1867–1869, reel 11; J. T. Kirkman, A.A.A.G., to Joshua L. Randall, Sterling, June
1, 1867, AC, LS, March 1867–May 1869, reel 2; J. P. Richardson, A.A.A.G., to Joshua L.
Randall, Sterling, January 27, 1867, AC, LS, September 1865–March 1867, reel 2. For
Joshua L. Randall’s reports, see Joshua L. Randall, Sterling, to J. P. Richardson,
reel 24; Joshua L. Randall, Sterling, to J. P. Richardson, A.A.A.G., March 31, 1867, and
April– 30, 1868, AC, ROC, March–April–, 1868, reel 25; Joshua L. Randall, Sterling, to
Charles A. Vernou, A.A.A.G., May 31, 1868, June 30, 1868, and July 31, 1868, AC, ROC,
May–July 1868, reel 26; Joshua L. Randall, Sterling, to Charles A. Vernou, A.A.A.G.,
September 30, 1868, and October 31, 1868, AC, ROC, August–October, 1868, reel 27;
and Joshua L. Randall, Sterling, to Charles A. Vernou, A.A.A.G., November 30, 1868,
and December 30, 1868, AC, ROC, November–December, 1868, reel 28.
7. Byron Porter, Bastrop, to J. T. Kirkman, A.A.A.G., April– 20, 1867, AC, LR,
1866–1867, reel 7; Byron Porter, Bastrop, to J. P. Richardson, A.A.A.G., November 17,
1867, AC, LR, 1867–1869, reel 14; Byron Porter, Bastrop, to J. P. Richardson, A.A.A.G.,
November 17, 1867, AC, LR, 1867–1869, reel 14; Byron Porter, Bastrop, to J. T. Kirkman,
A.A.A.G., April– 18, 1867, SAC, LS, February 1867–February 1868, reel 13; Byron Porter,
Bastrop, to J. T. Kirkman, A.A.A.G., August 28, 1867, AC, LR, 1867–1869, reel 14; Byron
Porter, Bastrop, to J. P. Richardson, A.A.A.G., February 7, 1868, AC, LR, 1867–1869, reel
7; Byron Porter, Bastrop, to J. T. Kirkman, A.A.A.G., May 1, 1867, AC, LR, December
1866–May 1867, reel 20; Byron, Porter, Bastrop, to J. T. Kirkman, A.A.A.G., April– 2,
1867, AC, LR, 1866–1867, reel 7.
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258
Notes to pages 135–137
8. Byron Porter, Bastrop, to J. P. Richardson, A.A.A.G., November 17, 1867, AC, LR,
1867–1869, reel 14; Byron Porter, Bastrop, to J. P. Richardson, A.A.A.G., February 7,
1868, AC, LR, 1867–1869, reel 14; William T. Allen, et. al, to [Headquarters], n.d., AC,
LR, 1867–1869, reel 14; Byron Porter, Bastrop, to J. P. Richardson, A.A.A.G., January 4,
1868, SAC, LS, February 1867–February 1868, reel 13; Byron Porter, Bastrop, to J. P.
Richardson, A.A.A.G., January 4, 1868, AC, ROC, November–December, 1868, reel 23;
Byron Porter, Bastrop, to J. P. Richardson, A.A.A.G., February 10, 1868, AC, LR, 1867–
1869, reel 14; Byron Porter, Bastrop, to J. P. Richardson, A.A.A.G., March 28, 1868, AC,
LR, 1867–1869, reel 14; Byron Porter, Bastrop, to J. P. Richardson, A.A.A.G., March 28,
1868, SAC, LS, March–December 1868, reel 13; Byron Porter, Bastrop, to J. P. Richard-
son, A.A.A.G., April 1, 1868, AC, ROC, March–April–, 1868, reel 25; Byron Porter, Bas-
trop, to J. P. Richardson, A.A.A.G., February 24, 1868, AC, LR, 1867–1869, reel 14;
Byron Porter, Bastrop, to J. P. Richardson, A.A.A.G., February 20, 1868, AC, LR, 1867–
1869, reel 14.
9. James Lowrie, Jasper, to Charles Garrets
on, A.A.A.G., September 30, 1867, AC,
ROC, September–October, 1867, reel 22; John H. Archer, Beaumont, to J. T. Kirkman,
A.A.A.G., August 14, 1867, AC, LR, 1866–1867, reel 4; James Lowrie, Jasper, to J. T.
Kirkman, A.A.A.G., August 31, 1867, AC, ROC, June–August, 1867, reel 21; James
Lowrie, Jasper, to J. T. Kirkman, A.A.A.G., July 31, 1867, AC, ROC, June–August, 1867,
reel 21; James Lowrie, Jasper, to J. J. Reynolds, October 22, 1867, AC, ULR, 1867–1869,
reel 18.
10. William H. Sinclair, Inspector, to Charles A. Vernou, A.A.A.G., July 23, 1868,
AC, LR, 1867–1869, reel 15; Special Orders No. 44, July 31, 1868, AC, IRB, October 1865–
April– 1869, reel 19.
11. Charles E. Culver, Cotton Gin, to Charles Garretson, A.A.A.G., October 10,
1867, AC, LR, 1867–1869, reel 10; Charles E. Culver, Cotton Gin, to J. T. Kirkman,
A.A.A.G., July 24, 1867, AC, LR, 1866–1867, reel 4; Charles E. Culver, Cotton Gin, to
Charles Garretson, A.A.A.G., October 25, 1867, AC, ROC, September–October, 1867,
reel 22; John Bruce, et. al, to Brig. Gen. James Oakes, Commander, Post of Austin, Sep-
tember 27, 1867, AC, LR, 1867–1869, reel 14; Charles E. Culver, Corsicana, to J. T. Kirk-
man, A.A.A.G., July 22, 1867, AC, LR, 1866–1867, reel 4.
12. Charles E. Culver, Cotton Gin, to J. T. Kirkman, A.A.A.G., June 26, 1867, AC,
LR, 1866–1867, reel 4; Smallwood, “Charles E. Culver, A Reconstruction Agent in
Texas,” 357–358, 360–361; William H. Horton, Dallas, to J. P. Richardson, A.A.A.G.,
December 31, 1867, AC, ROC, November–December, 1867, reel 23; Charles E. Culver,
reel 21; Charles E. Culver, Cotton Gin, to Charles Garretson, A.A.A.G., September 20,
1867, AC, ROC, September–October, 1867, reel 22; Charles E. Culver, Cotton Gin, to
Charles Garretson, A.A.A.G., November 1, 1867, AC, ROC, September–October, 1867,
reel 22; Endorsement of letter from William H. Horton, Wharton, to J. B. Kiddoo, Jan-
uary 7, 1867, AC, ES, April 1866–September 1867, reel 2. For examples of agents being
problems in their districts, see William H. Rock, Richmond, to J. T. Kirkman,
A.A.A.G., August 12, 1867, AC, ROC, June–August, 1867, reel 21; William H. Rock,
Richmond, to J. D. O’Connell, Houston, August 30, 1867, AC, LR, 1867–1869, reel 14;
Charles Griffi
n to O. O. Howard, June 15, 1867, AC, ULR, 1867–1869, reel 18; William H.
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Notes to pages 137–139
259
Rock, Richmond, to Charles Garretson, A.A.A.G., September 20, 1867, AC, ROC,
June–August, 1867, reel 21; and Field Record of Offi
cers of the Veteran Reserve Corps, 28.
13. William H. Sinclair, Inspector, [J. T.] Kirkman, A.A.A.G., July 2, 1867, AC, LR,
1866–1867, reel 8; Tyler, ed., New Handbook of Texas, 4:102; Richter, “Th
is Blood-
Th
irsty Hole,” 54–56; C. S. Roberts, Special Duty, to J. T. Kirkman, A.A.A.G., August 6,
1867, AC, LR, 1866–1867, reel 7.
14. William H. Sinclair, Inspector, to J. T. Kirkman, A.A.A.G., June 21, 1867, AC,
LR, 1866–1867, reel 8; Charles F. Rand, Matagorda, to William H. Sinclair, A.A.G., July
27, 1866, AC, LR, 1866–1867, reel 7; Charles F. Rand, Clarksville, to Charles A. Vernou,
A.A.A.G., AC, May 31, 1868, ROC, May–June, 1868, reel 26; Charles F. Rand, Clarks-
ville, to Charles A. Vernou, A.A.A.G., July 1, 1868, AC, ROC, May–July, 1868, reel 26.
For Rand’s assignments to various places around the state, see Special Orders No. 64,
April 17, 1866, AC, IRB, October 1865–April– 1869, reel 19; Special Orders No. 128,
October 27, 1866, AC, IRB, October 1865–April– 1869, reel 19; Special Orders No. 145,
December 9, 1866, AC, IRB, October 1865–April– 1869, reel 19; Special Orders No. 45,
April– 17, 1867, AC, IRB, October 1865–April– 1869, reel 19; Special Orders No. 70, July
1, 1867, AC, IRB, October 1865–April 1869, reel 19; Special Orders No. 81, July 31, 1867,
AC, IRB, October 1865–April 1869, reel 19; Special Orders No. 100, November 21, 1867,
AC, IRB, October 1865–April 1869, reel 19; Special Orders No. 54, September 12, 1868,
AC, IRB, October 1865–April 1869, reel 19; and Special Orders No. 53, September 8,
1868, AC, IRB, October 1866–April 1869, reel 19.
15. DeWitt C. Brown, Paris, to J. P. Richardson, A.A.A.G., December 1, 1867, AC,
ROC, November–December, 1867, reel 23; J. P. Richardson, A.A.A.G., to Charles F.
Rand, Clarksville, February 14, 1868, AC, LS, March 1867–May 1869, reel 1; C. S. Rob-
erts, A.A.A.G., to Gregory Barrett, Tyler, August 28, 1868, AC, LS, March 1867–May
1869, reel 1; Charles F. Rand, Clarksville, to J. P. Richardson, A.A.A.G., February 4,
1868, AC, LR, 1867–1869, reel 14; Richter, “Th
is Blood-
Th
irsty Hole,” 64–66; Charles F.
Rand, Clarksville, to C. S. Roberts, A.A.A.G., April 20, 1868, AC, LR, 1867–1868, reel
14; Charles F. Rand, Clarksville, to C. S. Roberts, A.A.A.G., April 30, 1868, AC, ROC,
March–April 1868, reel 25. For other examples of fi rearms orders countermanded, see
Endorsement of letter from Edward Miller, Millican, to J. T. Kirkman, A.A.A.G., June
14, 1867, AC, ES, April 1867–September 1867, reel 2; and Endorsement of letter from
James P. Butler, Huntsville, to J. T. Kirkman, A.A.A.G., June 17, 1867, AC, ES, April–
1866–September 1867, reel 2.
16. Richter, “Th
is Blood-
Th
irsty Hole,” 66–70; Charles F. Rand, Clarksville, to
Charles A. Vernou, A.A.A.G., July 21, 1868, M752C, LR, July–August, 1868, reel 60;
Charles F. Rand, Clarksville, to Charles A. Vernou, A.A.A.G., August 2, 1868, M752C,
LR, July–December, 1868, reel 60; Charles F. Rand, Clarksville, to Charles A. Vernou,
A.A.A.G., July 31, 1868, AC, ROC, May–July, 1868, reel 26; Richter, “Revolver Rules the
Day,” 317–319; Charles F. Rand, Clarksville, to Charles A. Vernou, A.A.A.G., July 18,
1868, M752C, LR, July–December, 1868, reel 60; Endorsement of letter from DeWitt C.
Brown, Paris, to J. P. Richardson, A.A.A.G., December 2, 1867, AC, ES, September
1867–May 1869, reel 2; William L. Richter, “ ‘Oh God, Let Us Have Revenge’: Ben
Griffi
th and His Family During the Civil War and Reconstruction,” Arkansas Histori-
cal Quarterly 57 (Autumn 1998): 274; Charles F. Rand, Marshall, to E. D. Morgan, U.S.
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260
Notes to pages 139–141
Senator, September 11, 1868, AC, LR, 1867–1869, reel 13; Tyler, ed., New Handbook of
Texas, 5:496; Julius Hayden, Marshall, to Charles A. Vernou, A.A.A.G., September 2,
1868, AC, LR, 1867–1869, reel 12.
17. For examples of advice, see Endorsement of letter from A. G. Malloy, Marshall,
to J. T. Kirkman, A.A.A.G., May 8, 1867, AC, ES, April 1866–September 1867, reel 2. A
few examples of requests for cavalry are Endorsement of letter from Th
omas Bailey,
Marshall, to William H. Sinclair, A.A.
G., May 16, 1866, SAC, ES, April 1866–September
1867, reel 2; and Endorsement of letter from J. B. Kiddoo to Maj. Gen. Absalom Baird,
June 6, 1866, SAC, ES, April– 1866–September 1867, reel 2; Arthur B. Homer, Colum-
bia, to J. P. Richardson, A.A.A.G., January 31, 1868, AC, ROC, January–February, 1868,
reel 24; John Dix, Corpus Christi, to J. T. Kirkman, A.A.A.G., [August 1867], AC, ROC,
June–August, 1867, reel 21; and T. M. K. Smith, Nacogdoches, to Charles Garretson,
October, 5, 1867, AC, ROC, September–October, 1867, reel 22.
18. Patrick F. Duggan, Columbia, to J. T. Kirkman, A.A.A.G., September 1, 1867,
AC, ROC, September–October, 1867, reel 22; Anthony M. Bryant, Sherman, to Charles
Garretson, A.A.A.G., September 30, 1867, AC, ROC, September–October, 1867, reel 22.
To see other suggestions, see James C. Devine, Inspector, to J. T. Kirkman, A.A.A.G.,
July 22, 1867, AC, LR, 1866–1867, reel 5; William Tweed Hartz, Tyler, to Charles A. Ver-
nou, A.A.A.G., November 10, 1868, AC, ROC, November–December, 1868, reel 28;
Phineas Stevens, Hallettsville, to J. T. Kirkman, A.A.A.G., ROC, June 1, 1867, Decem-
ber 1866–May 1867, reel 20; N. H. Randlett, Anderson, to J. P. Richardson, A.A.A.G.,
December 4, 1867, AC, ROC, November–December, 1867, reel 23; Charles E. Culver,
Cotton Gin, to J. T. Kirkman, A.A.A.G., September 1, 1867, AC, ROC, June–August,
1867, reel 21; Byron Porter, Bastrop, to J. P. Richardson, A.A.A.G., November 2, 1867,
AC, ROC, September–October, 1867, reel 22; John M. Morrison, Palestine, to J. T.
Kirkman, A.A.A.G., August 31, 1867, AC, ROC, June–August, 1867, reel 21; E. C. Hen-
tig, Sherman, to C. S. Roberts, A.A.A.G., October 1, 1868, AC, ROC, August–October,
1868, reel 27; Charles F. Rand, Marlin, to Charles A. Vernou, A.A.A.G., October 31,
1868, AC, ROC, August–October 1868, reel 27; and Horace Jewett, Tyler, to Charles A.
Vernou, A.A.A.G., December 1, 1868, AC, ROC, November–December, 1868, reel 28.
19. General Orders No. 4, January 30, 1867, AC, IRB, October 1865–April– 1869,
reel 19.
20. Charles Griffi
n to O. O. Howard, July 1, 1867, AC, IRB, October 1865–Apirl
1869, reel 19; Charles Griffi
n to O. O. Howard, February 18, 1867, M752C, LR, January–
May, 1867, reel 44; General Orders No. 5, February 2, 1867, AC, IRB, October 1865–
April 1869, reel 19; Charles Griffi