McGlothlin, Heidi, 185n10
mentor-apprentice model and favoritism, 94, 121, 161, 196n13
merit: affirmative action and, 136, 137, 138, 191n10; Aristotle’s view of friendship and, 65; concepts of fairness and, 10–12, 40, 90–91, 187n27; egalitarian community versus meritocratic excellence and, 138, 191n10; free-market proselytizers notion of meritocracy, 140–41; motivation for charitable giving and, 163; school systems’ views of, 92–95; trouble with a claim of supernatural merit, 120; view of in a face culture, 103
Mexican populations and favoritism, 129–31
mianzi (delicate face matters), 104
Michigan, 135
Microsoft, 167
Mill, John Stuart, 53
minorities, majorities, and favoritism: absurdity in thinking minority groups practice egalitarian fairness, 127–28; affection as the glue of true tribal fidelity, 133; affirmative action and (see affirmative action); care and empathy treated as limited resources, 144–46; contextual details role in perceptions of fairness, 130–31, 149–50, 193n28; diversity’s place in the fairness debate, 80, 137, 191–92n11; egalitarian ethics espoused by Singer, 141–43; fairness used as the language of civil and women’s rights, 126; flexible devotion in the book of Ruth, 123–24; good that can come from a tribal bias, 131; immigrant lessons in virtuous preferential treatment, 128–30; impracticalities of a utopian redistribution of wealth, 143–44; melting-pot versus multiculturalism models of egalitarianism, 132–33; number limit for a stable social network of people, 145; reality that some value modes are incompatible with others, 146–48, 150; relationship between ethnic and religious identity in Judaism, 124–26, 190n1; tribalism in American politics, 131–32
mirror neurons, 74, 184–85n4
Mogel, Wendy, 172n15
On Monsters (Asma), 190n28
Montaigne, 89
Montesquieu, 61
Moral Instruction of Children, The (Adler), 88
morality, veneer theory of, 39
mother-child bond. See parent-child bond
Mozhe shitou guo he (feeling the stones with your feet), 149, 150
Mugabe, Robert, 113
Multiple-Response Racial Attitude measure, 83
Murdoch, Robert, 67–68
Nagel, Thomas, 172n12
Naomi (biblical story), 123–24
National Center for Lesbian Rights, 130
nepotistic favoritism, 47, 107; accepting despite some abuses of power, 112–13; Asian cultures’ emphasis on filial piety, 110, 188–89n19; chemical basis of (see biological favoritism); in Hollywood, 59; immigrant lessons in virtuous preferential treatment, 128–30; meaning of nepotism, 12–14, 172n16, 172n18, 173n20; mutually incompatible frameworks of fairness to all and dedication to kin, 60; nepotism’s benefits in businesses, 114–15, 190n25; nuclear family model of effective distribution of power, 111–12, 189nn20–23; practiced in Chicago politics, 183n17; strength of tribal instincts, 180n1; Western culture’s ideology of fairness (see grid of impartiality); Westerners’ view that nepotism is corrupt, 110–15. See also kin selection
Newton, Isaac, 52–53
Nietzsche, Friedrich, 85
Night Watch (Rembrandt), 180n3
Nozick, Robert, 23
Nussbaum, Martha, 2, 9
Obama, Barack, 64, 91, 131
Occupy Wall Street, 163–65
Oedipus complex, 33, 177n24
opiates, 31–32, 175n16
Origins of Virtue, The (Ridley), 179n36
Orwell, George, 6
oxytocin: bonding window of opportunity and, 30–31; positive social interaction as a trigger of homeostasis, 31–32, 175n16; role in bonding, 27–31, 174nn7–10, 175–76n22–23
Panksepp, Jaak, 26–27, 28, 32, 174n5, 174n6
Pannomion, 53
Parks, Rosa, 84
patronage, 121
Peace of Westphalia, 49
phenomenology of favoritism, 43–44
philanthropy, 121, 163. See also charity to strangers
Piaget, Jean, 75
Pinker, Steven, 178n34
Plato, 17–18, 72–73, 91, 111, 172n8, 189n20, 192n14
Platteau, J., 118
politicians: devotion to friends and, 63–64; nepotistic favoritism practiced in Chicago politics, 183n17; tribalism in American politics and, 131–32
Pollak, Seth, 29
Pol Pot, 45–46
Poniewozik, James, 92
Pope, Alexander, 53
positivism, 181n7
power: accepting nepotism despite some abuses of, 112–13; Americans’ view of, 111; nuclear family model of effective distribution of, 111–12, 189nn20–23; public versus private, 189–90nn20–24; reducing corruption by reducing greed, 122
Practical Wisdom (Schwartz and Sharpe), 150, 193n28
Preschool Racial Attitude Measure II, 83
Prince, The (Machiavelli), 114
Protestant Reformation, 49
Ramanujan, A. K., 108–9, 188n16
Rand, Ayn, 7
Rawls, John, 9, 172n12, 183n22
reciprocity, 39
religious favoritism: Christian versus Confucian ethic, 15–16; competing concepts of equality and fairness, 10–11; egalitarianism versus favoritism of family and friendships, 4–7; incompatibility between spiritualism and favoritism, 5–7; post-religious secular outlets for forbidden emotions, 89, 186n23; tribal favoritism in religions, 124–26
Rembrandt, 48, 49f, 180n2, 180n3
Republic (Plato), 73, 91, 172n8, 189n20, 192n14
Revolution (newspaper), 112
Richerson, Peter J., 180n1
Ridley, Matt, 179n36
Rifkin, Jeremy, 141, 144
Rorty, Richard, 194n4
Rose, Charlie, 164
Rosen, Lawrence, 13–14, 172n18
Russell, Bertrand, 5, 15
Ruth (biblical story), 123–24
Rwanda: ecological interpretation of the violence, 118–19; legacy of the genocide, 115–17; sponsorship practices in, 120–21, 122; tribal tensions contributing to the genocide, 117–18
Salerno, Steve, 93
sandbox politics, 77
Sartre, Jean-Paul, 182n13
Scholastic Aptitude Test, 136
Schwartz, Barry, 150, 155–56, 162–63, 164, 177n23, 193n28, 196n15
Sen, Amartya, 107, 172n12
Seneca, 68–69, 179n35
Shanghai, 187n7
shared manifold, 74–75, 185n4
Sharpe, Ken, 150, 193n28
Shaw, George Bernard, 176n22
Sherman, Paul, 37
Shinkawa, Hiromitsu, 110
sibling rivalry, 88, 94
Siddhattha Gotama (Buddha), 3–4, 6, 86, 107, 188n13
Singer, Peter, 23–24, 141–43, 173n2, 173n3
Smith, Adam, 53, 54–55
Smith, John Maynard, 177n28
Snowden, Frank, 190n31
social Darwinism, 171–72nn7–8
social evolution, 36–38, 141, 177–78n29
Socrates, 18–20
somatic markers, 177n26
Sommers, Christina Hoff, 98, 173n2
Sotomayor, Sonia, 131
Sowell, Thomas, 137, 140
sponsorship practice, 120–22
Sterelny, Kim, 177–78n29
Stevenson, Harold, 93
Stigler, James, 93
Storytelling King, 92
strict scrutiny, 135
Supreme Court, U.S., 82
Syndics of the Drapers’ Guild, The (Rembrandt), 48, 49f
tavern fictional nepotism case, 57–58, 66–67
Taylor, Charles, 9
Thought in a Hostile World (Sterelny), 177–78n29
thumos, 73
Tocqueville, Alexis de, 85–86
Tong, Rosemarie, 195n11
Tooby, John, 178n34
Toulmin, Stephen, 66, 184n26, 184n30
Toy Story, 79
tribalism: affection as the glue of true tribal fidelity, 133; in ancient Greek democracy, 182n15; the archbishop and the chambermaid dilemma, 169–70; Confucian hierarchy of values, 16–17; danger in metaphysical tribalism, 119–20, 190n31; difficulty of reconciling some of the dissonance between values and tribes, 150; fallacy of thinking that relationships can be made-to-order, 168–69; family as the original tribe, 179n36; good that can come from a tribal bias, 131; immigrant lessons in virtuous preferential treatment, 128–30; Indian tribal family values reflected in acceptance of insider trading, 106–7; lack of an inevitability that tribalism results in violence, 119; meaning of tribal, 8–9; modern society’s need for social interaction due to lack of tribal bonds, 155, 167–68; in politics, 131–32; in religions, 124–26; Rwanda genocide (see Rwanda); social instincts as the foundation of morality, 2–3; Socrates and Euthyphro’s dialogue about filial devotion and justice, 18–20, 173n28; strength of tribal instincts, 180n1; technology and the new social world of bonding, 166–67; tribal biases and favoritism, 7; using institutional systems to advantage your own tribe, 137; Western skepticism about, 115
Tutsi, 117, 190n27
Ueda, R., 191n3
Unbroken (Hillenbrand), 133
Urban VIII, Pope, 14
utilitarianism: approach to choosing between family and strangers, 24–25; approach to ethics, 23–24, 173n4, 195n11; the archbishop and the chambermaid dilemma, 169–70; egalitarian ethics espoused by Singer, 141–43; impartial spectator idea, 53–54, 57–60, 181n11; Kant’s categorical imperative versus a hypothetical imperative, 55, 63, 108, 182n13, 183n22; maximizing the good for the greatest number, 2, 17, 41
value pluralism, 147
van Prooijen, Jan-Willem, 89–90
Velveteen Rabbit, The, 79
veneer theory of morality, 39
virtues of favoritism: affective communities seen as true communities, 146, 166; the archbishop and the chambermaid dilemma, 169–70; argument that fairness is a necessary counterweight to favoritism, 162–63; care-based ethics, 195n11; character and favoritism relationship, 159–61, 195n12; charity to strangers incorrectly called “fairness,” 163; chemical basis of bonding (see biological favoritism); egalitarian fairness’ attempt to remove personality from the rules for right and wrong, 160–61; fallacy of thinking that relationships can be made-to-order, 168–69; flexibility of favoritism, 151–52; freedom and favoritism relationship, 152; generosity, 158; gratitude, 159, 194–95n10; group success attributed to intergroup loyalty, 194n9; the Left’s belief that fairness cannot be achieved amidst favoritism, 153–54, 194n4; loyalty, 156–58; mentor-apprentice model and, 161, 196n13; modern society’s need for social interaction due to lack of tribal bonds, 155, 167–68; Occupy Wall Street movement basis, 163–65; public versus private values, 165–66; strength of chosen ties, 151–52, 193n1; strong social bonds as the root of happiness, 154–56; technology and the new social world of bonding, 166–67
VMPC (ventromedial prefrontal cortex), 40–41
Walker, Vaughn, 130
Waugh, Evelyn, 150
Wedekind, Claus, 194n2
Western views of favoritism. See grid of impartiality
Why I Am a Buddhist (Asma), 188n12
Wiggins, Grant, 195n11
Williams, Bernard, 183n22
Wilson, Edward O., 178n33
Winnie-the-Pooh, 79
Wolf, Alvin, 190n3
Wollenstonecraft, Mary, 195n11
Wright, Jeremiah, 64
xiao (filial piety), 100, 102
Xiao Jing, 100, 102
xiaoren (small-minded person), 106
Zajonc, R. B., 176n19
Zamperini, Louis, 133