Abbreviations used
AN Archives Nationales, Paris
BL British Library MSS, London
Haus-Archiv Haus-Archiv (Habsburg Archives), Hofburg, Vienna
PRO Public Record Office, London
RA Royal Archives, Windsor
AUTHOR’S NOTE
pp. xix–xxii
1 Elon, p. 17.
CHAPTER 1: A SMALL ARCHDUCHESS
pp. 3–13
1 Boutry, p. 19; Khevenhüller, III, p. 266. Marie Antoinette’s natal horoscope shows at first sight a strong and helpful influence in Venus, the planet of love; she was born with Cancer rising, and the Sun in Scorpio; Venus was joined to the Sun and Mercury, and the Moon was in the Venusian house of Libra. However, the position of Mars, close to her Ascendant in Cancer, was extremely badly aspected by Saturn and squared by the Moon. Information supplied by Julia Parker.
2 Khevenhüller, III, p. 266.
3 Amiguet, pp. 157–8; Arneth & Geffroy, III, p. 270; Hamann, p. 52.
4 Weber, I, p. 2.
5 Campan, I, p. 32; Grimm, III, p. 46.
6 Khevenhüller, V, p. 108; IV, p. 49.
7 Gluck, p. 10.
8 Khevenhüller, III, p. 266.
9 Wheatcroft, p. 201.
10 Crankshaw, p. 16.
11 Beales, p. 23.
12 Moffat, p. 190.
13 Crankshaw, p. 10.
14 Wangermann, p. 283.
15 Khevenhüller, IV, p. 7.
16 MacDonogh, Frederick, p. 156.
17 Bernier, Louis, pp. x, 181 & note; Younghusband, p. 7.
18 Gooch, p. 165.
CHAPTER 2: BORN TO OBEY
pp. 14–25
1 Vuaflart I, p. xviii.
2 Wormser, pp. 46, 52, 61, 154; Lever, Marie-Antoinette, p. 11.
3 Dutens, II, p. 214.
4 Klingensmith, p. 116; Armaille, p. 32.
5 Arneth & Geffroy, I, p. 356.
6 Beales, p. 34.
7 Wangermann, p. 302.
8 Beales, p. 34.
9 Ribeiro, Dress, p. 133.
10 Bruce, p. 455.
11 Wraxall, I, p. 317.
12 Crankshaw, p. 164.
13 Beales, Mozart, p. 4; Khevenhüller, V, p. 108.
14 Khevenhüller, V, p. 131.
15 Deutsch, p. 17.
16 Deutsch, p. 19; Solomon, p. 41.
17 Anderson, I, p. 198 note 1; Campan, I, p. 38; Arneth & Geffroy, I, p. 433.
18 Guest, p. 67.
19 Vocelka, p. 113; Crankshaw, p. 250.
20 Campan, I, pp. 32–3; Arneth & Geffroy, I, p. 404; Girard, p. 35.
21 Khevenhüller, VII, p. 113.
22 Wachter, pp. 75–6.
23 MacDonogh, Frederick, p. 273; Khevenhüller, V, p. 6.
24 Corti, p. 25; Vigée Le Brun, p. 115.
25 Beales, pp. 80, 84; Wraxall, II, p. 389.
26 Khevenhüller, Theater, pp. 223–4; Landon, I, p. 406.
27 Tourzel, p. 81; Hamann, p. 72.
28 Wraxall, II, p. 36; Ribeiro, Dress, p. 72.
CHAPTER 3: GREATNESS
pp. 26–39
1 Bearne, p. 43; Lettres, I, p. 27.
2 Dutens, I, p. 201.
3 Amiguet, pp. 90–2.
4 Deutsch, p. 457; Chalon, p. 24.
5 Khevenhüller, V, p. 6; Lamorlière, p. 243.
6 Moffat, p. 277.
7 Corti, p. 30.
8 Amiguet, pp. 90–1; Boutry, p. 12 note 5.
9 Boutry, p. 39; Roger King, History of Dentistry, Cambridge, UK, 1997, p. 12; Hamann, p. 25.
10 Oberkirch, p. 165.
11 Vuaflart I, p. 35; Lafont d’Aussonne, II, p. 164.
12 Younghusband, p. 198.
13 Campan, I, p. 79; Rand, “Love, Domesticity,” pp. 8–9; Younghusband, p. 129.
14 Campan, I, p. 79.
15 Acton, p. 128.
16 Lettres, I, p. 1.
17 Boutry, p. 21.
18 Younghusband, p. 131.
19 Arneth, Marie Antoinette, p. 13; Kenyon, p. 50; Stryiénski, p. 306.
20 Besenval, p. 461; Campan, I, p. 35 & note.
21 Weber, III, p. 247.
22 Stryiénski, p. 244; Girault de Coursac, pp. 45, 64; Nicolardot, p. 9.
23 Hezecques, p. 216; Girault de Coursac, pp. 105, 186; Nicolardot, pp. 15 et seq.
24 Girault de Coursac, p. 109.
25 Stryiénski, p. 364; Lever, Louis XVI, p. 52.
26 Nolhac, Versailles, p. 225; AN, K, 1015 no. 53e.
27 Boutry, p. 16.
28 Vuaflart I, pp. 18–19.
29 Boutry, p. 34.
30 Vuaflart I, p. 36.
31 Vuaflart I, pp. 35 et seq.
32 Boutry, p. 37; Campan, I, p. 36.
33 Armaille, pp. 50–1, 61; Arneth & Geffroy, I, p. 73; Oberkirch, p. 45.
34 Armaille, p. 59.
35 Haus-Archiv, Konv. 8.MA Extraits de l’Histoire de France, fols. 1–88, 1768.
36 Younghusband, p. 120; Boutry, p. 35.
37 Bernier, p. 35.
CHAPTER 4: SENDING AN ANGEL
pp. 40–53
1 Vuaflart I, p. 21.
2 Wachter, p. 13; Arneth & Geffroy, I, pp. lviii–lix.
3 Swinburne, I, p. 348; Campan, I, p. xiii.
4 Castelot, Queen, p. 15.
5 BL, Add. MSS 20, 707; Khevenhüller, VII, pp. 5, 8.
6 Vuaflart II, p. 7.
7 Boutry, p. 58; Amiguet, p. 120.
8 Boutry, pp. 58 et seq.
9 Corti, p. 44.
10 Lettres, I, p. lxix; Landgrave Louise, passim.
11 Arneth & Geffroy, I, p. 36; Younghusband, p. 272.
12 Boutry, p. 50.
13 Wheatcroft, pp. 226–7.
14 AN, K, 1015 no. 142; Saint-Priest, I, p. 117.
15 Boutry, p. 56.
16 Christoph, p. 311; Tillyard, p. 230.
17 Christoph, p. 23 & note 23, p. 226; Girard, p. 29 & note 1; Haus-Archiv, Familien-Akten Sammelbä nde (alt. 35) 55; Amiguet, p. 60.
18 Beales, p. 72; Bernard, p. 307.
19 Stryiénski, p. 247; Diary of Dr. Edward Lake, ed. G. P. Elliott, 1847, I, p. 9.
20 Brooke, pp. 82–4; Lever, Marie-Antoinette, p. 27; Thomas, pp. 28–9.
21 Corti, pp. 32–4; Acton, p. 138.
22 Arneth & Geffroy, I, p. xx.
23 Acton, p. 132.
24 Arneth & Geffroy, I, pp. 1–6.
25 Arneth & Geffroy, I, p. 3.
26 Boutry, p. 58.
27 Boutry, p. 60; Castelot, Queen, p. 15.
28 Haus-Archiv, Familien-Akten 50, Supplement to the Gazette de Vienne, 18 April 1770.
29 Khevenhüller, VII, p. 6.
30 Khevenhüller, VII, p. 16.
31 Haus-Archiv, Familien-Akten 50, Supplement to the Gazette de Vienne, 18 April 1770; Khevenhüller, VII, p. 16.
32 Boutry, p. 62.
33 Nolhac, Dauphine, p. 46.
34 Nolhac, Dauphine, pp. 46–7.
35 Khevenhüller, VII, p. 18; Corti, p. 14; Ségur, p. 19; Weber, I, p. 5.
CHAPTER 5: FRANCE’S HAPPINESS
pp. 57–71
1 See Eiwes, Brautfahrt der Marie Antoinette, passim.
2 Amiguet, p. 11; Rocheterie, I, p. 14.
3 Klingensmith, p. 189; Haslip, p. 9; Bauchart, p. 243, no. 71.
4 Bombelles, I, p. 77.
5 Campan, I, p. 46.
6 Goncourt, p. 32.
7 Boutry, p. 77; Nolhac, Dauphine, p. 47.
8 Norton, p. 96.
9 Boutry, p. 72.
10 Arneth & Geffroy, I, p. 50.
11 Campan, I, p. 45; Rocheterie, I, p. 16.
12 BL, Add. MSS 20, 707; Campan (1988), p. 46 note 54; Nolhac, Dauphine, p. 47; Khevenhüller, VII, p. 21; Reiset, p. 38.
13 Reiset, p. 32.
14 Nolhac, Dauphine, p. 47; Campan, I, p. 45.
15 Oberkirch, pp. 42 et seq.
16 Boutry, p. 71.
17 Haynin, p. 65.
18 Besenval, p. 288; Saint-Simon, pp. 542–3.
19 Amiguet, p. 136.
20 Nolhac, Dauphine, p. 51.
21 Maxwell, p. 111; Croÿ, II, p. 373.
22 Cronin, p. 39; Campan, I, pp. 11–12.
23 Northumberland, p. 111; Nicolardot, p. 43.
24 Elliott, p. 27; Lever, Philippe Égalité, p. 31.
25 Bertin, p. 37; Sorel, pp. 10, 16.
26 Bernier, Louis, p. 226; Northumberland, p. 117; Choiseul, Mémoires, p. 198, p. 328 note 156.
27 Castelot, Queen, p. 29.
28 Dunlop, Marie-Antoinette, p. 71.
29 Ribeiro, Fashion, p. 26; Hezecques, p. 195; Northumberland, p. 111.
30 Nolhac, Autour, p. 158.
31 Campan, I, p. 59 & note; Northumberland, p. 112; Debriffe, p. 24.
32 Morel, p. 200; Campan, I, p. 52.
33 Bracelets now in the Victoria & Albert Museum; Sèvres at Waddesdon, Bucks.
34 Northumberland, p. 111; Nolhac, Dauphine, p. 53; Ségur, p. 22.
35 Nolhac, Dauphine, fac. p. 54.
36 Cröy, II, pp. 393 et seq.
37 Amiguet, pp. 115, 140.
38 Christoph, p. 62.
39 MacDonogh, Frederick, p. 99.
40 Antonia Fraser, King Charles II, 1979, p. 349.
CHAPTER 6: IN FRONT OF THE WHOLE WORLD
pp. 72–90
1 Mansel, Court, p. 12.
2 Bluche, p. 87.
3 Chateaubriand, I, p. 203; Oberkirch, p. 338; Genlis, II, p. 198.
4 La Tour du Pin, pp. 55 et seq.
5 Blaikie, p. 197; Bombelles, I, p. 160; Young, p. 16.
6 Young, p. 84; Hezecques, p. 136.
7 Pimodan, p. 108 note 1; Boigne, I, p. 540; Genlis, I, p. 274.
8 Lever, Louis XVI, p. 33; Campan, I, p. 305.
9 Campan, I, p. 95.
10 Arneth & Geffroy, I, pp. 118–20.
11 La Tour du Pin, p. 44; Hezecques, p. 96.
12 Mansel, Ligne, p. 44; Bachaumont, I, p. 348.
13 Ligne, I, p. 199.
14 Corson, Hair, p. 275; Vigée Le Brun, p. 17; Austen Papers, p. 93.
15 Ribeiro, Dress, p. 109; Sagarin, pp. 39 et seq.; Ribeiro, Fashion, p. 144 note 25; Arneth & Geffroy, I, p. 19; Vigée Le Brun, p. 21.
16 Corson, Make-up, p. 218; Campan, I, p. 175.
17 Grimm, I, pp. 39–45.
18 Grimm, I, p. 46; BL Add. MSS 20, 707 fol. 171.
19 Cröy, II, pp. 409, 426; Tourzel, p. 305.
20 Pimodan, pp. 40 et seq.
21 Arneth & Geffroy, I, p. 73.
22 Arneth & Geffroy, I, pp. vii, 69.
23 Haus-Archiv, Familien-Akten Sammelbä nde 12.
24 Lettres, I, pp. i et seq., pp. xii, xviii.
25 Bachaumont, I, p. 491.
26 AN, K, 1015 nos. 147, 150, 167.
27 Arneth & Geffroy, I, p. 107; Vuaflart II, p. 89.
28 Kertanguy, p. 332.
29 Younghusband, p. 459.
30 Arneth & Geffroy, I, pp. 77–8.
31 Nolhac, Versailles, p. 280; Nolhac, Autour, pp. 160 et seq.
32 Arneth & Geffroy, I, p. 6.
33 Lever, Louis XVI, p. 70; Northumberland, p. 123; Amiguet, p. 161.
34 Arneth & Geffroy, I, pp. 21, 24.
35 Nicolardot, p. 25.
36 Arneth & Geffroy, I, pp. 93 et seq.
37 Vuaflart II, p. 67; Arneth & Geffroy, I, p. 196.
38 Arneth & Geffroy, I, p. 121.
39 Lévis, p. 84; Fleischmann, Polignac, p. 48.
40 Bachaumont, I, p. 373; Oberkirch, p. 182.
41 Lettres, I, p. 5.
42 Arneth & Geffroy, I, p. 88.
43 Vuaflart II, p. 53.
44 Nolhac, Dauphine, p. 82.
CHAPTER 7: STRANGE BEHAVIOUR
pp. 91–103
1 Bacourt, I, p. 31; Campan, I, p. 129, misdates the start of this relationship to winter 1775 since Mercy’s evidence of 1771 is crucial; Arneth & Geffroy, I, p. 140.
2 Rousseau, Nouvelle Héloïse, p. 5.
3 Nicolardot, p. 68.
4 Arneth & Geffroy, I, pp. 149–51.
5 Hardman, p. 5; Arneth & Geffroy, I, p. 148.
6 Reiset, p. 62.
7 Arneth & Geffroy, I, pp. lviii–lix.
8 Arneth & Geffroy, I, p. 310 and passim.
9 Christoph, p. 23.
10 Arneth & Geffroy, I, pp. 6, 157–61.
11 Amiguet, p. 178; Reiset, p. 95.
12 Reiset, p. 50.
13 Reiset, p. 9.
14 Dormois, p. 106; Christoph, p. 52; Lever, Louis XVIII, pp. 21, 26, 49; Véri, I, p. 266; Reiset, p. 121.
15 Campan, I, p. 57; Pimodan, p. 110; Arneth & Geffroy, I, p. 222.
16 Arneth & Geffroy, I, p. 168.
17 Arneth & Geffroy, I, p. 218.
18 Arneth & Geffroy, I, pp. 234–6; Christoph, p. 62.
19 Arneth & Geffroy, I, pp. 260–1.
20 Arneth & Geffroy, I, p. 336.
21 Arneth & Geffroy, I, pp. 263–4.
22 Arneth & Geffroy, I, p. 321.
23 Bernier, Louis, p. 242.
24 Arneth & Geffroy, I, pp. 322–3, 329.
25 Lettres, I, pp. 32, 40.
26 Thrale, Appendix, p. 218; Arneth & Geffroy, I, p. 176.
27 Lévis, p. 107; Oberkirch, p. 160.
28 Hezecques, p. 40 & note.
29 Arneth & Geffroy, I, p. 328; Lever, Louis XVI, p. 72; Christoph, p. 172.
30 Christoph, p. 90.
31 Arneth & Geffroy, I, p. 435.
CHAPTER 8: LOVE OF A PEOPLE
pp. 104–17
1 Ségur, p. 50; Arneth & Geffroy, I, p. 316; for the Paris trip pp. 458–60.
2 Guest, p. 66.
3 Arneth & Geffroy, I, p. 460.
4 Christoph, p. 100.
5 Christoph, pp. 101, 105.
6 Flammermont, pp. 475–6 & note 1; Arneth & Geffroy, II, pp. 62, 88.
7 Arneth & Geffroy, II, p. 75.
9 Amiguet, p. 216; Bluche, p. 30; Schama, p. 119; Campan, I, p. 124; Oberkirch, p. 208; Hezecques, p. 60.
10 Arneth & Geffroy, I, p. 59; Lettres, I, p. 55.
11 Arneth & Geffroy, I, pp. 355, 438, 444; II, p. 131; Lettres, I, p. 212.
12 Arneth & Geffroy, I, p. 11; II, pp. 191, 290.
13 Arneth & Geffroy, III, p. 28.
14 Lindqvist, p. 16; Aspinall, George III, p. 327; Lévis, p. 130; Bessborough, pp. 108–9.
15 Amiguet, p. 217; Söderhjolm, p. 34.
16 Söderhjolm, p. 37.
17 Pestelli, p. 78; Campan, I, p. 149; Howard, p. 112.
18 Howard, p. 107; Guest, pp. 67–8.
19 Howard, p. 109.
20 Demuth, pp. 231 et seq.; Eagles, p. 227; Howard, p. 244.
21 Demuth, p. 230; Johnson, p. 210.
22 Johnson, p. 211.
23 Besenval, p. 162; Ségur Memoirs, p. 8.
24 Besenval, pp. 164–6; Croÿ, III, pp. 82 et seq.
25 Campan, I, pp. 76 et seq.
26 Younghusband, pp. 563 et seq.; Vergennes, p. 6 & note 9.
27 Campan, I, p. 76.
CHAPTER 9: IN TRUTH A GODDESS
pp. 121–39
1 Campan (1988), p. 69; Lévis, p. 69.
2 Cottrell, p. 31; Tilly, p. 68.
3 Ligne, I, p. 197; Austen Papers, p. 90.
4 Platen, p. 94; Thrale, pp. 98, 125; Vigée Le Brun, p. 40.
5 Besenval, pp. 180–1.
6 Campan, I, p. 49; Grimm, I, p. 477; Aeneid, I, ll. 402–5; Nolhac, Autour, p. 19; Vigée Le Brun, p. 41.
7 Bessborough, p. 30.
8 Thomas More Journal, p. 458.
9 Lettres, II, pp. 42–4.
10 Lévis, p. 65; Ségur Memoirs, p. 23.
11 Hardman, p. 88; Labourdette, p. 234.
12 Vergennes, pp. 170–1; Price, pp. 20–1; Vergennes, pp. 111–12.
13 Ligne, I, p. 131; Rogister, “Maria Lesczinska.”
14 Pimodan, p. 145.
15 Arneth & Geffroy, I, p. liv; II, p. 165; Hardman, p. 95; Bacourt, I, p. 46;
Choiseul, Mémoires, p. 300.
16 Sorel, p. 88; Campan, I, pp. 285, 299.
17 Maxwell, p. 123; Adams, p. 251.
18 Chalon, p. 10.
19 Kertanguy, pp. 61–2.
20 Campan, I, pp. 124, 129.
21 Sorel, pp. 89–92.
22 Polignac, p. 15; Lévis, p. 132; Ségur Memoirs, p. 113; Oberkirch, p. 210; Besenval, p. 192.
23 Arneth & Geffroy, II, p. 378; Tilly, p. 123.
24 Lettres, I, p. 81.
25 Véri, I, p. 231; Grimm, I, p. 345.
26 Pimodan, p. 148; Véri, I, p. 239.
27 Pimodan, p. 153.
28 Lever, Louis XVI, p. 186; Dunlop, Marie-Antoinette, p. 115; Morel, pp. 65, 203.
29 Lettres, I, pp. 90–1; Khevenhüller, VIII, p. 83; Schama, p. 51.
30 Lettres, I, p. 91; Arneth & Geffroy, I, p. 206.
31 Boigne, I, p. 55; Cronin, p. 13; Chalon, p. 17; Younghusband, pp. 21–2.
32 Rudé, Crowd, pp. 21–2; Cobb, Police, pp. xvii, 249, 263, 270.
33 Arneth & Geffroy, II, p. 360.
34 Lévis, pp. 176, 314, 409; Bombelles, I, p. 197; Price, p. 30.
35 Vergennes, pp. 218–19.
36 Campan, II, pp. 113–14; Arneth & Geffroy, II, p. 477.
37 Kertanguy, p. 111. Unfortunately, but perhaps predictably, little Jacques later turned into a violent revolutionary, eager to blot out his quasi-royal past.
38 Reiset, pp. 136 et seq.
39 Lettres, I, p. 109.
40 Almeras, pp. 215–19 & p. 215 note 1.
41 Arneth & Geffroy, II, p. 409.
CHAPTER 10: AN UNHAPPY WOMAN?
pp. 140–57
1 Lettres, I, p. 187; BL, MSS Zweig 171.
2 Flammermont, p. 99.
3 Arneth & Geffroy, II, p. 500.
4 Arneth & Geffroy, I, p. lxvi.
5 Ashton, p. 145; Saint-Priest, II, p. 99.
6 Ségur Memoirs, p. 29; Campan, I, 182.
7 Campan, I, p. 164; Besenval, p. 269.
8 Lauzun, p. 126.
9 Boigne, I, p. 139.
10 Arneth & Geffroy, I, p. lxix; Campan, I, p. 102.
11 Platen, p. 108; Eagles, passim; Arneth, Marie-Antoinette, p. 15.
12 Mansel, Ligne, p. 44; Vigée Le Brun, p. 51.
13 Bombelles, I, p. 108 & note 3, p. 311; Esterhazy Mémoires, pp. xix et seq.
14 Bernier, p. 217; Bombelles, I, p. 157; Véri, I, p. 400; Besenval, p. 270; Ségur Memoirs, p. 22.
15 Ligne, I, p. 199; Bacourt, I, p. 29; Laclos, p. 157.
16 Campan, I, p. 88.
17 Almeras, p. 201, p. 203 note 1.
18 Almeras, p. 206.
19 Lettres, I, p. 93; Almeras, p. 75 note 2.
20 Thomas, p. 43; Lettres, I, pp. 91, 109, 111.
21 Arneth & Geffroy, II, p. 306.