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Figure Credits
Figure 1. Used with permission from Shutterstock.
Figure 1.1. Line drawing by author. “Biston betularia 7200” and “Betularia f. carbonaria 7209” images by Olaf Leillinger (CC BY-SA 2.5).
Figure 1.2. Line drawing by author. “Biston betularia 7200” and “Betularia f. carbonaria 7209” images by Olaf Leillinger (CC BY-SA 2.5).
Figure 1.3. “Dichotomosphinctes fossil ammonite” by James St. John (CC BY 2.0); line drawings from “Figure 6” of Saunders et al. (2004), Paleobiology 30, 19–43.
Figure 1.4. Created by author.
Figure 1.5. Line drawing by author. “Biston betularia 7200” and “Betularia f. carbonaria 7209” images by Olaf Leillinger (CC BY-SA 2.5).
Figure 3.1. Created by author.
Figure 3.2. Created by author.
Figure 4.1. Created by author.
Figure 5.1. “C60a” by Michael Ströck (CC BY-SA 3.0).
Figure 5.2. Created by author.
Figure 6.1. Created by author.
Also by Andreas Wagner
Arrival of the Fittest
Paradoxical Life
Index
absolute zero, 110
Acemoglu, Daron, 215
adaptive landscapes
altitude/elevation and, 31, 37
complexity/possibilities and, 31–32, 37, 38–39, 52
descriptions, 5, 5 (fig.), 17, 27, 32
energy landscapes vs., 108, 109–110
environmental changes and, 19
horizontal/vertical dimensions meaning, 17
importance (summary), 219–222
location and, 31, 37
microarray technology and, 50–51
natural selection and, 18–19, 18 (fig.), 19 (fig.)
numbers of dimensions and, 81–83, 82 (fig.)
peak numbers/estimates and, 38–39
peppered moth and, 17–19, 18 (fig.), 19 (fig.)
recombination and, 7, 90–99, 140
single-peaked vs. multi-peaked/solutions and, 52
two-peaked landscapes and, 20–21, 23–24, 23 (fig.)
warning coloration and, 25–26
Wright’s “landscape concept” and, 5–6, 17, 20–21, 24, 28, 31, 32, 36, 37, 38, 40, 51–52
See also creativity
adaptive landscapes/high-dimensional
connections/effects and, 83–88, 98–99
human innovators/innovations and, 93–95
laboratory experiments, 83–88
metabolic machineries and, 86
regulator proteins and, 85–86
adenine base, 34
“albino” seedlings, 58
algorithms
definition, 116
evolution analogy, 126, 127
of evolution/harnessing and, 126–130
greedy algorithm, 123, 124
significance, 130
types overview, 128–129
vehicle routing problems and, 116, 119–121
See also genetic algorithms; specific uses
Alighieri, Dante, 68
allele
descriptions, 14, 28
extinct allele (genetic drift), 63
fixed allele (genetic drift), 63
peppered moth and, 14–15, 28
alternate splicing, 45–46
Alvarez, Luis, 171
Amabile, Teresa, 193, 206
American Burmese cats, 57
ammonites
categories of, 22
description/growth description, 20–21, 21 (fig.), 22
drag coefficient and, 22
jet propulsion/movement through water, 21–22
lack of data and, 23–24
streamlined animals/internal skeleton vs., 22–23
swimming efficiency and, 22–24, 23 (fig.)
two-peaked landscape and, 20–21, 23–24, 23 (fig.), 37
anagrams, 182
analogy and creativity, 174–175, 190
ancient asexuals, 96–97
Andean Hybrid Baroque, 168
Anderson, Phil, 205
antennae/NASA’s space missions, 132
antibiotic resistance, 41–43, 83, 87–88, 93, 95
aposematic colors. See warning coloration/aposematic colors
Aquinas, Thomas, 222
Archimedes, 162
architecture, 168
Aristotle, 175
Armani, Giorgio, 210–211
Arrival of the Fittest (Wagner), 86
art
by computers, 134, 135–138
cross-fertilization and, 172–173, 174
musical compositions, 135–138
See also specific examples/individuals
Art of Creation, The (Koestler), 171, 174
Arthur, Brian, 175
artificial intelligence
creativity vs., 2–3
See also specific examples; Turing, Alan
asteroids and dinosaurs, 171
AT&T/Bell Labs, 205, 207
Atwood, Margaret, 155
automated reporting, 138–139
autonomy and creativity
businesses and, 207–208
government types/values and, 215–217
overview, 215–218
Ave Maria (Gauguin), 168
Avery, Oswald, 33
Azoarcus ribozyme, 46, 47
Bach, 45, 136, 137, 149
Backus, John, 147
bacteria
antibiotic resistance and, 41–43, 83, 87–88, 93, 95
flagellae, 35
growing/division rates and, 43
horizontal gene transfer/benefits, 92–93
human “sex” comparisons, 92–93
inbreeding and, 65
RNA/splici
ng and, 45
toxic chemicals and, 93, 99
See also beta-lactamase; specific bacteria
Bain, Alexander, 142
Bateson, Patrick, 159–160
Bauersfeld, Walther, 101
bears, Alaskan brown, 158
Beethoven, 45, 139, 145, 149
Bekoff, Marc, 159
Bell Labs/AT&T, 205, 207
Benson, Woodruff, 25
Berson, Solomon A., 170
Bessemer, Henry, 171
beta-lactamase
antibiotic/resistance and, 41–43, 83, 87–88
description, 47, 48
formation and, 41–43
rapid evolution and, 87–88
bird shapes experiment, 153
birth defects and regulators, 49
Biston betularia. See moth, peppered
blind variation and selective retention (BVSR)
evolution and, 142–143, 144–146
meaning, 142–143, 144–146
See also creativity
blood acidity experiment, 12
blood groups discovery, 170
breeders/breeding experiments
cattle example, 55–56
diversity and, 16–17
evolution/evidence and, 12, 15
extreme features and, 55
mortality/fertility and, 5–6, 16
mutations/genetic problems and, 55–56
reducing number of diseased animals, 56
Wright and, 15–16
See also inbreeding
Broglie, Louis de, 174, 219
Brothers Karamazov, The (Dostoyevsky), 145
buckminsterfullerenes, 103
See also bucky-balls
bucky-balls
description, 102–103, 102 (fig.)
energy and, 104–105, 105 (fig.)
heat/vibrations and, 110, 114, 124, 140
self-assembling molecules/forming, 102–105, 104 (fig.), 110, 113–114
Bush, Vannevar, 200–201
Bushnell, Nolan, 213
businesses and creativity
AT&T/Bell Labs example, 205, 207
autonomy and, 207–208
breaks/vacation, 206
diversity, 205, 206–207
freedom/time, 205–206, 207–208
homogenous teams and, 206–207
intrinsic motivation and, 207
money and, 205
pressure and, 206
recombination of knowledge and, 206
university research and, 204–205
butterflies, passion vine