Duras, Marquise de
Durfort, Marquis de
Durosoy (publisher)
Dutens, Louis
Dutilleul, Sophie
Edgeworth de Firmin, Henry Essex, Abbé
Eleanora of Neuburg, Empress of Leopold I
Elisabeth Charlotte d’Orléans, Princesse (MA’s paternal grandmother)
Elisabeth, Madame (Louis XVI’s sister): favours Angélique de Bombelles; MA meets; greyhounds; leaves Versailles for Choisy; relations with MA; Joseph’s rumoured interest in; given Montreuil property; portrayed in dairymaid’s bonnet; sees body of MA’s daughter Sophie; taken from Versailles to Paris; detained in Tuileries; criticizes Louis XVI for inaction; on necessity for civil war; reads Burke’s Revolution in France; in MA’s escape attempt; decries public appearances; plays backgammon with Louis XVI; behaviour in face of mob; at commemoration of fall of Bastille; dress adapted for Pauline de Tourzel; detention and life in the Temple; renamed “Capet,”; separated from Louis XVI; and Louis XVI’s execution; communicates with Provence and Artois from Temple; religious piety; accused of sexual abuse of Louis Charles MA writes final letter to; executed; ignorance of MA’s death; represented on sculptural group
Elizabeth, Archduchess of Austria (MA’s sister): marriage prospects; place in family; at brother Joseph’s wedding; remains unmarried; scarred by smallpox; and mother’s final illness
Elizabeth Christina, Empress (MA’s maternal grandmother)
Elizabeth Christina of Brunswick-Bevern, Queen of Frederick II
Elizabeth, Queen of Bohemia
Elliott, Grace
Éloffe, Madame (wool and silk purveyor)
Emery, Jacques André, Abbé
England: war with France in North America (1754); war with Austria; fights in American Revolution; Spain proposes joint operations against; peace with France (1783); France declares war on (1793)
Estaing, Charles Henri d’
Estaing, Jean Baptiste, Comte d’
Estates General
Esterhazy family
Esterhazy, Count Valentin,
Eugene, Prince of Savoy
Eugénie, Empress of Napoleon III
Family Pact (1761)
Fausselandry, Vicomtesse de
Favras, Thomas de Mahy, Marquis de
Fellborn, Claes
Fénélon, François de Salignac de La Mothe
Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria (MA’s brother): childhood; place in family; acts as proxy bridegroom to MA; portrait miniature sent to MA; visits Versailles
Ferdinand, Duke of Parma, Don: marriage; and Louis XV’s view of MA’s marriage relations
Ferdinand, King of Naples: prospective marriage; marriage to Charlotte (Maria Carolina); and Austrian dowries; marriage relations
Fersen, Count Axel: background; meets MA; absence from France; returns from Sweden; MA’s fondness for; serves French cause in American war; attitude to MA; returns from America; developing relations with MA; marriage prospects; colonelcy; accompanies Gustavus III to France; finds dog for MA; as putative father of MA’s children; on MA’s waning popularity; makes trip to England; Saint-Priest’s friendship with; as Swedish emissary; affair with Eléanore Sullivan; and Louis XVI’s wish to move to Metz; stays at Versailles; and women’s march on Versailles; greets MA and Louis XVI in Paris (1789); advocates MA’s flight and escape; MA borrows from; joins MA and party on escape attempt; reaches Brussels; blamed for Louis XVI’s flight; MA writes to after arrest; on MA’s rumoured liaison with Barnave; returns to Paris in disguise and meets MA; MA reports details of conduct of French war with Austria; MA reports to on increasing threats; flees from Belgium; anxieties over MA’s fate; Jarjayes proposes mission to; and Austrian caution over liberating MA; killed; reaction to MA’s death
Fête de la Fédération
Feuillant party
Fitzgerald, Lord Robert
Flanders Regiment
Florian, Jean Pierre
Fontainebleau; Treaty of (1785)
Foster, Lady Elizabeth
Fouché, Mademoiselle
Fouquier-Tinville, Antoine Quentin
Fox, Charles James
Fragonard, Jean Honoré
France: forms defensive pact with Austria (1756); war with England in North America (1754); royal succession in; bread and grain riots (“Flour War”); financial deficit; intervenes in American Revolution; forms alliance with USA (1778); and Bavarian settlement; and Austrian alliance with Russia; deteriorating relations with Austria; peace with England (1783); administrative structure; tax reforms; revolution predicted; poor harvests (1788–9) and rising bread prices; weakening alliance with Austria; National Assembly proclaims new Constitution; 1789 riots in; aristocrat émigrés from (1789); divorce legalized in (1790); Louis XVI accepts new Constitution; proposed actions against émigrés; war with Austria (1792); crown jewels plundered; revolutionary calendar; military successes against Prussia; declares war on England, Spain and Holland (1793); defeats by Austrians; see also French Revolution
Francis II, Emperor (earlier Archduke of Austria; MA’s nephew)
Francis Stephen, Duke of Lorraine, later Emperor Francis I (MA’s father): and birth of MA; at MA’s baptism; background; speaks French; marriage to Maria Teresa; elected Emperor; appearance and character; infidelities; love of gardens and botany; and children’s upbringing; parts from MA and dies; remembered at Fête de la Fédération
Franklin, Benjamin
Frederick II, King of Prussia: prefers to speak French; Maria Teresa’s hostility to, 10; marriage relations; on Maria Teresa’s acquiring part of Poland; and Bavarian crisis; admiration for
Frederick Augustus, Prince (later King Frederick) of Saxony
Frederick, Prince of Hesse-Darmstadt
Frederick William II, King of Prussia
French language: spoken in Vienna; MA learns and speaks
French Revolution: breaks out; blamed on MA
Fronsac, Louis Antoine Sophie, Duc de
Gabriel, Ange Jacques
Gameau (locksmith)
Gardel (choreographer)
Gardes Françaises
Gassner, John Joseph
Gautier-Dagoty, Jean Baptiste
Genet, Edmund
Genet, Jean: The Maids
Genlis, Madame Stéphanie-Félicité de
George III, King of Great Britain: court; marriage; and American War of Independence; children; praises Burke’s Revolution in France; and Louis XVI’s flight; on Louis XVI’s feebleness; madness; reclaims Caroline Matilda after divorce
George Charles, Prince of Hesse-Darmstadt
George William, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt
Georgel, Abbé
Gilbert (Conciergerie gendarme)
Gillray, James
Girard, Abbé
Girard, Georges
Girondins
Gluck, Christoph Willibald: at Austrian court; background; reports to Maria Teresa on MA’s childbearing condition; visits Paris; disparages French music; on birth of MA’s son; dedicates operas to MA; music sung at Vigée Le Brun party; Alceste; Armide; Iphigénie en Aulide; Orphée; Il Parnasso Confusio
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von
Goguelat, Baron François de
Goltz, Baron
Goncourt, Edmond & Jules
Goret (municipal officer)
Gourbillon, Madame de
Gower, George Granville Leveson-Gower, Earl (later 2nd Marquess of Stafford and 1st Duke of Sutherland)
Grammont (actor)
Gramont, Béatrice, Duchesse de
Grand Trianon
Grasse, Admiral François de
“Great Fear,” the
Grétry, André; Richard I
Grey and Jefferies (London jewellers)
Grimm, Friedrich Melchior, Baron von
Grosholz, Marie see Tussaud, Marie
Guéméné, Jules Hercule, Prince de
Guéméné, Marie Louise, Princesse de
Guiche, Aglä ié, Duchesse de (née de Polignac; “Guichette”)
Guiche, Duc de
Guillaume (Drouet’s companion)
guillotine: first used
Guimard, Madeleine
Guines, Adrien, Comte (later Duc) de
Guirtler, Bishop (MA’s confessor
Gustav III, King of Sweden; assassinated
Gustav IV, King of Sweden: birth
Guyot, Madame
Hall, Radclyffe: The Well of Loneliness
Hamilton, Sir William, and Emma, Lady
Hancock, Eliza
Harcourt, François Henri, Duc d’
Harel, Madame
Hasse, Johann Adolph
Haugwitz, Count Frederick
Hauzinger, Joseph
Haydn, Joseph
Hébert, Jacques
Hénin, Prince de
Henri IV, King of France
Henrietta Maria, Queen of Charles I of England
Herbert, George Augustus, Lord (later 11th Earl of Pembroke)
Herman, Armand Martial
Hesse, Princesses of
Hesse-Homburg, Landgrave of
Hezecques, Félix de, Comte de France
Hinner, Joseph
Hofburg (castle)
Hoffman, William M.
Hossein, Robert
Huart, M. (dancing master)
Hubert, Pierre
Hüe, François
Hume, David; History of England
Imbault (music engraver)
Inistal, Comte d’
Isabella, Princess of Parma (Louis XV’s granddaughter): marriage to Joseph; attracted to Marie Christine; children; death; gives French royal portraits to Maria Teresa; on position of royal wife; on royal etiquette
Jacob, Georges
Jacobin Club
Jacobins
James II, King of England
Jarjayes, Chevalier François Régnier de
Jarjayes, Madame de
Jefferson, Thomas
Jemappes
Joanna, Archduchess of Austria (MA’s sister)
Johnson, Samuel
Joly, Sieur (dancer)
Jones, John Paul
Joseph I, Emperor of Holy Roman Empire
Joseph II, Emperor of Holy Roman Empire (MA’s brother): stands as proxy godfather to MA; first marriage (to Isabella); place in family; and wife’s attraction to Marie Christine; second marriage (to Josepha); elected Emperor; and death of Josepha; bookishness; stands godfather to Swinburne’s son; parsimony over MA’s progress to Paris; and death of daughter Teresa, 44, 50; gives entertainment for departing MA; attends MA’s proxy marriage; meets MA on journey to Paris; mocks Versailles women’s make-up; on Louis XVI’s sexual problem; and MA’s influence in France; on MA’s unhappiness; accuses MA of flirting with Englishmen; on MA’s virtue; visits MA in Paris; fondness for MA; and Bavarian succession; attempts to ban excessive court dress; emphasizes French alliance; MA writes to on mother’s death; on birth of MA’s son; stands godfather to MA’s second child; on death of Maurepas; plotting in international affairs; and Scheldt affair; militaristic temperament; told of birth of Louis Charles; and birth of MA’s daughter Sophie; and Marie Christine’s visit to MA; receives souvenir album of Trianon; MA declines to meet in Brussels; on MA’s appearance; in conflict with Turkey; letter from MA on Dauphin’s delicate health; on MA’s role as mother; death; clash with Pius VI; neutrality over MA’s fate
Josepha, Archduchess of Austria (MA’s sister)
Josepha of Bavaria, Empress of Joseph II
Josephine, Empress of Napoleon I
Josephine of Savoy see Provence, Comtesse de
Journal de Paris
Julian, le beau (hairdresser)
Kaunitz-Rietburg, Wenzel Anton, Prince von
Khevenhüller-Metsch, Count Johann Joseph
Kinsky, Count
Klinckowström, Baron R. M. de
Krantzinger, Joseph
Krottendorf, Générale
Kucharski, Aleksander
Laage de Volude, Comtesse de
La Baccelli, Giovanna
Laborde (banker)
La Caze, Dr
Lacy, General Franz Moritz, Count
La Fayette, Marie Adrienne Françoise, Marquise de
La Fayette, Marie Jean Gilbert, Marquis de: fights in American War of Independence; received by MA; impressed by Cagliostro; on Assembly of Notables; in National Assembly; as commander of National Guard; and women’s march on Versailles; and MA in Tuileries; proposes new oath; rumoured to be MA’s lover; and flight of royals; and return of Louis XVI to Paris; at Champ de Mars; blamed for Varennes escape; slandered in play; and MA’s proposed flight to Compiègne; flees France; Louis XVI’s correspondence with; Déclaration des Droits de l’Homme
Lafont d’Aussone (biographer)
La Marck, Comte de
La Marck, Comtesse de
La Martinière, Antoine Auguste Bruzen de
Lamballe, Marie Thérèse, Princesse de: background and character; relations with MA; attends Gluck opera; made Superintendent of MA’s Household; patronizes Rose Bertin; and birth of MA’s children; with MA at Petit Trianon; and Diamond Necklace Affair; on Dauphin Louis Joseph, ; at Louis Joseph’s funeral; joins MA in Paris (1789); not warned of MA’s flight; and MA’s ageing after arrest; returns to MA; at commemoration of fall of Bastille; leaves Tuileries with MA; removed to the Temple; interrogated by Commune; killed and decapitated; in La Force prison; effigy exhibited
Lambesc, Prince de
Lameth, Alexandre de
Lamorlière, Rosalie
Lamotte Valois, Jeanne de, “Comtesse,”
Lamotte Valois, Nicolas de, “Comte,”
Larivière, Louis
Larivière, Madame (Louis’ mother)
La Rochefoucauld, Alexandre, Comte de
Larsenneur, Sieur (hairdresser)
Lassonne, Dr. Jean-Marie
La Tour du Pin, Henrietta Lucy, Marquise de (née Dillon, earlier Comtesse de Gouvernet)
Launay, Bernard René, Marquis de
Launoy, Dame
Lauzun, Armand Louis, Duc de
Laxenburg (palace), near Vienna
Le Brun, Jean Baptiste
Lecointre, Laurent
Legislative Assembly
Lemoine (valet)
Le Mounier, Dr.
Lemoyne, Jean Baptiste
Lenoir, Jean
Léonard (hairdresser)
Leopold I, Emperor
Leopold, Archduke of Austria (later Emperor Leopold II; MA’s brother): place in family; resents Marie Christine’s favour with mother; marriage; Fersen meets; Joseph reports to on MA in Paris; MA complains to of public indifference to death of son; succeeds Joseph II in Austria; moves Mercy from France; and flight of Mesdames Tantes; MA warns against Freemasons; attitude to French turmoil; and MA’s attempted flight; MA hopes for help from; and declaration of Pillnitz; Legislative Assembly brings decree against; death and succession
Le Pipelet, Hippoy
Lep"tre, Jacques
Lerchenfeld, Countess
Levasseur, Rosalie
Lever d’Aurore, Le (pamphlet)
Lévis, Gaston, Duc de
Levret, Sieur
Liancourt, François, Duc de
Ligne, Charles Joseph, Prince de
Lisbon earthquake (1755)
Liselotte, Duchesse d’Orléans
Loménie de Brienne, (Cardinal) Etienne Charles de, Archbishop of Toulouse: recommends Vermond; ambitions for office; appointed Finance Minister; MA supports; administrative measures and aims; resigns as Finance Minister and made Cardinal
Lorraine, Anne Charlotte, Mademoiselle de,
Lorraine, principality (formerly duchy) of,
Louis XIII, King of France
Louis XIV, King of France
Louis XV, King of France: dislikes breastfeeding; regency during childhood; favours and maintains alliance with Austria; in line of succession; advises Ferdinand of P
arma on marriage; appearance; and Austrian marriage for grandson; fondness for Maria Josepha; Maria Teresa requests kindness towards MA; complains of Austrian dowries; Maria Teresa and MA address in letters; at parting from daughter; first meets MA; profligacy; and Du Barry; and dispute over Mlle. de Lorraine; and MA’s compassion; and MA’s marriage relations; apathetic nature; and dispensation of justice; welcomes MA’s acknowledgment of Du Barry; fondness for cats; health decline and death; practises birth control; statue smashed
Louis XVI, King of France (formerly Dauphin Louis Auguste): attitude to Austria; becomes Dauphin on death of elder brother; meets Hume; overweight and appearance; betrothal to MA; religious faith; portraits presented to MA; first meets MA; devotion to aunts; wedding ceremonies; marriage relations; life at Versailles; hunting; and MA’s hostility to Du Barry; disagreements with brother Provence; reading; sexual limitations and inhibitions; official visit to Paris (1773); consummates marriage with MA; succeeds to throne; banishes Du Barry; rule and government; coronation; endorses dismissal of Guines; metal-working; and MA’s gambling; congratulates Esterhazy on birth of son; anger at libelles against MA; pays MA’s jewellery bills; and French intervention in American Revolution; Joseph meets and instructs; and MA’s pregnancy; and Bavarian crisis (1777–8); banishes Duc de Chartres from court; at birth of daughter; improved relations with MA after birth of daughter; daughter’s attachment to; and MA’s new manners at Versailles; enjoys MA’s amateur theatricals; attitude to Polignac set; declines to take mistress; declares mourning for Maria Teresa; and birth and baptism of son; and MA’s attempted influence on Joseph’s behalf; liking for Fersen; pacific nature; records MA’s visits to Petit Trianon; witnesses Montgolfier’s balloon ascent; Wilberforce describes; devotion to daughter; hostility to Beaumarchais’ Figaro; buys furniture; and Diamond Necklace Affair; inspects Cherbourg and other ports; and financial problems; apathy; and MA’s growing political activism; depression; favours Duchesse de Polignac; recalls Necker; and Fersen’s relations with MA; and Third Estate; accused of impotency and drunkenness; near-fatal accident; in 1789 procession; attends opening of Estates General; and son Louis Joseph’s death and funeral; in Marly; vacillates before revolutionary acts; leaves fall of Bastille unmentioned; makes concessions to National Assembly; unhappiness at Yolande de Polignac’s departure; remains at Versailles; maintains court routine; lacks self-esteem; receives deputation of market women; leaves Versailles for Paris; life in Tuileries; at Maundy ceremony; and daughter’s first communion; believes in compromise; MA insists on staying with; refuses to escape; constitutional position reconsidered; threatens to disown Artois for conspiracies; signs decree for Civil Constitution of the Clergy; and taking of Easter Communion; and flight of Mesdames Tantes; ill-health; wavers over escape plans; attempts flight; arrested at Varennes and returned to Paris; interrogated about flight; and new Constitution; vilified; accepts new Constitution and revised status; and royalist activities in Coblenz; disfavours armed congress; declares émigré princes traitors; use of veto; rumours of further escapes by; Fersen meets in Tuileries; declares war on Austria; threatened by mob in Tuileries; at commemoration of fall of Bastille; final journal entry; threats to depose; leaves Tuileries for Assembly; detention in the Temple; on death of Princesse de Lamballe; teaches Dauphin in Temple; renamed “Capet,”; separated from family; correspondence discovered in armoire de fer; ill-health in Temple; tried and sentenced to death; writes will; executed; exhumed and reburied (1815); memorial sculpture; favours simpler tastes