15. The Challenge of Change, 89.
16. Sean Fine, “Supreme Court Strikes Down Canada’s Prostitution Laws,” Globe and Mail, December 20, 2013, 1.
17. John Lowman, Tripping Point, brief to the Standing Committee on Justice and Human Rights on The Protection of Communities and Exploited Persons Act, http://184.70.147.70/lowman_prostitution/HTML/SCJHR/Tripping_Point_Lowman_Brief_to_the_SCJHR_on_Bill_C36.pdf.
18. O’Doherty, “Victimization in Off-Street Sex Industry Work.” Melissa Farley et al., “Prostitution and Trafficking in Nine Countries: An Update on Violence and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Journal of Trauma Practice 2, no. 3/4): 35.
12. California
1. What Is Human Trafficking? Exploring the Scope and Impact of the CASE Act,” draft report, San Francisco Human Rights Commission, 2014, 17.
2. Jeordan Legon, “Supervisors Diversify: S.F. Appointee Stands Out as White, Straight Male,” San Jose Mercury News, February 7, 1997.
3. What is Human Trafficking?, 16.
4. “Solicitation of Minors for Prostitution,” analysis of Senate Bill 1388, Senate Committee on Public Safety, April 22, 2014.
5. Lewis Kamb and Eric Nalder, “Conduct Unbecoming: Cases under Review,” Seattle Post-Intelligencer, August 3, 2005,
6. Ibid.
7. Ibid.
8. Drew Joseph, “Prop. 35 Gets Tough on Traffickers,” SF Gate, September 17, 2012, http://www.sfgate.com/politics/article/Prop-35-gets-tough-on-human-traffickers-3872843.php.
13. A Saner Approach to Prostitution
1. Chu and Glass, “Sex Work Law Reform in Canada,” 107, 117. Dodillet, “The Swedish Sex Purchase Act: Claimed Success and Documented Effects,” 22–23. Östergen, “Sexworkers Critique of Swedish Prostitution Policy,” 2.
2. Weitzer, Legalizing Prostitution, 210.
3. Ibid.
4. “Prostitution: A Personal Choice,” The Economist, August 9, 2014, 9.
5. Weitzer, Legalizing Prostitution, 207.
6. “Prostitution: A Personal Choice,” 9.
7. Weitzer, Legalizing Prostitution, 211.
8. Kuo, Prostitution Policy, 130.
9. Ibid., 125.
10. Ibid., 169.
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Abel, Gillian et al., eds. Taking the Crime Out of Sex Work: New Zealand Sex Workers’ Fight for Decriminalization. Bristol, United Kingdom: Policy Press, 2010.
Adler, Polly, A House Is not a Home. New York: Rinehart Books, 1953.
Albert, Alexa, Brothel: Mustang Ranch and Its Women. New York: Ballantine Books, 2001.
Bernstein, Elizabeth, Temporarily Yours: Intimacy, Authenticity and the Commerce of Sex. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007.
Brents, Barbara G., Crystal A. Jackson, and Kathryn Hausbeck, The State of Sex: Tourism, Sex and Sin in the New American Heartland. New York: Routledge, 2010.
Clement, Elizabeth, Love for Sale: Courtship, Treating and Prostitution in New York, 1920–1945. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2006.
Dallas, Sandra, Fallen Women. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2013.
Delacoste, Frederique, and Priscilla Alexander, eds., Sex Work: Writings by Women in the Sex Industry, 2nd ed. San Francisco: Cleis Press, 1987.
Gilfoyle, Timothy, City of Eros: New York, Prostitution and the Commercialization of Sex, 1790–1920. New York: W.W. Norton, 1992.
Glasscock, Carl B., Lucky Baldwin: The Story of an Unconventional Success. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1933.
Grant, Melissa Gira, Playing the Whore: The Work of Sex Work. New York: Verso Books, 2014.
Jaget, Claude, Prostitutes, Our Life. Bristol, United Kingdom: Falling Wall Press, 1980.
Kolker, Robert, Lost Girls: An Unsolved American Mystery. New York: HarperCollins, 2013.
Kuo, Lenore, Prostitution Policy: Revolutionizing Practice through a Gendered Perspective. New York: New York University Press, 2002.
Leigh, Carol: Unrepentant Whore: Collected Works of Scarlot Harlot. San Francisco: Last Gasp, 2004.
MacKell, Jan, Brothels, Bordellos and Bad Girls: Prostitution in Colorado, 1860–1930. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2004.
Mellon, Deborah, The Legend of Molly b’Dam. Kellogg, Idaho: Maple Street Publishing, 1989.
Money, John, Lovemaps. New York: Prometheus Books, 1999
Nagle, Jill, ed., Whores and Other Feminists. New York: Routledge, 1997.
Roberts, Nickie, Whores in History. London: Grafton Press, 1993.
Seagraves, Anne, Soiled Doves: Prostitution in the Early West. Hayden, Idaho: Wesanne Publications, 1994.
Sterry, David Henry, ed. Hos, Hookers, Call Girls and Rent Boys. New York: Soft Skull Press, 2009.
Weisberg, D. Kelly, Children of the Night: Adolescent Prostitution in America. Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath, 1985.
Weitzer, Ronald, Legalizing Prostitution: From Illicit Vice to Lawful Business. New York: New York University Press, 2012.
INDEX
Abel, Gillian, 196
Aboriginal Canadians, 201–2
ACLU (American Civil Liberties Union), 36, 38, 212, 223, 225, 226
Acton, William, 10
Adler, Polly, 20–23, 24, 25–26
adolescents. See runaway teenagers; underage sex workers
advertising for sex work: Canadian ban, 207; in newspapers, 197–98; online, 7–8, 43, 44–45, 53, 57–58, 138, 227, 228. See also backpage.com; Craigslist
African American sex workers: arrests of, 30–31, 37, 148–49
age of entry into sex work, 62–63, 64–65, 207–8
Agustin, Laura, 183
Alameda County, California, 37–38, 100–101, 217–18
Alaska, 99–100, 113, 219–20
Alaska Native News, 100
Albanese, Jay, 89–91, 92, 96–97
alcohol use by sex workers, 22, 68–69
Almodovar, Norma Jean, 117
American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), 36, 38, 212, 223, 225, 226
American West, x, 12–17, 129, 197
Amsterdam, Netherlands, 79, 113, 184, 185–88, 234
Angelou, Maya, 242
Another Roadside Attraction (Robbins), 31
antiprostitution laws. See prostitution laws
antitrafficking efforts: brutal crackdowns, 194–95; deportation of illegal immigrants, xiv, 98–99, 216; human rights violations, 225; impact on consensual sex work, xiii, 126, 216; law enforcement incentives, xiii, 216–18; underage youth, 217–19, 231–32; victims’ services, 230–32
arrests of clients, 174–76, 180–81
arrests of sex workers, 147–58; bolstering police statistics, 155; discrimination in, 30–31, 37–38, 126, 148–49; drawing resources from other police work, 153–55; to help them, 97–98; illegal immigrants, 100–101; as ineffective, xiii–xiv, 153–55; long-term impact on sex workers, 156, 161–62; number of, 153; Providence, Rhode Island, 172–76; trafficking charges, 244; underage sex workers, 97–98. See also under Moya, Julie Hahn
Atlantic City, New Jersey, 94
Australia, 11, 45, 70, 129, 191–93, 195
Avery, Paul, 214, 215
backpage.com, 5, 6–8, 44, 53, 58
Baden, Michael, 119
Baldwin, Elias J. “Lucky,” 13–14, 16
Baldwin, Veronica, 13–14, 16–17, 19
Baskin, Sienna, 150
Bassiur, Matthew, 146
b’Dam, Molly. See Burdan, Molly (Molly b’Dam)
Bedford, Terri-Jean, 202, 203, 205–6
Bell, Ellyn, 219, 223
Bell, Horace, 14
Berkeley, California, 215
Bernstein, Elizabeth, 46–47, 48, 49, 73, 114–15, 148, 184, 186–87
Bien-Aimé, Taina, 6–7, 73, 92
Boston, Massachusetts, 79, 153–54, 231
Brazil, 70
Brents, Barbara, xi, 14–15, 127–28, 129, 130, 233, 234
Brewer, Joe, 118, 120
British Medical Journal, 199
brothels: licensing and regul
ation, 233–34; New York City, 1–6, 25–26, 44, 101, 103–5, 162; raids on, 101, 103–5, 193–94; workers’ self-esteem, 70. See also Nevada brothels
Brown, Willy, 215
Bruce, Lenny, 26
Bulette, Julia “Jule,” 15–16
Burdan, Molly (Molly b’Dam), 9, 12–13, 14, 16
Burdan, William, 9, 12
Burns, Terra, 99–100
Butte, Montana, 15
California laws, 36, 149, 212–13, 216–19, 222–26
call girls. See escorts (call girls)
Call Off Your Old Tired Ethics (COYOTE), 32, 36, 37–38, 163–64
Cambodia, 193–94
Canada: Charter of Rights and Freedoms, 203, 205, 208, 224; sex laws, 198–209; violence against sex workers, 112
Canadian Organization for the Rights of Prostitutes (CORP), 198. See also Sex Professionals of Canada (SPOC)
Carey, Jacqueline, 75
Carpenter, Karen, 99–100
CASE Act. See Proposition 35 (California)
casinos, 126, 130, 240
CAST (Coalition to Abolish Slavery and Trafficking), 96–97
CATW (Coalition against Trafficking in Women), 5, 6–8, 73, 92
Charter of Rights and Freedoms (Canada), 203, 205, 208, 224
Chase, Michael, 224, 225
Chicago, 19, 115
Chicken Ranch, Nevada, 125, 128, 132, 133–36, 137, 140–41
childhood sexual abuse, 61–63, 66–67, 68, 73–74, 76, 77, 137
Christine, Donia, 57–58, 59
City of Eros (Gilfoyle), 10
Clamen, Jenn, 208–9
Clay, Cyndee, 150, 154
Clement, Elizabeth, 24
Cleveland, Ohio, 153–54
clients: arrests, 174–76; confidentiality, 146, 147; motivation, 10, 46–49, 55, 77, 80–81, 134, 228; murdering sex workers, 112; police as, 115; screening, 2, 54–55, 56, 77, 81–82, 155, 181–82, 197–98, 228
Coalition against Trafficking in Women (CATW), 5, 6–8, 73, 92
Coalition to Abolish Slavery and Trafficking (CAST), 96–97
Cohen, Bernard, 38
Collateral Damage (film), 216
colonial-era prostitution, 10–11
Colorado, 19, 149
condoms. See safe sex
Constance (sex worker), 157
Cook County, Illinois, 147–48
coping mechanisms for sex workers, 68–70
Cop to Call Girl (Almodovar), 117
CORP. See Canadian Organization for the Rights of Prostitutes (CORP)
COYOTE (Call Off Your Old Tired Ethics), 32, 36, 37–38, 163–64
Craigslist, 5, 74, 100, 118, 119
Crane, Stephen, 18
Crosby, John, 198
Dallas, Texas, 154
Davis, Kingsley, 71–72
de Botton, Alain, 81
DeFilippis, Vincent, 87–88
Demand Abolition, 218
Denmark, sex trafficking, 181
Denver, Colorado, 15, 16–17, 19
Desiree Alliance conference (2013): arrests of attendees, 127; attendees, 115, 117, 226, 245–46; keynote speaker, 245–47; panels and sessions, 58–60, 177–78, 211–12, 226; purpose, 53
discrimination: in arrests, 30–31, 37–38, 126, 148–49; housing, 100, 156, 199–200, 240
Dodillet, Susanne, 180
Doogan, Maxine, 101, 211–14, 216–17, 219–26, 243
Dormer, Richard, 119, 121
Dr. Hook and the Medicine Show, 37
drug use by sex workers: and age of entry into sex work, 64; arrests, 152–53, 157; as coping mechanism, 22, 68–69; Nevada brothels, 136, 137; streetwalkers, 45, 67–68; underage sex workers, 94
Dworkin, Andrea, 72
economic aspects of sex trade: Desiree Alliance conference panel, 58–60; earnings of sex workers, 53, 54, 125, 137, 191, 228; enforcement costs, 153, 214; enforcement incentives, xiii, 216–17; global, xii; organized crime, 11; police bribes, 11; taxation, 234–35; United States, xii
Equality Now, 6
eros.com, 57–58, 227, 228
Erotic Review website, 48–49
Erotic Service Provider Legal, Educational and Research (ESPLER) Project, 101, 211, 212–13, 224–25
escorts (call girls): client screening, 54–55, 56; college students as, 36; compared to streetwalkers, 31, 67, 70; Las Vegas, 126; murders of, 46, 117–21; online advertising, 46, 53–54, 58; and police, 166, 172, 220–21, 226, 229; self-esteem, 66, 70; stigma, 71; World War I, 19
Everyone Needs a Hooker Once in a While (Silverstein), 37
Fairbanks, Alaska, 219–20
FAIR (Free, Aware, Inspired, and Restored) Girls, 63–64, 93, 230–32
Farley, Melissa, 72–73
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI): as clients, 82; human trafficking task force, 212, 213; Julie Moya’s arrest, 101, 104; Riddle case, 36, 40–41; Ring investigation, 221; Uniform Crime Reports, 92, 148; Worcester murders, 111
Feinstein, Dianne, 37
feminism, 31, 36–37, 72–73
fetishes, 57, 76
Finkelhor, David, 91, 92, 93, 95, 96, 98
Fitzgerald, Lisa, 196
Flegenheimer, Arthur, 23
Fleiss, Heidi, 147
Flynt, Larry, 32, 33
48 Hours Mystery (TV show), 120
14th Amendment, 224
Free, Aware, Inspired, and Restored (FAIR) Girls, 63–64, 93, 230–32
Gambill, Cleveland, 40
gambling, 240
gay teenagers, identity issues of, 96
Germany, 190–91
Gilbert, Shannon, 117–20
Gilfoyle, Timothy, 10, 11, 20
Glasscock, Carl, 13–14
Global Commission on HIV and the Law, 182
Gold, Herb, 26
Grant, Melissa Gira, 195
Great Depression, 23
Green River killer, 112–13
Hackett, Peter, 120
Hahn, Julie. See Moya, Julie Hahn
Hall, Maggie. See Burdan, Molly (Molly b’Dam)
The Happy Hooker (Hollander), 220
HEAT (Human Exploitation and Trafficking) Watch, 217–18
Helping Individual Prostitutes Survive (HIPS), 67–68, 69, 73, 150, 155
Himel, Susan, 205
HIV infection, 75, 193, 200–201
HIV Sweden (nonprofit health group), 182
Hof, Dennis, 131
Hollander, Xaviera, 220
homeless sex workers, 200
homicides. See murders of sex workers
Hongisto, Richard, 31
Hookers Ball, San Francisco, 37
Hos, Hookers, Call Girls and Rent Boys (essay collection), 113
A House Is Not a Home (Adler), 21, 24, 25–26
housing discrimination, 100, 156, 199–200, 240
Houston, Texas, 153–54
How to Think More about Sex (de Botton), 81
Hudson, Ingrid. See Moya, Julie Hahn
Human Rights Watch, 150, 193, 201
Hunt, Helen, 218
Hunt, Swanee, 218
Hustler Club, Cincinnati, Ohio, 32, 33
illegal immigrants, xiv, 96, 98–99, 100–101, 187–88, 216
Illinois, 99, 149, 231
India, 193
Indybay (online news collective), 100
International Labor Organization, 217
International Organization for Migration, 90
Internet: for arranging transactions, 45–46; backpage.com, 5, 6–8, 53, 58; client screening, 5, 46; Craigslist, 5, 74, 100, 118, 119; dangers to sex workers, 46, 118, 119; giving sex workers more control, 8, 44; live sex shows, 45; online advertising, 7–8, 43, 44–45, 53, 57–58, 138, 227, 228
James, Jennifer, 36–37
Jasmine (sex worker). See Kullander Smith, Eva-Marree
Jerry (Julie Moya’s son), 33–34, 43, 86, 102–4, 160, 162
Jillian (sex worker): activism, ix, 50, 52–53; advertising, 53; arrest, 150–53, 15
6, 157–59; background, ix, 50, 51–52, 65; clients, 77, 240–42; drug use, 151, 152, 157, 158, 159–60; family relations, 158, 159; future plans, 242; motivation, ix–x, 50, 65, 243
John Jay College of Criminal Justice, 62–63, 73, 93–96, 98, 113
johns. See clients
juvenile sex workers. See underage sex workers
Kabagambe, Joel, 178–79, 182–83
Kamb, Lewis, 222
Kandel, Minouche, 219
Kelly, Chris, 222–23
Kelly, John, 111–12, 121, 122
Kesey, Ken, 26
Kimora (transsexual streetwalker), 71, 73–74, 114
King County, Washington, 221–22
Kinsey, Albert, 20
Kock, Ida, 177–83, 190–91, 192, 196
Kolker, Robert, 118, 119–21
Koyama, Emi, 212
Kristof, Nicholas, 194
Kullander Smith, Eva-Marree, 178–79, 182–83, 196
Kuo, Lenore, 156, 235–36
labor trafficking, 96–97, 217
Lanning, Ken, 97
Las Vegas, Nevada, 125–27, 130, 155–56, 178, 211–12. See also Desiree Alliance conference (2013)
law enforcement. See police
Lawrence vs Texas (2003), 224
laws. See antitrafficking efforts; prostitution laws
Lebovitch, Amy, 203–7
Lee, Chuck, 125, 127–28, 137
Legendary Dave (male escort), 58–59
Legros, Pierre, 194
Leigh, Carol, 38, 215–16, 243
Lemur, Jeremy, 138, 139, 142–43
Life and Death (Dworkin), 72
Lisa (sex trafficker), 85–88
lockdown brothels, 35
Long Island murders, 46, 56–57, 117–21
Lost Girls (Kolker), 118
Love, Joi: arrests, 163, 243–45; background, 131–32, 136–37; Nevada brothels, 131–37; in Rhode Island, 162, 163, 164–71
Love for Sale (Clement), 24
Lovemaps (Money), 76
Lowman, John, 98, 201, 202, 205, 208, 236
Lucky (Joi Love’s boyfriend), 169–70, 243–44
Lucky Baldwin (Glasscock), 13–14
Lutnick, Alexandra, 100
MacKinnon, Catherine, 72
Maggie (Crane), 18
Main Street Woodsman (serial killer), 121–22
Malaysia, 193
male sex workers, 38, 70, 95–96, 148
Mam, Somaly, 194–95
Manhattan. See New York City
Mann, James Robert, 19
Mann Act (1910), 19, 36, 40, 149
massage parlor raids, 100–101
May Act (1941), 130
McDougall, Liz, 8