government funding and support for, 19–20, 76, 207–208, 261–263
key elements for, 18, 37, 61–62, 207–208
leadership, 5, 25, 75, 206
legacies of, 40–41, 54, 68–69, 78, 80–84, 136, 167–169, 170
in life sciences, 133–134
lighting, 105, 179, 198–199
in medical devices and health care, 124–126, 135–136, 146–150, 151, 163, 170–174
in new materials, 97, 98, 100, 102, 103–104, 123–125, 126–127
over low-cost labor, 2, 5, 17
start-up companies driving, 19
statistics and metrics for, 211–218
in vehicles and transportation, xii, 123, 128–129, 184, 188, 189
See also agriculture, smart; business incubators; innovation policy; manufacturing, smart
Innovation and Entrepreneurship Lab (ieLab), 159–160
Innovation Center Computer Assisted Surgery (ICCAS), 163
innovation policy
goals and benefit of, 208–209
productivity statistics for, 211–216
regulatory barriers and, 211, 221
steps to creating, 210–211, 220–222
In-Q-Tel, 240–241
Intel, xvi, 86
OHSU partnership with, 35–37, 144, 145, 147–150
Portland’s brainbelt support by, 28, 29, 142
Intelligent Community Forum (ICF), 3, 81
interdisciplinary approach. See multidisciplinary approach
Internet Industry Consortium, 201
Internet of Things, 262, 265
benefits and challenges of, 54–56, 263
building technology and, 200–201
Nokia and, 168
protocols for, 201
smart manufacturing and, 42, 43–44, 49–51
software for, 73
See also big data
iSTOC, 170–171
Jackson, Shirley Ann, 37, 64–65
Japan, 85, 175, 235, 237
Jenni, Mario, 155 (photo), 156, 158, 160
Johnson & Johnson, 135, 240, 242
Kaloyeros, Alain, 56–64, 99, 131
Katz, Bruce, 5, 7
Kersten, Daan, xvi–xvii
Kleisterlee, Gerard, 3, 83–84
Knight, Phil, 46, 143–145, 143 (photo), 151
Knight Cancer Institute, 143–144, 151
Kone, 200–201
Koolhaas, Rem, 3
Kopsala, Seppo, 171–172, 173
Kortrijk, Belgium, xvi
Kouwenhoven, Leo, xvi
Krummenacher, Leo, 157–158
Ku, David, 1–2, 3, 18
KUBO, 192
labor costs, 2–5, 17, 44–45
Larkin, David, 226–227
LCD. See liquid crystal display
LED. See light-emitting diode
Leibniz Institute, 71
Leipzig, Germany, 161, 162–163
life sciences, 51
business incubators for, 163, 166
chips and sensors and, 144–145, 148–149
clinical research outsourced for, 134–135
disciplines and brainsharing of, 133–134, 146–147, 175–176
in Dresden and Leipzig, 161, 162–167, 176
funding for, 134–135
global leaders in, 175
hospitals and brainsharing in, 125, 164, 166, 171, 175, 218
Lund-Malmö brainbelt focus on, 120
in Minneapolis, 53, 131, 133, 137, 140, 175
multidisciplinary approach in, 87–88, 147–150, 165
with new materials at RTP, 98
in Oulu, 53, 136, 169–174, 176
in Portland, 144–146, 175
research requirements for, 242
science park devoted to, 157–159
in Zurich, 154–160, 175
See also bioscience; biotechnology; medical devices and health care
light-emitting diode (LED), 105, 110–111, 179, 193
Lillehei, C. Walton, 131–133, 133 (photo), 137, 138–139
liquid crystal display (LCD), 101, 102
Lund University, 24, 116, 118
Lund-Malmö, Sweden, 7, 13 (table), 16 (fig.), 117 (photo)
community in, 24
early brainsharing in, 41
farming innovation in, 190
Hörjel as brainbelt connector in, 115–118, 119–120
life sciences focus in, 120
new materials research in, 98
See also Max IV particle accelerator
Lundqvist, Amandus, 84
Malmö. See Lund-Malmö, Sweden
Malta, 62, 65–66
manufacturing, additive. See 3D printing
manufacturing, smart, 201, 249–250, 253
in agriculture, 194–195
brainsharing in, 18, 21, 43 (table), 51, 85–86
employment with, xi, 222, 223–224, 258–259
EUVL in, 56, 63
GE’s, 5–6, 17–18, 50–51
initiatives for, 220–221
Internet of Things in, 42, 43–44, 49–51
key features of, 42–43
in New York, 50, 65–68
in next-generation automobile, 188–189
in Portland, 145
product concentrations for, 51
R&D-based, 2, 4, 17–18
robotics in, xi, 42, 43, 44–47
for semiconductors, 65–66
stateside facilities over outsourcing for, 5–6, 254
3D printing in, xi, 42, 43, 47–49
traditional compared to, 42, 43 (table), 51
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), xiii, 25, 112
Max IV particle accelerator, 98, 121–122
Max Planck Institute, 71, 163–165
Mayo Clinic, 138
McMillen, Caroline, xiv
Mediatek, 1–2
medical devices and health care, 9 (table), 21, 165 (photo)
innovations in, 124–126, 135–136, 146–150, 151, 163, 170–174
Minneapolis’s focus on, 131, 136–137
new materials research for, 124–125
polymers in, 104
R&D support in, 19
remote monitoring in, 146–147
research institute for, 101
uncertainty and potential in, 174–175
Medtronic, 34, 131
as brainbelt connector, 132, 138–142
brainsharing ecosystem at, 140–141
collaboration with University of Minnesota, 139–140
R&D model for, 242–243
Mercedes, 184, 185, 188
MetalFAB1, xvi–xvii
Mexico, 2–3, 12 (table)
Microsoft, xvi, 199, 239, 240
Minneapolis, Minnesota, 7, 9 (table), 16 (fig.), 137 (photo)
government funding and support in, 141–142
hospital collaboration in, 132–133, 138–139
life sciences focus in, 53, 131, 133, 137, 140, 175
medical device industry in, 131, 136–137
pacemaker invention in, 132
See also Medtronic; University of Minnesota
MIST countries, 2–4, 17–18
MIT. See Massachusetts Institute of Technology
mobile phone industry
history of development on, 117–119, 172
Oulu’s legacy in, 136, 167–169, 170
Molecular Partners, 158–159
Mosell, Richard, 120–121
multiculturalism, 66–67, 93
multidisciplinary approach, 263
in academic institutions, 37, 160, 164–165, 236
in brainbelts, 26, 31–35, 37, 53, 87, 160, 165
to brainsharing ecosystem, 8, 16, 165
funding requiring, 236
initiatives for, 163, 262
in life science research, 87–88, 147–150, 165
organization and culture in, 247–248
NAMII. See National Additive Manufacturing I
nnovation Institute
nanotechnology, 56, 64–65, 101
NASA. See National Aeronautics and Space Administration
National Additive Manufacturing Innovation Institute (NAMII), 262
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), 19, 235, 241, 246
National Institutes of Health (NIH), 19, 137, 144, 147, 235
National Science Foundation (NSF), 209, 234–235
NatLab. See High Tech Campus Eindhoven
Netherlands
new materials innovation in, 123–125
polymers innovation in, 98, 126–127
public-private institutions in, 89
quantum computing investment in, xv–xvi
smart farming in, 190–191, 194–195
transformation into brainbelt, 122–123, 126
vehicles and transportation innovation in, 123, 128–129
See also Eindhoven, Holland
Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), 19–20, 82
new materials, 9 (table), 13 (table)–14 (table), 51
automobile redesign and, 184
inclusion in daily life of, 98–99
innovation in, 97, 100, 102, 112–113, 123–125, 127–128
with life sciences in RTP, 98
Max IV particle accelerator and, 121–122
RTP research in, 110, 115
3D printing and, 97
See also polymers; textiles
New York, x, 50, 65–68
See also Albany; SUNY Poly’s Nanotech Megaplex; Watervliet
NIH. See National Institutes of Health
Nike, 46, 143
Nikon, 61, 63, 85
Nokia, 41, 167–168, 169, 170, 200
Nonwovens Institute, 113
Noren, Katarina, 121–122
North Carolina State University, 48, 107, 110–114
See also Centennial Campus
NSF. See National Science Foundation
Obama, Barack, x, 47, 262
Ohio. See Akron
Ohio State University (OSU), 101
OHSU. See Oregon Health & Science University
Ontario, Canada, xiii–xiv
Optomed, 165 (photo), 171–174
Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), 153 (photo)
Intel collaboration with, 35–37, 144, 145, 147–150
start-up companies from, 150, 151
Oregon Opportunity initiative, 146
OSU. See Ohio State University Oulu, Finland, xiv, 7, 13 (table), 16 (fig.)
adaptation of focus in, 41, 168
life sciences in, 53, 136, 169–174, 176
mobile phone industry legacy of, 136, 167–169, 170
start-up support in, 169, 170
Oulu Innovation Ltd., xiv, 169
pacemaker, 132, 138–139, 146
patents, 82
Peduto, Bill, xxiii
Peters, Peter, 125
pharmaceutical industry, 34–35, 158–159, 167
Phenom-World, 88
philanthropy, 31
in Dresden’s brainbelt, 162
in Portland’s brainbelt, 142, 143–145, 146, 151
Philips, Anton, 80, 92
Philips Electronics, 3, 87, 90, 92
focus shift to research and marketing, 83–84, 86
greenhouse technology and, 193
legacy in Eindhoven, xvi, 80–84
Pittsburgh, x, xii, xviii–xxiii, 184, 185, 219, 220
pollution, xix, xxii–xxiii, 103, 191
polymers, 9 (table)
Akron’s focus and leadership in, 53, 96–98, 101, 102, 105–106
Eindhoven’s focus and expertise in, 53
innovation in, 98, 103–104, 126–127
in medical devices and health care, 104
nanotechnology and, 101
in steel industry, 103–104
University of Akron’s expertise in, 100, 102–104
Porter, Curtis, xix, xxii
Portland, Oregon, 7, 9 (table), 16 (fig.), 152 (photo), 153 (photo)
as biomedical manufacturing leader, 145
cancer research and treatment in, 143–145, 146, 148, 151
environment revitalization in, 151–152, 221
global silicon wafer producer in, 73
Intel and OHSU partnership in, 35–37, 144, 145, 147–150
Intel’s influence in, 28, 29, 142
Knight’s philanthropy in, 143–145, 151
life sciences in, 144–146, 175
rustbelt past in, 142
start-up companies in, 146–147
Posti, Harri, 167–168
presidential election (2016), ix–xii, xviii
Proenza, Luis, 94 (photo), 106
Akron Model created by, 99–102, 103, 105, 210
as Akron’s connector, 94, 96, 99–100
as president of University of Akron, 24, 93
protectionism, x, xii
public-private institutions
development in Europe compared to US, 75, 236, 238
distrust of, 31
in Minneapolis, 141–142
national policy for creating, 210
in Netherlands, 89
Qiagen Instruments, 29–30
Quaker Oats, 95, 96, 99
Qualcomm, 2, 72, 240
quantum computing, xv–xvi
QuTech, xvi
Raleigh-Durham-Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 7, 9 (table), 16 (fig.)
community in, 24–25
rustbelt to brainbelt transition in, 106–108
See also American Tobacco Campus; Centennial Campus; Research Triangle Park
R&D, xv
acquisitions for research phase of, 134–135, 242–243
applied research funding in, 237–239
basic research funding in, 32–33, 234–237
benefits of small firms for, 141
budget restrictions with, 28
cost benefit of collaboration in, 4, 62–63, 122
funding breakdown for, 233–239
government funding and support of, 19, 137, 144, 147, 209, 235, 241, 246
in-house, 238–239, 242
innovative collaborations in, 4, 87–90, 134–135, 139–140, 141
manufacturing based on, 2, 4, 17–18
medical devices and health care support of, 19
Medtronic’s model for, 242–243
NASA funding of, 19, 235, 241, 246
NIH funding of, 19, 137, 144, 147, 235
research compared to development stages of, 241–243
US compared to global funding of, 19–20, 234–239
ReelDx, 146–147
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 64–65
research. See R&D
Research in Motion (RIM), xiv
research institutes, 9 (table)–14 (table), 19–20, 101, 113
Research Triangle Park (RTP), 211
brainbelt model in, 24–25, 114–115
brainsharing environments near, 109
creation and population of, 107–109
LED innovation, 105
new materials and life sciences in, 98
new materials focus at, 110, 115
Rethink Robotics, 44, 45 (photo)
RIM. See Research in Motion
robotics, 4, 263
cost advantage of, 44–45
in dairy industry, 194–195
smart manufacturing and, xi, 42, 43, 44–47
Roell, Jan Stefan, 229
RTP. See Research Triangle Park
Rubbens, Mirjam, 124–125
Rubenstein, Robert, xxii
Russo, Mike, 65–66, 227
rustbelts
brainbelts without, background, 11 (table)–12 (table), 154–155
national incentives for transforming, 210–211
transformation to brainbelts, xviii–xxiii, 1, 6–8, 20, 23–25, 50, 67–69, 81–83, 93–96, 99–100, 106–108, 122–123, 126, 142, 203, 219, 237, 253
Trump’s promise to revive, x–xii
Sakkers, Alexander, 84
Samsung, 41, 61–62, 86, 167, 172, 199
Sanders, Bernie, x
Saxony. See BioSaxony; Dresden, Germany; Leipzig, Germany
SBIR. See Small Business Innovation Research
Scholz, Roland, 79
science parks
brainbelt feature of, 38, 116–117
business incubators in, 39, 69, 114, 120–121, 157, 238
legitimization of, in US, 109
in Oulu, 169
pharmaceutical industry in, 34–35
in Zurich, 39, 136, 154, 157–159
See also Ideon; Research Triangle Park
semiconductor industry, 9 (table), 13 (table), 29, 65–66, 71–72
shared working spaces, 219–220
Siemens, 50, 77, 228–229
Sijbesma, Feike, 123–124
Silicon Europe, 75–76
Silicon Hills. See Austin, Texas
Silicon Saxony, 74–75
Silicon Valley, 6, 9 (table), 25, 32–33, 75, 176
silicon wafers, 56, 61–63, 73, 86
Siltronic, 73
Simatic control devices, 50
Simons, Kai, 163–164
Simpson, George, 108
Sioux, 87–90
Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR), 243
smartfactory. See manufacturing, smart
Smartscope, 165 (photo), 171–172
social and environmental issues, 83–84
brainsharing ecosystem for, 177–178, 202–203
challenges and technology for, 177–178, 202, 263–264
in cities, 196–197
energy efficiency and batteries for, 178–183
smart agriculture for, 190–196
vehicle innovation for, 184, 188, 189
South Korea, 2–3, 8, 235
Spiegel, Lesley, 39
Spoonflower.com, 112–113
Stanford University, 9 (table), 25, 32, 234
start-up companies
in Akron brainbelt, 102–103
brainbelts and, 24–25, 39, 63
business incubators for, 169, 244–245
from Centennial Campus, 112–113
at Chemelot, 124–126
in Dresden, 73, 77–79, 166
funding process for, 77–78, 160, 237–239, 244–245
at Ideon, 120–121
infrastructure for, 150–151
innovation driven by, 19
in Leipzig, 163
in Minneapolis, 140
Nokia transition and, 168
OHSU’s, 150, 151
organizations and initiatives for, 74–75, 77–79
Oulu’s support of, 169, 170
in Portland, 146–147
research over development in, 242–243
in smart agriculture, 191
support in US compared to Europe, 237–239, 261
See also entrepreneurs
statistics and metrics
for brainbelt ecosystems, 216–218
inadequacy of, 211–213
innovation and GDP with, 214–215
steel industry, ix, xiv, xviii–xix, 103–104, 249, 257