salt water harm, 63–64
Sandford, Dred Scott v./decision significance, 182–183
Sanford, John, 182
Sawyer, William, 147
Schidt, John, 192
schools
Benezet/philosophy and schools, Philadelphia, 136
Chavis/education for all, Raleigh, North Carolina, 137
Coker/boys’ and girls’ school, Baltimore, 137
colonial times and, 136
Eleutherian Institute, Indiana, 146
importance, 138
labor institutes in Michigan, 145–146
Manual Labor Institute, Columbus, Ohio, 146
Mercer County, Ohio and, 146
Oberlin College becoming segregated, 204
Revolutionary War era (overview), 135–137
segregation, 136
schools (African American)
Becraft’s school for girls, Washington, DC, 137
Benezet’s school, Philadelphia, 136
Boston (late eighteenth century), 136
Bray School, Williamsburg, Virginia, 136
New York City (1794), 137
settlement of Lexington, Ohio, 108
Washington, DC, schools, 48, 137
whites attacking (beginning 1830s), 137–138, 140, 141
schools (African American), Wright/farming community, Ohio
white threats and, 143–145
Wright as teacher/boarding with family, 142–143
schools (integrated)
Alexandria, Virginia, 48
Cass County, Michigan, 207
Cincinnati plan, 127
colleges and, 141
Indiana, 5
Noyes Academy, New Hampshire and, 140–141
Oberlin College, Ohio, 141–142
schools (integrated), Crandall’s school, Connecticut
attempt to integrate (girls), 138–140
Connecticut Supreme Court and, 140
law against/effects for Connecticut schools, 139
as white girls’ school, 138
whites attempting to burn down, 140
schools (integrated), Union Literary Institute, Indiana
as labor institute, 133, 134
North Star article and, 150
Oberlin College and, 141
students of/description, 151–152
schools (integrated), Union Literary Institute, Indiana/board
constitution (1846), 134–135
defenses, 147–152
equality article, 135
knowledge of other schools/prejudice and, 141, 142, 145, 146–147, 148–149
knowledge of Wright/African American school and, 142, 145
meetings to address issues (1847), 133–134, 152–153
members/views, 134
Schweninger, Loren, xviii
Scott, Dred/family, 182
Scott, Harriet, 182
Semple, Robert, 189
Shockley, George, 69, 70
Siddles, Aaron, 187–188
Sims, Leonard H., 86
Sinha, Manisha, 32
Slaters (Langston farm managers), 194
slave hunters
African Americans’ reaction to, 155–156
along Ohio River, 46–47
Freeman example, 156–157
Fugitive Slave Law (1850) and, 156
Lyles family and, 156
telegraph and, 165, 168–169, 171
See also kidnapping African Americans; Still, Vina/children
slavery, end of
African American conventions (1830s), 110–111
American federal government ending slave trade, 35–36, 79, 95
assumption in early 1810s, 79
backlash in US, 39
Bolivia and, 106
Civil War and, 203
corruption and, 79
description/challenges for post-Revolutionary period, 32
Great Britain, 105
Mexico and, 106
Spain and, 106
states ending early, 29–30
Uruguay and, 106
See also abolitionist movement, Revolutionary era; abolitionist movement, second-generation; specific individuals/locations
slavery system
ban on slaves learning to read, 102
enslaved needing pass to travel, 68
family separations and, 11, 37, 50, 56, 66, 159, 161, 166, 169, 170, 185
growth (starting 1820), 47–49
Isaac Griffin’s account of, 123
kidnapping free African Americans and, 95–97
Missouri becoming slave state/effects, 47
people escaping, Canada, 68, 70
people escaping, Northwest Territory, 56–57, 59
petitions/“gag bill” (US), 107
rumors of revolts/effects, 84–85
selling own children, 72–73
in South, 72–73
steamships and, 46–47
value of African American man, 95
See also specific individuals; specific locations
Slave’s Cause, The (Sinha), 32
solar eclipse (1811), 65
South
abolitionists native to, 134
divisions in, 91
free African Americans moving from, 91, 92–94
See also specific states
South Carolina
earthquakes and, 66
freedom entrepreneurs, 72–73
having no abolitionist organizations, 32
Keziah Greer and, 11
people from, 79, 159
slavery and, 48, 72–73, 79
Spencer, Joseph, 184–185, 197
steamships and slave trade, 46–47
Still, Levin, 167, 170
Still, Peter
background, 159
book publication, 197
meeting brother again, 159
Vina (wife) and children, 159–161, 166, 167, 169, 170, 171, 197
Still, Vina/children
capture/jail, 169, 185
Concklin and, 160–161, 164, 166–169
freedom/book publication, 197
McKiernan as enslaver/threats and, 169, 171
return to Alabama, 170, 171
Still, William
brother Peter’s wife/children and, 160–161, 167, 169, 170
on Concklin, 167
Philadelphia and, 159
Stormont, David, 159, 170
Stormont, Mary, 158, 170
Stormonts
being revealed, 169
Concklin/Still family and, 158, 159, 165, 167, 169, 185
Griers and, 158–159, 165, 167–168, 170, 171
Underground Railroad/helping refugees, 158, 159, 165, 167, 169, 185, 197
Symms, John Cleves, 49
Talmur (ship), 105
Taney, Roger Brooke, 182–183, 186
Tann, Austin, 17
Tann family, 15–16
tarring and feathering, 2, 145, 193
Tecumseh, 17
telegraph, and slave hunters, 165, 168–169, 171
Tennessee
abolitionist society and, 82
free African Americans and, 85–86
people from, 65
registration of free African Americans, 172
restrictions on African Americans, 80
reversing rights of African Americans, 85–86
slavery debate/results, 85–86
slavery/growth, 56, 82–83, 85
voting equality and, 78
voting equality end, 80, 87
See also specific individuals
Tucker, Ebenezer, 142
Turner, Nat, Reverend
background, 83
revolution/effects, 83–84, 86, 103
whites wanting revenge and, 84
Underground Railroad
Canada and, 159
descriptions, 159
Fugitive Slave Law (1850) and, 165
Griers, as conductors on,
57–58, 59, 158, 165, 166, 167–168, 169, 170, 171–172, 175
people involved, 148, 158–159, 169–170
as white target, 169–170
Van Buren, Martin, 117
Vermont, end of slavery, 30
Vincent, Stephen, 3
Virginia
ban on African Americans learning to read, 130
Bray School (African American), Williamsburg, 136
easing restrictions on liberation, 30
ending slavery consideration/results, 85
free African Americans moving from, 94–95
integrated school, Alexandria, 48
law on freeing enslaved people, 14–15
people from, 14, 17–18, 38, 83, 101, 134, 147
reversing rights of African Americans, 85
slavery examples, 101–103, 107–108
voting equality
abolition convention, Philadelphia (1794) and, 35
American federal government and, 38
backlash in US, 39–40
Fifteenth Amendment (1870), 203
gender/property ownership and, 31
locations overview (late 1700s), 31–32
Northwest Ordinance and, 31
Northwest Territory beginnings and, xvii, 31–32
Revolutionary era and, 82, 87
school board elections, Cass County, Michigan, 191
turning back from, 36–37, 39–40, 86
Wade, Stephen, 204
Walden, Drewry, 96
Walden, Martha, 96–97
Walden family, 96–97
Walker, Clarence, 207–208
Walker, Quok, 29
Wall, Caroline Mathilda, 194
War of 1812, 11–12, 50–51, 66, 79, 81
Washington, DC
African American schools, 48, 137
denial of voting equality in, 86
earthquakes and, 66
race war (1835), 112
Washington, George, 31
Wasson, Elder, 15, 17–18, 47, 56, 174, 175
Wattles, Augustus, 146
Weaver, Thomas, 95–96, 97
Wheatley, Phillis, poetry by, 25
Wilkerson, James
becoming preacher/missionary, 108
Bible stories, 102–103
birth/birth day, 101–102
as Cincinnati militia leader, 101, 108–109
Cincinnati race war (1841), 101, 123–124, 127, 128–129, 130
description/traits, 109
enslaved/enslavers as related, 102
enslavement/employment in New Orleans, 103–105
as freedom entrepreneur, 105, 107–108
learning to read, 102–103
as literate enslaved man, 103
Lucy Harris and, 102–103
mother and, 101–102, 107–108
printing press/newspaper work, 105
purchasing freedom, 107
in Richmond jail, 102–103
Wilkinson, James, 102
Williams, Julia, 141, 152
Wiltz, Adele, 104, 105
Wisconsin
African American population growth (1850–1860), 190
Dred Scott and, 182
free African Americans coming to, 192
as free state, 182
Fugitive Slave Law (1850) and, 191–192
mixed marriages and, 192
settlement data, xviii
settlements map/list, viii–ix (map), xv
See also Northwest Territory; specific individuals
wolves, 12, 13, 155–156
women’s rights movement, 135
Wooden, John, 207–208
Wright, Clarissa
boarding with African American family/threats, 145–147
father/brother and, 142, 145
school in Portage County, Ohio and, 142–145
Wright, Elizur
New York City race war (1834) and, 145
views, 142
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