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ARCHIVES
AKB—Arkhangelsk Local Lore Library, Arkhangelsk
APRF—Archive of the President of the Russian Federation, Moscow
GAOPDFRK—State Archive of Social-Political Movements and the Formation of the Republic of Karelia (former Communist Party archives), Petrozavodsk
GARF—State Archive of the Russian Federation, Moscow
Hoover—Hoover Institution on War, Revolution, and Peace, Stanford, CA
IKM—Iskitim Local Lore Museum Collections, Iskitim
Info-Russ—Vladimir Bukovsky’s document collection
[http://psi.ece.jhu.edu/-kaplan/IRUSS/BUK/GBARC/buk. html]
Karta—The Karta Society, Warsaw
Kedrovyi Shor—Archives of the Kedrovyi Shor lagpunkt, Intlag, in the author’s collection
Komi Memorial—Archive of the Memorial Society, Syktyvkar
LOC—Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.
Memorial—Archive of the Memorial Society, Moscow
ML—Marylebone Library, Amnesty International Documents Collection, London
NARK—National Archives of the Republic of Karelia, Petrozavodsk
RGASPI—Russian State Archive of Social and Political History, Moscow
RGVA—Russian State Military Archive, Moscow
St. Petersburg Memorial—Archives of the Memorial Society, St. Petersburg
SKM—Solovetsky Local Lore Museum Collections, Solovetsky Islands
TsKhIDK—Center for Preservation of Historic Document Collections, Moscow
VKM—Vorkuta Local Lore Museum Collections, Vorkuta
INTERVIEWS
Anonymous ex-director of camp orphanage (Moscow, July 24, 2001)
Anna Andreeva (Moscow, May 28, 1999)
Anton Antonov-Ovseenko (Moscow, November 14, 1998)
Irena Arginskaya (Moscow, May 24, 1998)
Olga Astafyeva (Moscow, November 14, 1998)
David Berdzenishvili (Moscow, March 2, 1999)
Viktor Bulgakov (Moscow, May 25, 1998)
Zhenya Fedorov (Elektrostal, May 29, 1999)
Isaak Filshtinsky (Peredelkino, May 30, 1998)
Leonid Finkelstein (London, June 28, 1997)
Lyudmila Khachatryan (Moscow, May 23, 1998)
Marlen Korallov (Moscow, November 13, 1998)
Natasha Koroleva (Moscow, July 25, 2001)
Paulina Myasnikova (Moscow, May 29, 1998)
Pavel Negretov (Vorkuta, July 15, 2001)
Susanna Pechora (Moscow, May 24, 1998)
Ada Purizhinskaya (Moscow, May 31, 1998)
Alla Shister (Moscow, November 14, 1998)
Leonid Sitko (Moscow, May 31, 1998)
Galina Smirnova (Moscow, May 30, 1998)
Leonid Trus (Novosibirsk, February 28, 1999)
Galina Usakova (Moscow, May 23, 1998)
Olga Vasileeva (Moscow, November 17, 1998)
Simeon Vilensky (Moscow, March 6, 1999)
Danuta Waydenfeld (London, January 22, 1998)
Stefan Waydenfeld (London, January 22, 1998)
Maria Wyganowska (London, January 22, 1998)
Valentina Yurganova (Iskitim, March 1, 1999)
Yuri Zorin (Arkhangelsk, September 13, 1998)
GLOSSARY
THE POLITICAL POLICE
Cheka Chrezvychainaya komissiya (Extraordinary Commission): secret police, during the civil war era
GPU Gosudarstvennoe politicheskoe upravlenie (State Political Administration): secret police during the early 1920s, successor to the Cheka
MGB/KGB Ministerstvo/Komitet gosudarstvennoe bezopasnosti (Ministry of/Committee on State Security): secret police in charge of internal and external surveillance in the postwar era
MVD Ministerstvo vnutrennikh del (Ministry of Internal Affairs): secret police in charge of jails and camps in the postwar era
NKVD Narodnyi komissariat vnutrennikh del (People’s Commissariat of Internal Affairs): secret police during the 1930s and the Second World War, successor to OGPU
OGPU Obedinennoe gosudarstvennoe politicheskoe upravlenie (Unified State Political Administration): secret police during the late 1920s and early 1930s, successor to GPU
Okhrana Czarist-era secret police
FOREIGN WORDS AND SOVIET INSTITUTIONS
balanda: prison soup
banya: a Russian steam bath
Barbarossa: Hitler’s invasion of the Soviet Union—Operation Barbarossa—on June 22, 1941
beskonvoinyi: a prisoner who has the right to travel within different camp divisions without an armed guard
besprizornye: Soviet street children. Most were orphans, products of the civil war and collectivization
blatnoi slovo: thieves’ jargon (see urka)
Bolsheviks: the radical faction of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party, which under Lenin’s leadership became the Russian Communist Party in 1918
bushlat: a long-sleeved prisoners’ or workers’ jacket lined with cotton wadding
Central Committee: the chief policy-making body of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. In between Party Congresses, it met two or three times a year. When it was not in session, decisions were made by the Politburo, which was technically a body elected by the Central Committee
chifir: extremely strong tea. When ingested, produces something resembling a narcotic high
collectivization: policy of forcing all peasants to abandon private farming, and to pool all of their land and other resources into a collective, pursued from 1929 to 1932. Collectivization created the conditions for the rural famine of 1932–34, and permanently weakened Soviet agriculture
Council of People’s Commissars (or Sovnarkom): theoretically the ruling government body, the equivalent of a ministerial cabinet. In practice, subordinate to the Politburo
Comintern: The Third (Communist International), an organization of the world’s communist parties, formed in 1919 under the leadership of the Soviet Communist Party. The Soviet Union shut it down in 1943
dezhurnaya or dnevalnyi: in normal parlance, a concierge. In a camp, the man or woman who stays behind in the barracks all day, cleaning and guarding against theft
dokhodyaga: someone on the verge of death; usually translated as “goner”
Dom Svidanii: literally “House of Meetings,” where prisoners were allowed to meet their relatives
étap: prisoner transport
feldsher: a medical assistant, sometimes trained and sometimes not
glasnost: literally “openness.” A policy of open debate and freedom of speech launched by Mikhail Gorbachev in the 1980s
Gulag: from Glavnoe Upravlenie Lagerei (Main Camp Administration), the secret police division which managed the Soviet concentration camps
Izvestiya: the Soviet government newspaper
Karelia: the Republic of Karelia, in the northwest corner of the Soviet Union, bordering Finland.
katorga: Czarist term for forced labor. During the Second World War, the Soviet regime also adopted the word to describe strict-regime camps for war criminals
kolkhoz: a collective farm. Peasants were forced to work on them after the
policy of collectivization was put into practice in 1929–31
kolkhoznik: inhabitant of a kolkhoz
Kolyma: the Kolyma River valley, in the far northeastern corner of Russia, on the Pacific coast. Home to one of the largest camp networks in the USSR
Komi: the Republic of Komi, the northeastern section of European Russia, west of the Ural Mountains. The Komi people are the indigenous inhabitants of the Komi Republic, and speak an Ugro-Finnic language
Komsomol: Communist Party youth organization, for young people ages fourteen to twenty-eight. Younger children belonged to the Pioneers
kontslager: Russian for concentration camp
Kronstadt rebellion: a major uprising against the Bolsheviks, led by the sailors of the Kronstadt naval base, in 1921
kulak: traditionally, a prosperous peasant. In the Soviet era kulak came to mean any peasant accused of opposing Soviet authority or the collectivization policy. Between 1930 and 1933, over two million kulaks were arrested and deported
kum: the camp administrator responsible for managing the informers’ network
KVCh: Kulturno-Vospitatelnaya Chast, the Cultural-Educational Department of each camp, responsible for the political education of the prisoners, as well as theatrical and musical productions
lagpunkt: the smallest camp division
laogai: Chinese concentration camp
Leningrad/St. Petersburg: the same city. Founded in 1703 by Peter the Great, St. Petersburg briefly became (the more Russified) Petrograd in 1914, when Russia went to war with Germany, and was then renamed Leningrad after Lenin’s death in 1924
makhorka: rough tobacco smoked by Soviet workers and prisoners
maloletki: juvenile prisoners
mamka: female prisoner, the mother of a child born in prison
Memorial: organization founded in the 1980s to count, describe, and assist the victims of Stalin. Now one of the most prominent human rights advocacy groups in Russia, as well as the premier historical research institute
Mensheviks: The non-Leninist wing of the Russian Social Democratic Workers’ Party. After the Bolshevik Revolution, the Mensheviks tried to become a legal opposition, but their leaders were sent into exile in 1922. Many were later executed or sent to the Gulag
monashki: religious women, of various faiths. Literally “nuns”
nadziratel: prison or camp guard
naryadshchik: the camp clerk responsible for assigning prisoners to work tasks