389. Ibid.
390. Paschall, A Study in Command and Control: Special Operations in Korea, 1951–1953, p.2–3.
391. Birtle, U.S. Army Counterinsurgency and Contingency Operations Doctrine: 1942–1976, p.109; Evanhoe, Darkmoon: Eighth Army Special Operations in Korea, p.20.
392. Ibid.
393. Ibid, p.110.
394. Volckmann, “Career Chronology of Russell W. Volckmann,” attachment to 21 March 1969 letter to History Office, John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center, Special Operations Archives; Interviews with Russell Volckmann Jr., William Volckmann, and Helen Volckmann, August 5–10 2008; Various personal papers covering 1949–1951, The Volckmann Family Collection.
395.Volckmann, letter to the History Office, John F. Kennedy Center for Special Warfare, 21 March 1969, Special Operations Archives. Letter contains Volckmann’s description of how he became involved with McClure and the OCPW.
396. Paschall, A Study in Command and Control: Special Operations in Korea, 1951–1953.
397. Ibid.
398. Ibid.
399. Ibid.
400. Interview with Russell Volckmann, Jr. 21 February 2007.
Chapter 12
401. Paddock, US Army Special Warfare: Its Origins, p.72.
402. Ibid, p.111–129.
403. Ibid, p.88.
404. Paschall, Study in Command and Control: Special Operations in Korea, 1951–1953, p.14.
405. Ibid.
406. “Major General Robert Alexis McClure,” Time, 14 January 1957; Daugherty and Janowitz, A Psychological Warfare Casebook, p.131; “Operational Groups,” Exhibition at the Army Airborne Museum, Fayetteville, North Carolina.
407. Volckmann letter, 21 March 1969, Special Operations Archives.
408. Bank, letter to the History Office, John F. Kennedy Center for Special Warfare, 23 February 1969, Special Operations Archives. Letter contains Bank’s recollections of his duties with OCPW. In this letter, Bank gives Volckmann credit for formulating the operating concepts of Special Forces.
409. Volckmann, “Memorandum to the Commanding General, Infantry Center: Analysis and Suggestions re Gen J. Lawton Collins’ Conference, 5 April 1951”, 9 April 1951, RG 319, Box 12, NARA; Paddock, US Army Special Warfare: Its Origins, p.122.
410. Ibid.
411. Ibid.
412. Ibid.
413. Volckmann, “Findings and Recommendations re Special Operations Training,” Office of the Chief of Psychological Warfare, RG 319, Box 15, NARA.
414. Brown, Historical Dictionary of the U.S. Army, p.1, 220; Bank, letter to the History Office, John F. Kennedy Center for Special Warfare, 23 February 1969, Special Operations Archives; Schemmer, U.S. Special Operations Forces, p.84.
415. Bank, letter to the History Office, John F. Kennedy Center for Special Warfare, 23 February 1969, Special Operations Archives.
416.Ney, Notes on Guerrilla Warfare: Principles and Practices, p.158.
417. “Volckmann’s USAFIP-NL’, p.5-6, The Donald D. Blackburn Collection. Unpublished text (~15 pages) outlining historical achievements of USAFIP-NL. Volckmann letter to USAFIP-NL District Commanders, “Operating Principles and Procedures, USAFIP-NL,’ 16 March 1944, The Donald D. Blackburn Collection.
418. Volckmann letter to USAFIP-NL District Commanders, “Operating Principles and Procedures, USAFIP-NL,’ 16 March 1944, The Donald D. Blackburn Collection. Specifically, Volckmann put his prisoners to work in clerical positions typing memos or performing menial labor jobs.
419. Volckmann, “Outline of Events, Policies, and Orders Relative to the Apprehension and Elimination of Filipino Jap Spies and Informers’, 1946 (unspecified date), The Donald D. Blackburn Collection; Volckmann letter to American Forces Pacific Area Command (AFPAC) “Date of Recognition: United States Armed Forces in the Philippines — North Luzon’, 26 November 1945, RG 407, Box 468, NARA. Praeger was by no means the only guerrilla to be captured as a result of Filipino collaboration with the Japanese. Volckmann provides the names of twelve (12) other guerrillas who met similar fates.
420. Dizon, “Complete Data Covering the Guerrilla Activities of the Late Colonel Claude A. Thorp’, Army G1, RG 407, Box 258, NARA.
421. Blackburn Oral History, 104-09, MHI; Blackburn, “War within a War: The Philippines 1942-1945’, Conflict, Volume 7-2, p.137-38.
422. Erieta, “North Luzon Guerrilla Warfare and Governor Roque Ablan’s Exiled Commonwealth Government,’ RG 407, Box 297, NARA.
423. Ross-Smith, Triumph in the Philippines, p.3-8.
424. ibid.
425. ibid.
426. Volckmann’s War Diary, 17 February 1944; Blackburn Oral History, 195, MHI; Volckmann, “After-Battle Report, USAFIP-NL G3’, p.9-11, The Russell W. Volckmann Papers, Box 4, MHI.
427. Volckmann radiogram to MacArthur, September - December 1944, “Correspondence with General MacArthur’s Headquarters,’ The Russell W. Volckmann Papers, Box 3, MHI.
428. Krueger, “Memorandum: Procurement, Recognition, Supply, and Disposition of Guerrilla Units’, 3 May 1945, USAFIP-NL General Orders, RG 409, Box 468, NARA.
429. Volckmann, FM 31-21 Organization and Conduct of Guerrilla Warfare, 11-12.
430. Small Wars Manual, p.17-32.
431. ibid, p.1-9.
432. Blackburn Oral History, p.235-54, MHI; Framed decree from the Philippine President, 1947, The Donald D. Blackburn Collection.
433. Blackburn Oral History, p.235-54, MHI.
434. USAFIP General Order #21, 3 December 1944. RG 409, Box 468, NARA. Volckmann later had O’Day extradited back to the United States but it is likely that O’Day never stood trial or went before any tribunals.
435. Lapham, Lapham’s Raiders, p.1-11, 148; Volckmann’s War Diary, 1-3 September 1942, 8 August 1943.
436. Lapham, Lapham’s Raiders, p.29-30.
437. Lapham, Lapham’s Raiders, p.119.
438. Interviews with Russell Volckmann, Jr., William Volckmann, and Helen Volckmann. All three confirm that Volckmann was a man of unfathomable reserve. Rarely did he ever speak of anything that occurred in the Philippines, Korea, or with OCPW.
439. Arnold, A Rock and a Fortress, p.209-210.
440. Hunt, Ray, and Bernard Norling, Behind Japanese Lines, p.218.
441. Volckmann, “Career Chronology of Russell W. Volckmann,’ attachment to 21 March 1969 letter to History Office, John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center, Special Operations Archives; Interview with Russell Volckmann Jr.; Volckmann, “Tehran Breifing: The Potentialities of Guerrilla Warfare,’ April 1956, The Donald D. Blackburn Collection.
442. Volckmann, “Career Chronology of Russell W. Volckmann,’ attachment to 21 March 1969 letter to History Office, John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center, Special Operations Archives; Interviews with Russell Volckmann Jr. and William Volckmann; United States Military Academy, USMA Fifty-Year Book, 1934-1984, p.182-83.
Bibliography
Primary Sources:
Arnold, Robert H. A Rock and a Fortress. Sarasota: Blue Horizon Press, 1979.
Blackburn, Donald D; Brigadier General, USA (Ret). Interview by Lieutenant Colonel Robert B. Smith, USAF. Senior Officer’s Oral History Program (Project 83-9). U.S. Army Military History Institute, 1983.
The Donald D. Blackburn Collection. Collection of personal papers, photographs, letters and official documents in possession of Blackburn and family.
Field Manual 31-20: Operations Against Guerrilla Forces. Fort Benning (Georgia): The Infantry School, 1950.
Field Manual 31-21: Organization and Conduct of Guerrilla Forces. Washington DC: Government Printing Office, 1951.
Field Manual 31-15: Operations Against Irregular Forces. Washington DC: Government Printing Office, 1961.
Field Manual 31-16: Counter-guerrilla Operations. Washington DC: Government Printing Office, 1967.
Hunt, Ray C. and Bernard Norling. Behind Japanese Lines. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1986.
Lapham, Robert. Lapham’s Raiders. Lexington: University Pr
ess of Kentucky, 1995.
Office of the President of the Philippines. Victory at Bessang Pass. Macapagal Administration, 1962. Publication commemorating the 17th anniversary of the final victory of the USAFIP, North Luzon.
Peterson, A.H., ed, The Role of Airpower in Counterinsurgency and Unconventional Warfare: Allied Resistance to the Japanese on Luzon, World War II. Memorandum 3655, U.S Air Force Project Rand. Santa Monica: Rand Corporation, July 1963. Panel on which Volckmann discussed the vitality of air support to guerrilla operations and made recommendations for future implementation. Ramsey, Edwin P. Interview conducted by author. 3 August 2008. Special Operations Archives, John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center.
File: Volckmann, Russell W.
Letters dated 21 March 1969, 1 August 1975.
File: Bank, Aaron
Letters dated 17 February 1968, 3 April 1968, 27 February 1973.
Records of the Adjutant General’s Office, Philippine Archives Collection, National Archives II, Record Group 407.
Box 250. Battle Records.
Box 251. Intelligence Reports.
Box 255. “Guerrilla Resistance Movement in the Philippine Islands.” Monograph composed by Major General Charles Willoughby;
Radio log of Volckmann’s communication with SWPA.
Box 258. “Volckmann’s History,” Claude Thorpe File, CagayanApayao Forces.
Box 297. Ablan’s Guerrillas.
Box 465. General Orders, GHQ, USAFIP, North Luzon. Orders issued
periodically from GHQ spanning September 1943–May 1945. Box 468. More General Orders and Correspondence, USAFIP-NL.
Box 539. Maps of USAFIP, North Luzon Area of Operations, Tables of Organization and Equipment.
Box 543. After-action reports of pilots who conducted strafing runs on targets designated by Volckmann’s forward air controllers. Records of the Army Staff, National Archives II, Record Group 319. Box 12, 15. OCPW, correspondence and position papers outlining
operational concepts and principles for Special Operations Forces. The Volckmann Family Collection. Volckmann, Russell W. Assorted personal papers—Contains notes, letters, photographs and official documents with Army seal. Spans from 1917 until death.
Volckmann, Russell W. “Guerrilla Days in North Luzon: A Brief Historical Narrative of a Brilliant Segment of the Resistance Movement during Enemy Occupation of the Philippines 1941–1945.” Camp Spencer, La Union (Philippines): United States Army Forces in the Philippines, 1946. First Division Museum.
Volckmann, Russell W. “The War Diary of Russell W. Volckmann, 1941–1944.” Combat diary composed by Volckmann from 8 December 1941 to 16 June 1944. Entries from 16 June until V-J Day remain unaccounted for. Copy provided by the Volckmann Family.
Volckmann, Russell W. We Remained. New York: Norton, 1954. Volckmann, Jr., Russell W. Interviews conducted by author. February–June 2007.
Volckmann, William. Interviews conducted by author. February–June 2007.
Volckmann, Helen. Interviews conducted by author. August 2008.
U.S. Army Military History Institute, Army Historical Education Center.
“The Russell W. Volckmann Papers.”
Box 1. G3 Operations.
Box 2. Duplicates.
Box 3. Correspondence with General MacArthur’s Headquarters.
Box 4. G3 Operations (cont’d); USAFIP-NL After-Battle Report.
Box 5. Miscellaneous Papers and Maps.
Box 6. G2 Periodic Reports; Intelligence Summaries.
Box 7. G2 Weekly Reports.
United States. FMFRP 12-15: Small Wars Manual. Washington, DC: United States Marine Corps, 1935.
United States Military Academy. The Howitzer, 1934: The Annual of the Corps of Cadets. Volume 37, 1934.
United States Military Academy. The Register of Graduates and Former Cadets. Volume 200, 2003.
United States Military Academy. USMA Fifty Year Book, 1934–1984. 1984. This is a reunion publication for the Class of 1934. Helen Volckmann and Don Blackburn contributed to the memorial page for Russell Volckmann.
Secondary Sources:
Birtle, Andrew J. U.S. Army Counterinsurgency and Contingency Operations Doctrine 1942–1976. Washington, DC: Office of the Chief of Military History, Dept. of the Army, 2006.
Daugherty, William E. and Morris Janowitz. A Psychological Warfare Casebook. Baltimore: The John Hopkins Press, 1958.
Evanhoe, Ed. Darkmoon: Eighth Army Special Operations in the Korean War. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1995.
Harkins, Phillip. Blackburn’s Headhunters. New York: WW Norton, 1955.
Matloff, Maurice, and Edwin Marion Snell. Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare, 1941–1942. Washington, DC: Office of the Chief of Military History, Dept. of the Army, 1953.
McClintock, Michael. Instruments of Statecraft: U.S. Guerrilla Warfare, Counterinsurgency, and Counter-Terrorism, 1940-1990. New York: Pantheon Books, 1992.
Morton, Louis. The Fall of the Philippines. Washington, DC: Office of the Chief of Military History, Department of the Army, 1953.
Ney, Virgil. Notes on Guerrilla Warfare: Principles and Practices. Washington, DC: Command Publications, 1961.
Paddock, Alfred H. US Army Special Warfare: Its Origins. Washington, D.C.: National Defense University Press, 1982.
Paschall, Colonel Rod. A Study in Command and Control: Special Operations in Korea, 1951–1953. Carlisle Barracks: Army Military History Institute, 1988.
Smith, Robert Ross. Triumph in the Philippines. Washington, DC: Office of the Chief of Military History, Department of the Army, 1963.
Index
Ablan, Roque
Abra Province
Abucay Hacienda
Adduru, Marcelo
Agno River Valley
Agno River
Anderson, Lt. (-)
Antipolo tribe
Aparri, North Luzon
Apayao Province
Aquino, Esuebio
Araki, Gen. (-)
Army Field Manual
Counterinsurgency
Army Field Manual
Operations Against Guerrilla Forces
Army Field Manual
Organization and Conduct of Guerrilla Warfare
Army Special Forces
Arnold, Col. Rob
Bacsil, North Luzon
Bagabas, barrio of
Baguio, North Luzon
Baison, Daisy
Baldwin, Capt. Rufino
Banban, Luzon
Bank, Col Aaron
Barnett, Capt. George M.
Barrio Caut, Luzon
Bataan Death March
Bataan Peninsula, Siege of
Benguet
Benning, Luzon
Bernia, Vicente
Bessang Pass, battle of
Bessang Pass, North Luzon
Biason, Dr. (-)
Blackburn, Capt. Donald D.
Antipolo; Aquino; arrives at Demson’s Camp; arrives in North Luzon; Bernia’s home; captures a spy; commands the 11th Infantry; depart for Oding; departs Lapham’s camp; departs Thorp’s camp; escape from Bataan; execution of spies; Fassoth Camp, guerilla warfare; Guimba, headquarters at Lusod; Ifugao; impressed by Demson’s camp; Japanese capture Lusod camp; Japanese devastation; malaria; meeting with Moses and Noble; more supplies arrive; Moses’ and Noble’s plan; moving north; plans to escape Bataan; recon mission to find more American’s; Red Floyd; repairs the phone line to Bobok; strength returns; Sumulpuss, Luzon; Thorp; Volckmann’s legacy
Blair, Col. Melvin
Bobok, North Luzon
Bokod, Luzon
Bontoc, Luzon
Brougher, Gen. William
Bruce, Cpl
“Bruno”
Bunche, (-)
Bureau of Constabulary
Cabugao, North Luzon
Cagayan Province
Cagayan Valley
Calvert, Capt. Parker
Camp #1
Camp #2
Camp Holmes, Baguio
Camp John Hay, Philippines
Camp O’Donnell, Luzon
Caraw, barrio of
Cayler, Col. Peter
Central Intelligence Agency
Central Plains of Luzon
Clinton Herald
“Cold War,”
Collins, Gen. J. Lawton
Cordillera Central
Cubas, Maj. (-)
Cushing, Charlie
Cushing, James
Cushing, Walter
Dagwa, Capt. Bado Dalaprit, Luzon Deleon, Lt. (-)
Demson, (-)
Dinalupihan, Luzon
Dodds, Hattie Mae
Eisenhower, Gen. Dwight D.
Ekip, Luzon
Ely, Col. Louis B.
Emergency War Plan
Enriquez, Capt. Manolo
“Evacuation camp”
Far East Air Force
Fassoth camp
Fassoth, Bill
Fassoth, Martin
Fertig, Wendell
Field Order #27
Fish, (–)
Floyd, Sgt. Red
Fort Benning, Georgia
Fort Bragg, North Carolina
Fort Sam Houston, Texas
Fort Snelling, Minnesota
Fort Stotsenburg, Luzon
French, Enoch
G3 After-Battle Report
Gabu, North Luzon
USS Gar
Gattie, Pvt. (-)
USS Grant
Guerrero (-)
Guerrilla Days in North Luzon
Guerrilla Recognition Program
Guimba, Luzon
Gumabay, Sgt. Emilio
Hayashi, Col. (-)
Herrin, Mr. (-)
Highway 3
Highway 4
Highway 5
Highway 7
Highway 11
Highway 13
Horan, Col. John P.
Hukbalahap
Hunt, Ray
Ifugaos tribe
Igorot tribes
Igoten Mines
Ilocanos tribe
Ilocos Norte, Luzon
Ilocos Sur, North Luzon
Ilocos-Tangadan Operations
Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service
Isabela Province
Japanese Army Units
Formosa Infantry, 196
2d Tank Division
14th Army
19th Tora Divison
23d Division