1. Henry of Huntingdon
2. A stone wall encircling wooden buildings.
3. Hedley; Brindle and Kerr. Parts of the palace’s foundations were uncovered during excavations after the fire of 1992. At that time, traces of the Conqueror’s wooden palisade were also found.
4. Gesta Stephani
5. Crouch: “Robert of Gloucester’s Mother and Sexual Politics in Norman Oxfordshire”
6. Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
7. Aelred of Rievaulx: “Eulogium Davidis Regis Scotorum”
8. Cannon and Griffiths
9. Piers of Langtoft
10. Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
11. Regesta Regum Anglo-Normannorum, 1066–1154; Huneycutt: Matilda of Scotland; Dark
12. Huneycutt: Matilda of Scotland; Heslop
13. Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
14. Historia et cartularium monasterii Sancti Petri Gloucestriae
15. Some ruins of Kingsholm survived until the late eighteenth century, but nothing remains today.
16. Hildebert of Lavardin: “Letters”
17. Herbert de Losinga
15. “All the Dignity of a Queen”
1. Corpus Christi College MS. 373
2. Ibid.
3. Le Livere de Reis de Brittanie
4. Corpus Christi College MS. 373
5. Herman of Tournai. Doubts have been expressed as to whether Maud actually bore a child at all, but there is no reason to doubt Herman’s statement, and it is highly unlikely that Henry I would have considered naming Maud his heir had she been barren.
6. Corpus Christi College MS. 373
7. Orderic Vitalis
8. Anglica, Hibernica, Normannica
9. Foliot
10. Tyerman; Rössler
11. Leyser: “The Anglo-Norman Succession”
12. Stephen of Rouen
13. Chronicle of Repkav, in Scriptores rerum Germanicarum, praecipue Saxonicarum
14. Eadmer; Huneycutt: Matilda of Scotland
15. Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
16. Strickland says Henry and his family spent Easter there, but he was abroad.
17. The date is usually given as 1116, but the Queen issued a charter for the soul of her sister to Durham Cathedral before April 1116 (The Early Charters of the Augustinian Canons of Waltham Abbey, Essex 1062–1230).
18. John of Fordun
19. Gesta Stephani
20. Stephen is referred to as the Countess Mary’s son-in-law in a charter of 1115 issued by Count Eustace in confirmation of one granted by her to Bermondsey Abbey the year before (Annales Abbatae de Bermondsey, in Annales Monastici).
16. “Blessed Throughout the Ages”
1. Eadmer. Bernard would later serve as chancellor to Queen Adeliza.
2. Stow: A Survey of London
3. Walsingham
4. Cotton MS. Nero D. VII, f.7, British Library
5. It is often, incorrectly, assumed to be her daughter, the Empress Maud.
6. Curia Regis Rolls for 1242. The dates of these crown-wearings are not recorded.
7. Colker; Huneycutt: Matilda of Scotland
8. Crouch: The Normans
9. Colker; Huneycutt: Matilda of Scotland
10. Regesta Regum Anglo-Normannorum, 1066–1154
11. Orderic Vitalis; Liber Eliensis; Thompson and Stevens
12. Eadmer
13. Ibid.
14. William of Malmesbury
15. Victoria County History: Sussex. It burned down in 1781 and was the subject of a recent archaeological excavation. Labargé and Kealey both suggest that she may have had some connection with the leper hospital of St. James at Westminster, but there is no record of its history before 1189.
16. Hilton: Queens Consort; Huneycutt: Matilda of Scotland; Luffield Priory Charters
17. Charters of David I
18. William of Malmesbury
19. Henry of Huntingdon; Anglo-Saxon Chronicle; John of Worcester
20. William of Malmesbury
21. John of Worcester
22. Liber Monasterii de Hyde; Erickson
23. Green: Henry I
24. The Cartulary of Holy Trinity, Aldgate. In the fourteenth century, Piers of Langtoft claimed that Matilda was “entombed in St Paul’s,” while the monks of Reading later asserted, falsely, that she was buried in their abbey with Henry I. These claims may have arisen as a result of memorial tablets being erected to her memory in many churches. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, citing Winchester Cathedral’s registers, incorrectly asserts that, in 1158, her bones were reburied with those of “Queen” Frideswide in one of the mortuary chests in Winchester Cathedral. Frideswide was in fact a Saxon saint who was buried in Oxford.
25. William of Malmesbury
26. Liber Monasterii de Hyde
27. Ibid.
28. John of Worcester; Orderic Vitalis
29. Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
30. Dodson mentions a false tradition that has her buried by the entrance to the Chapter House at Westminster.
31. Liber Monasterii de Hyde
32. The Cartulary of Holy Trinity, Aldgate. Queen Margaret had been canonized in 1250.
33. Hardying; Stow: A Survey of London; Westminster Abbey: Official Guide
34. Robert of Gloucester
35. William of Malmesbury
36. Liber Monasterii de Hyde. At least nine laudatory poems were written in her memory (Houts: “Latin Poetry and the Anglo-Norman Court”).
37. Charters of David I
38. Westminster Abbey Charters
39. Pipe Roll 31 Henry I
40. Meyer von Knonau
41. Chibnall: The Empress Matilda; Biddle
43. Hausmann; Castor; Chibnall: The Empress Matilda
44. Scheffer-Boichorst
45. Chibnall: The Empress Matilda
46. Robert of Torigni; Houts: “The Gesta Normannorum Ducum: a history without an end”; Huneycutt: Matilda of Scotland
47. Liber Monasterii de Hyde
48. Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
49. William of Malmesbury; Mason: Westminster Abbey and Its People
50. Hilton: Queens Consort
51. Hardying
PART THREE: ADELIZA OF LOUVAIN
1. “Without Warning”
1. William of Malmesbury
2. Given-Wilson and Curteis
3. Gervase of Canterbury
4. Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
5. The castle burned down in 1731, and Royal Square now occupies the site, but there are extensive archaeological remains below the ground.
6. The castle was extensively rebuilt in the sixteenth century.
7. Henry of Huntingdon
8. Chibnall: The Empress Matilda
9. John of Worcester
10. William of Malmesbury
11. John of Worcester. It is clear that the betrothal was negotiated in 1120, not 1121, as is sometimes stated.
12. William of Malmesbury
13. Ibid.
14. Orderic Vitalis
15. William of Malmesbury
16. Orderic Vitalis
2. “A Fortunate Beauty”
1. Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
2. Henry of Huntingdon
3. Robert of Gloucester
4. Eadmer; John of Worcester; Orderic Vitalis
5. John of Worcester
6. Abernethy
7. Strickland; The Art of Needlework
8. Some historians claim that Henry and Adeliza arrived in England at Michaelmas 1120 and were married at Ely soon afterward, but Eadmer is quite clear that they were married in January 1121, and it is unlikely that Adeliza would have resided unmarried in England for three or four months before her marriage.
9. Eadmer. Other chroniclers give different dates: John of Worcester says the marriage took place on 29 January, the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle “before Candlemas” (2 February).
10. Pipe Rolls for 1130; Wertheimer
11. Pipe Rolls for 1130; Hilton: Qu
eens Consort
12. John of Worcester. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle states that she was crowned on the same day she was married.
13. Eadmer
14. Henry of Huntingdon; John of Worcester
15. Chibnall: “The Empress Matilda and Bec-Hellouin”
16. Victoria County History: Berkshire; Hilton: Queens Consort. Reading Abbey would not be completed until 1164, when its church was the largest in England, rivaling St. Paul’s in size. It became one of the richest and most powerful abbeys in the realm. After its dissolution under Henry VIII, it was largely demolished and the site turned into a quarry. The ruins that remain now stand in gardens; the inner gateway has been restored.
17. Henry of Huntingdon
18. Piers of Langtoft
19. Wertheimer
20. Regesta Regum Anglo-Normannorum, 1066–1154
21. Wertheimer
22. “Annals of Waverley Abbey”
23. Henry of Huntingdon
24. Thompson
25. She was the great-granddaughter of Albert III, Count of Namur, and therefore the great-niece of his daughter, Ida, Adeliza’s mother.
26. William of Newburgh
27. Victoria County History: Oxfordshire
28. Thompson
29. Orderic Vitalis. Godeschalch is probably to be identified with the Queen’s clerk, Gozo.
30. Victoria County History: Somerset
31. The Waltham Annals
32. Wertheimer
33. Reading Abbey Cartularies; Norton: England’s Queens; Wertheimer
34. Reading Abbey Cartularies
35. Hilton: Queens Consort
36. Stow: A Survey of London
37. Hilton: Queens Consort; Abernethy
38. Huneycutt: Matilda of Scotland
39. Merton College MS. 249, University of Oxford
40. Henry of Huntingdon
41. William of Malmesbury
42. Henry of Huntingdon
43. “Annals of Waverley Abbey”
44. Anglo-Saxon Chronicle; Henry of Huntingdon; Paris; Hedley
45. Henry of Huntingdon
46. Anglo-Saxon Chronicle; Henry of Huntingdon
47. John of Forde
48. Chibnall: “The Empress Matilda and Bec-Hellouin”
49. Orderic Vitalis
3. “His Only Heir”
1. William of Malmesbury
2. There is no substance to Giraldus Cambrensis’s tale that he privately repudiated Maud, went into voluntary exile in England and led a holy, penitential life in the monastery of St. Withburga, Chester.
3. Anglica, Hibernica, Normannica
4. Castor
5. William of Malmesbury
6. Orderic Vitalis
7. Anglica, Hibernica, Normannica
8. William of Malmesbury
9. Rössler: Die Kaiserin Matilda
10. William of Malmesbury
11. Foliot
12. Robert of Torigni; Chibnall: The Empress Matilda
13. Dark
14. Recueil des chartes de l’abbaye de Cluny
15. Hollister
16. Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
17. Map
18. William of Malmesbury
19. Recueil des historiens des croisades
20. King: “Eustace, Count of Boulogne”
21. Dark. It is unlikely, given his name, that Baldwin was born after Stephen became king of England in 1135, for the name “Baldwin” does not feature in the English royal line prior to that date.
22. Huneycutt: “The idea of the perfect princess”
23. Hugo of St. Vaast
4. “Royal English Blood”
1. Anglo-Saxon Chronicle; Henry of Huntingdon
2. Chadwick: Empress Matilda’s Bling; Earenfight; Corpus Christi College MS. 373. The hand of St. James still survives today in St. Peter’s Church at Marlow.
3. Bradbury: Stephen and Matilda
4. Henry of Huntingdon
5. Könsgen; Thomson; Chibnall: The Empress Matilda
6. Gesta Stephani
7. Foliot
8. Chadwick: The Enigmatic Brian FitzCount
9. King: “The Memory of Brian FitzCount”
10. Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
11. William of Malmesbury
12. Hildebert of Lavardin: “Letters”
13. William of Malmesbury
14. Ibid.
15. Simeon of Durham
16. William of Malmesbury
17. John of Worcester
18. William of Malmesbury
19. Henry of Huntingdon
20. Lack
21. William of Malmesbury
22. Ibid.
23. Gesta Stephani
24. William of Malmesbury; John of Worcester
25. Gesta Stephani
26. Paris
5. “The Offence of the Daughter”
1. William of Malmesbury
2. Chroniques des comtes d’Anjou
3. William of Malmesbury
4. Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
5. Geoffrey had been born on 24 August 1113.
6. William of Malmesbury
7. Chroniques des comtes d’Anjou
8. Robert of Torigni
9. Hildebert of Lavardin: “Letters”
10. Ibid.
11. Foliot
12. Henry of Huntingdon; Chroniques des comtes d’Anjou; Simeon of Durham; William of Malmesbury
13. William of Malmesbury
14. Ibid.
15. Chroniques des comtes d’Anjou
16. Ibid.
17. Henry of Huntingdon
18. Chroniques des comtes d’Anjou
19. Ibid.
20. William of Malmesbury
21. Chroniques des comtes d’Anjou
22. Gillingham: “Love, Marriage and Politics in the Twelfth Century”
23. Robert of Torigni
24. William of Malmesbury
25. Orderic Vitalis
26. Chroniques des comtes d’Anjou
27. Ibid.
28. Castor
29. Ralph of Diceto
30. Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
31. William of Malmesbury
32. Ibid.
33. Ibid.
34. Simeon of Durham
35. William of Tire
36. Green: Henry I
37. Chibnall: The Empress Matilda
38. Regesta Regum Anglo-Normannorum, 1066–1154
39. Suger
40. Charters and Records among the Archives of the Ancient Abbey of Cluni
41. Recueil des chartes de l’abbaye de Cluny
42. Simeon of Durham
43. Green: Henry I
44. Hildebert of Lavardin: “Letters”
6. “The Peril of Death”
1. Henry of Huntingdon
2. Pipe Roll 31 Henry I
3. Henry of Huntingdon
4. William of Malmesbury; Henry of Huntingdon
5. John of Worcester
6. Hilton: Queens Consort
7. Given-Wilson and Curteis
8. Hildebert of Lavardin: “Letters”
9. Henry of Huntingdon
10. Tyerman
11. Henry of Huntingdon; Robert of Torigni
12. Hildebert of Lavardin: “Letters”
13. William of Malmesbury; Henry of Huntingdon. John of Worcester is the only chronicler to state that the oath was renewed at the Easter court of 1128. There is no other evidence for this.
14. Henry of Huntingdon
15. Tyerman
16. Foliot
17. Chroniques des comtes d’Anjou
18. Chroniques des comtes d’Anjou et des Seigneurs d’Amboise
19. Beem: “Greater by Marriage”
20. Marcombe; Dugdale and Burnett. Strickland recorded that Adeliza’s deed, with part of her seal, was preserved in the corporation chest at Wilton. The site of the hospital lies just within the northeastern boundary wall of Wilton Park.
21. Henry of Hunting
don
22. Hedley
23. Henry of Huntingdon
24. Chibnall: “The Empress Matilda and Her Sons”; Actus pontificum in urbe degentium; “Chronicae Sancti Albini Andegauensis.” According to the thirteenth-century chronicler Matthew Paris, the child was not Geoffrey’s, but the fruit of a love affair between Maud and her cousin, Stephen of Blois. Paris quotes Maud as saying that the two were “acquainted” before she married Geoffrey, but in fact Henry was born five years after the wedding. Thus it is highly unlikely that he was Stephen’s son.
25. William of Malmesbury
26. In the thirteenth century, Matthew Paris would claim that Geoffrey gave the child his name because he did not believe that the older boy Henry was his, but this is unlikely.
27. Robert of Torigni
28. The bridge was ruinous by 1603 and its remains were dismantled in 1661, the bases of the piers being retained in the hope that it would one day be rebuilt. In 1829 it was rebuilt as the Pont Circonflexe. It was renamed the Pont Corneille in 1848. The modern Pont Mathilde is in a different location.
29. Robert of Torigni
30. Henry of Huntingdon
31. Truax
32. Ibid.
7. “Cast Down in Darkness”
1. Orderic Vitalis
2. Ibid.
3. William of Malmesbury
4. Orderic Vitalis
5. William of Malmesbury
6. Robert of Torigni
7. Orderic Vitalis
8. Henry of Huntingdon; Robert of Torigni
9. King: Medieval England
10. Henry of Huntingdon
11. Ibid.
12. Brewer
13. Henry of Huntingdon
14. William of Malmesbury
15. Ibid.
16. Henry of Huntingdon
17. William of Malmesbury
18. Ibid.
19. Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
20. William of Malmesbury; Henry of Huntingdon
21. John of Salisbury: Historia Pontificalis
22. Henry of Huntingdon
23. William of Malmesbury
PART FOUR: MATILDA OF BOULOGNE AND THE EMPRESS MAUD
1. “In Violation of His Oath”
1. Starkey
2. William of Malmesbury
3. Goodall
4. William of Newburgh