Auerbach, Erich, Mimesis: The Representation of Reality in Western Literature , Princeton 1968
Chambers, D. S., ‘Papal Conclaves and Prophetic Mystery in the Sistine Chapel’, Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes, 41 (1978) pp. 322—6
Chastel, André, The Sack of Rome, Princeton 1983
Chastel, André, et al., The Sistine Chapel: Michelangelo Rediscovered, London 1986
Clark, Lord Kenneth, The Nude, London 1976
Condivi, Ascanio, The Life of Michelangelo, trans. Alice Sedgwick Wohl, ed. Hellmut Wohl, Pennsylvania 1999
Delacroix, Eugène, The Journal of Eugène Delacroix, ed. Hubert Wellington, Oxford 1980
Duffy, Eamon, Saints and Sinners: A History of the Popes, London 1997
Fenton, James, Leonardo’s Nephew: Essays on Art and Artists, London 1998
Freedberg, Sydney Joseph, Painting in Italy 1500—1600, London 1970
Graham-Dixon, Andrew, Renaissance, London 1999
Hall, James, Michelangelo and the Reinvention of the Human Body, London 2005
Hersey, George L., High Renaissance Art in St Peter’s and the Vatican: An Interpretive Guide, Chicago 1993
Hibbert, Christopher, The House of Medici, Its Rise and Fall, New York 1975
Hughes, Anthony, Michelangelo, London 1997
King, Ross, Michelangelo and the Pope’s Ceiling, London 2002
Liebert, Robert S., MD, Michelangelo, A Psychoanalytic Study of His Life and Images, Yale 1983
Martines, Lauro, Power and Imagination, London 1980
Michelangelo, Complete Poems and Selected Letters, trans. Creighton Gilbert, ed. Robert N. Linscott, Princeton 1980
Milton, John, Paradise Lost, ed. Alastair Fowler, London 1971
Murray, Linda, Michelangelo, His Life, Work and Times, London 1984
Partridge, Loren, The Renaissance in Rome, London 1996
Partridge, Loren, Michelangelo, The Sistine Chapel Ceiling, Rome, New York 1997
Reynolds, Sir Joshua, Discourses on Art, ed. Robert R. Wark, New Haven 1975
Seymour, Charles, ed., Michelangelo: The Sistine Chapel Ceiling, London 1972
Thompson, Damian, The End of Time: Faith and Fear in the Shadow of the Millennium, London 1996
Tolnay, Charles de, Michelangelo, vols 1 and 2, Princeton 1943, 1945
Vasari, Giorgio, Lives of the Painters, Sculptors and Architects, trans. Gaston du C. de Vere, with an introduction and notes by David Ekserdjian, London 1996, 2 vols
Wind, Edgar, ‘The Crucifixion of Haman’, in Journal of the Warburg Institute, I, no. 3 (January 1938), pp. 245—8
ILLUSTRATION ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
All colour illustrations of the Sistine Chapel ceiling are reproduced with permission of the Vatican Museums and Galleries, Vatican City.
PART ONE
Michelangelo Buonarroti and His World
p. ii Autograph sonnet with self-portrait (Scala, Florence)
p. 13 Self-portrait of Michelangelo, black chalk, pricked, the Teyler Museum, Haarlem
p. 24 The Battle of the Centaurs, marble, Casa Buonarroti, Florence (Bridgeman Art Library)
p. 32 The Drunkenness of Bacchus, 1496—7, marble, Museo Nazionale del Bargello, Florence (Bridgeman Art Library)
p. 36 Pietà, marble, St Peter’s, Vatican (Alinari)
p. 40 David, 1501—4, marble, Galleria dell’Accademia, Florence (Bridgeman Art Library)
p. 43 Seated male nude, c. 1511, red chalk heightened with lead white, the Teyler Museum, Haarlem
p. 44 Studies for Haman, 1511—12, red chalk, British Museum, London
p. 46 The Battle of Cascina, after Michelangelo, 1542, oil on panel, Collection of the Earl of Leicester, Holkham Hall, Norfolk (Bridgeman Art Library)
p. 49 Portrait of Pope Julius II, Raphael, c. 1512, oil on panel, Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence (Bridgeman Art Library)
p. 60 Sistine Chapel exterior (Scala, Florence)
PART TWO
The Sistine Chapel Ceiling
p. 86 Study for Adam, c. 1511, red chalk, British Museum, London (Bridgeman Art Library)
p. 149 The School of Athens, from the Stanza della Segnatura, Raphael, 1510—11, fresco, Vatican Museums and Galleries, Vatican City (Bridgeman Art Library)
p. 150 Detail of The School of Athens showing Heraclitus, Raphael, 1510—11, fresco, Vatican Museums and Galleries, Vatican City (Bridgeman Art Library)
PART THREE
The Last Judgement, and Other Endings
p. 164 The Last Judgement, fresco, Vatican Museums and Galleries, Vatican City (AKG images)
p. 166 Christ, detail from The Last Judgement, fresco, Vatican Museums and Galleries, Vatican City (AKG images)
p. 168 Detail from The Last Judgment, fresco, Vatican Museums and Galleries, Vatican (AKG images)
p. 171 Crucifixion, c. 1538—41, black chalk on paper, British Museum, London (Bridgeman Art Library)
p. 172 Head of Nicodemus, detail from The Florence Pietà, 1553, marble, Opera del Duomo, Florence (Bridgeman Art Library)
p. 176 Study of a crucified Christ and two figures, c. 1555—64, black chalk heightened with lead white, Ashmolean Museum, Oxford (Bridgeman Art Library)
INDEX
Abraham
Abraham and Isaac (bronze medallion)
Adam; in The Creation of Adam; in The Creation of Eve; in The Temptation and Expulsion
Alberti, Leon Battista
Aldovrandi, Giovanni Francesco
Alexander VI, Pope
Alidosi, Cardinal
Ambrose, Saint
Aminadab
Ancestors of Christ, the; attributions; male lineage; female lineage; vacuity; in spandrels; meanings
angels
‘animae rationali’
Anthony, St
apocalyptic anxiety
Apollo
Aram
architectural drawings
Ariosto, Ludovico
Aristotle
Ark, the, symbolism of
artists: role; status; patronage
‘Asa Josaphat Joram’
Ascension of Elijah, The (bronze medallion)
Assumption of the Virgin, The (Perugino)
Auerbach, Eric
Auerbach, Frank
Augustine, St
Baptistery, Florence
Barbieri, Filippo
Barque of Dante, The (Delacroix)
Bartholomew, St
Battle of Anghiari, The (Leonardo da Vinci)
Battle of Cascina, The (Michelangelo)
Battle of the Centaurs (Michelangelo)
Bertoldo, di Giovanni
Biagio da Cesena
Bible, the
Bologna
Borgia family
Borgia, Cesare
Botticelli
Bramante
Brancacci Chapel, Carmine
Brazen Serpent, The
brokenness
bronze figures
Brunelleschi
Buonarroti family
Buonarroti, Leonardo
Buonarroti, Lionardo
Buonarroti, Lodovico
Buonarroti, Michelangelo, see Michelangelo Buonarroti
Byzantine tradition
Cain and Abel
Cardiere
caricatures
Carmine
Carnevale, Domenico
Carrara
Casa Buonarroti, Florence
Castel Sant’Angelo
casualties, the sack of Rome
Cavatieri, Tommaso de’
chaos, portrayal of
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
Charles VIII, King of France
Charon
Chirico, Giorgio de
Christianity, spread of
Christopher, St
Chronicles, Book of
City of God, The (Augustine)
classical sculptures
classical sources
Clement VII, Pope
Colonna, Francesco
Colonna, Vittoria
conclave
Condivi, Ascanio: as M’s biographer; on M’s apprenticeship; and wet nurse story; on M’s attraction to the arts; on M in Lorenzo de’ Medici’s household; on M’s flight from Florence; on M’s meeting with Cardinal Riario; on commission to create tomb for Julius II on M’s refusal to return to Rome; on the Sistine Chapel ceiling; on M’s asceticism; on Savonarola’s influence; on lost picture of St Anthony; on The Last Judgement; on M’s reading of the Old Testament; on Pietà
contrapposto
Conversion of St Paul (Michelangelo)
Cortile del Belvedere, Rome
Creation, the, St Augustine’s ideas
Creation of Adam, The: figures in God’s mantle; influences; misreading of; originality; portrayal of Adam; portrayal of Eve; portrayal of God;
representation of Christ;
symbolism
Creation of Eve, The
Creation of Life in the Waters, The
Creation of the Sun, Moon and Plants, The
Cross, the, prefiguring of
Crucifixion, The (Michelangelo)
Crucifixion of St Peter, The (Michelangelo)
Crucifixion with two mourners, The (Michelangelo)
Cupid (Michelangelo)
Cumaean Sibyl, The
Daniel
Dante
David (Michelangelo)
David and Goliath
De Doctrina Christiana (Milton)
De spiritu et littera (Augustine)
Death of Haman, The, Delacroix, Eugène
Della Francesca, Piero
Della Roverre, Francesco
Delphic Sibyl, The
Deluge, The; the Ark; attention to detail; composition; figures in; originality; Savonarola’s influence on; symbolism; theme
Discourses on Art (Reynolds)
Disputa, the (Raphael)
Divine Comedy, The (Dante)
Donatello
Doni, Angelo
Doni Tondo (Michelangelo)
Drunkenness of Bacchus, The (Michelangelo)
Drunkenness of Noah, The
Eleazar
Erasmus, Desiderio
Erythraean Sybil, The
Esron
Esther
Eucharist, the
Eve
exploration
Ezekiel
faith, doctrine of justification through
Fall of Man
Fall of the Rebel Angels, commission for
Final Conflict, the
Flemish tradition, the
Flight to Egypt
Florence
Casa Buonarroti
Palazzo della Signoria
Santa Maria Novella
Florence Pietà, The (Michelangelo)
foreshortening
Francesco of Urbino, Maestro
Francis I, King of France
Freud, Sigmund
Galli, Jacopo
Genesis, references to
genii
Germany
Ghiberti, Lorenzo
Ghirlandaio, Domenico
Giles of Viterbo
Giovanni, of Pistoia
God: early portrayals; in Separation of Light and Darkness; in Creation of Adam; in Creation of Eve; in The Creation of Life in the Waters; in The Creation of the Sun, Moon and Plants; man’s relationship with; mercy; Old Testament
golden age
good and evil
Giovio, Paolo
Great Schism, the
green, symbolism of
grotesques
Hadrian VI, Pope
Haman
Hamlet (Shakespeare)
Head of a Faun
Heraclitus
Holanda, Francisco de
Holkham Hall
Homeric legend
human form, use of
humanism
Hypnerotomachia Poliphilia (Colonna)
I Vaticini delle Sibille (Barbieri)
ignudi, the
imaginative projection
indulgences, traffic in
Inferno (Dante)
Isaac
Isaiah
Isaiah, the Book of
Jacob
Jacopo della Quercia
Jeremiah
Jesus Christ: attribution in the Ancestors of Christ; depictions of; depiction in The Last Judgment; Jonah as representation of; prefiguring of; redemptive sacrifice; sun as symbol for
Jewish tradition, Christian reinterpretation of
Jews, celebration of the death of Haman
Joachim of Fiore
Joel
Joel, the prophet
Joel, the Book of
John, the Book of
John the Baptist
Jonah
Jonah, the Book of
Joseph, father of Jesus
Joseph of Nicodemus
‘Josias Jechonias Salathiel’
Judas, son of Jacob
Judith and Holofernes (Donatello)
Judith and Holofernes (Michelangelo)
Julius Exclusus (Erasmus)
Julius II, Pope: Giles of Viterbo’s portrayal of; election; character; Raphael portrait of; determination to regain papal lands from Borgias; plan to renovate Rome; achievements; commissions M to create tomb; cancels commission for tomb; refuses to pay M; orders M back to Rome; conquest of Bologna; commissions monumental statue of self; commissions M to paint Sistine Chapel ceiling; scheme for the Sistine Chapel ceiling; collector of classical sculpture; family emblems; M’s poetry about; succession
Kermode, Frank
Lactantius
landsknechts
Laocoön
Last Judgment, The; depiction of Christ; figures; power of; style
Leo X, Pope
Leonardo da Vinci
Libyan Sibyl, The
Life of Michelangelo (Condivi)
Lives of the Popes, The (Platina)
Louvre, Paris
lunettes
Luther, Martin
Lives of the Painters, Sculptors and Architects (Vasari)
Madonna of the Stairs, The (Michelangelo)
Mannerism (maniera)
Mary, the Virgin: moon as symbol for; prefiguring of; attributions in the Ancestors of Christ; depiction in The Last Judgment; depictions of
Mary Magdalene (Donatello)
Masaccio
Mass
Matthan
Matthew, Book of
Medici, Lorenzo de’ (il Magnifico)
Medici, Piero de’
Medici family, overthrow of
medieval tradition
Messianism
Michelangelo Buonarroti: wet nurse; family; apprenticeship and education; apprenticeship and education; in Lorenzo de’ Medici’s household; flight from Florence; Savonarola’s influence on; leaves Florence; talent recognised; commissioned to create tomb for Julius II 52—3; refusal to return to Rome; commissioned to create monumental statue of Julius II commissioned to paint the Sistine Chapel ceiling; scheme for the Sistine Chapel ceiling; painting of ceiling; use of classical sources; autonomy; vision underlying ceiling; and Raphael; and the sack of Rome; Chief Architect, Sculptor and Painter to the Vatican palace; commissioned to paint The Last Judgment; breaks leg; drops planks on Pope; evolution in style; and Reformation; later style; on Pietà
Character and characteristics: achievements; aloofness; asceticism; appearance; conception of self as artist; drive and motivation; lack of empathy; originality; paranoia; pictorial language; painting technique; reputation and biographies; sculpture technique; sexuality; spatial awareness; speed of work; theology; use of assistants
Works (see also Sistine Chapel ceiling and individual parts of ceiling):
drawings; sketches and studies for the ceiling; self-portraits; poetry; The Battle of Cascina; The Battle of the Centaurs; Crucifixion; The Crucifixion of St Peter; The Crucifixion with two mourners; Cupid; David; design for Julius II’s tomb; Doni Tondo;
The Drunkenness of Bacchus; The Florence Pietà; The Last Judgement; The Madonna of the Stairs; Moses; The Pietà (Rome); The Rondanini Pietà
Milan
Milton, John
Minos
Mond Crucifixion (Raphael)
moon, symbolism
Mordechai
mortality rates
Moses
Moses (Michelangelo)
Naasson
Neo-Platonic philosophy
Nicholas V, Pope
Nicodemus
Noah
nudes
Numbers, Book of
‘Odysseus’s Scar’ (Auerbach)
Old Testament
Oration on the Dignity of Man (Pico della Mirandola)
Original Sin
Orsanmichele
Pagnini, Sante
Palazzo della Signoria, Florence
Papal Chapel
Paradise Lost (Milton)
Pater, Walter
Paul III, Pope
Persian Sibyl, The
perspective
Perugino
Peter, St
Petrarch
Phares
Picasso, Pablo
Pico della Mirandola
Piermatteo d’Amelia
Piero di Cosimo
Pietà (Michelangelo)
Platina
Plato
poetry
Poliziano, Angelo
Porta Magna of San Petronio
profil perdu
prophets and sibyls
Jonah; meanings; the prophets; revelations; the sibyls
Proverbs
Psalms, Book of
Purgatorio (Dante)
putti
Raphael; The School of Athens
Ravenna
Reformation, the
renunciation, spirit of
Revelation, Book of
Reynolds, Sir Joshua
Riario, Cardinal
Ripa Grande
Rodin, Auguste
Romagna, the
Roman art
Rome: Cortile del Belvedere; Piazza San Pietro; renovation of; sack of; St Peter’s; Via Giulia; Via Lungara
Rondanini Pietà, The (Michelangelo)
Ruskin, John
Sacco, Giuliano
Sacrifice of Noah, The
Saint Denis, Abbey of
St George (Donatello)
St John the Baptist (Donatello)
St Peter’s
‘Salmon Booz Obed’
Samuel, Book of