Custis, George Washington “Wash” Parke (step-grandson), 96, 99, 115, 123, 124, 140, 143, 144, 183, 188–89
education of, 189
slaves and, 203, 205
Custis, John “Jacky” (stepson), xxxiii, 27, 30, 38, 40, 41–42, 90, 95–98, 115, 123, 144
death of, 98
fatherhood of, 96
letter to Washington, 96–97
schooling of, 42, 95, 221n
at Yorktown, 96, 97–98
Custis, Martha “Patsy” (step-granddaughter), 31–32, 96
slaves and, 205
Custis, Nelly (wife of Jack), 96–99, 235n
Custis, Patsy (stepdaughter), xxxiii, 27, 30, 38, 40–41, 201
death of, xxxiii, 41, 42
epilepsy of, xxxiii, 40, 41
Cyrus (slave), 201
Dandridge, John, 124
Darragh, Lydia, 228n
Deane, Silas, 52
Declaration of Independence, 49, 91
Delaware River, crossing of, 60, 75–76, 225n
Democratic-Republicans, 147, 161, 166, 167, 171, 174, 202
Denmark, 163
Dick, Elisha Cullen, 195, 248n
Dinwiddie, Robert, 13, 14, 16–22, 23, 25
diseases and illnesses:
smallpox, xx, 12, 90–92
tuberculosis, xx, 11, 93, 153
of Washington, xix–xx, xxxii, xxxiii, 12, 27, 91, 131–32, 156, 193–95
yellow fever, 239n, 242n
donkeys, 113
Dunbar, Erica, xxvi
Dunmore, John Murray, Lord, 47, 87, 88, 94
elections, see presidential elections
Ellis, Joseph, xxxi
Embuscade, 157
Emery, Noemie, 213n
England, see Britain, British
espionage, 69, 77–78, 81–86, 226n, 228n
executive privilege, 166
Fairfax, George William, 13, 29, 32, 36, 37, 101, 216n
Fairfax, Sally, 29–30, 32–33, 36–37
Fairfax, William, 6, 10
Fallen Timbers, Battle of, 160
Fauchet, Antoine Joseph, 165, 166
Fauntleroy, Elizabeth, 13
Federalist Papers, 139
Federalists, 146, 147, 161, 164, 172, 174, 191, 192
in Washington’s second cabinet, 162
Fenno, John, 146
Ferling, John, 214n
Ferry Farm, xxxix, 4–5, 7, 9, 10, 30
Washington’s inheritance of, 5, 30
Fertility and Sterility, xxxiii–xxxiv
fireworks, 130–31
Forbes, John, 35–37
Ford, Paul Leicester, xxxvii
Fort Duquesne, 23, 24, 37
Fort Lee, 59
Fort Necessity, 19, 35
Fort Ticonderoga, 223n
Fort Washington, 59
Franklin, Benjamin, 56, 75, 83, 103, 122, 199, 238n
Fredericksburg, Va., 94–95
France, French, 15–20, 65, 79, 82, 101, 122, 172, 223n
Britain’s war with, 153–56, 163–64
French and Indian War, 19, 23–25, 30, 35–38, 51
French Revolution, 107, 138, 147, 153–56, 171, 174
Quasi-War, 191–92
Randolph and, 165–66
U.S. debt to, 138
U.S. Neutrality Proclamation and, 153–55, 163
U.S. treaty of alliance with, 153–54
Fraunces, Samuel, 128
Fraunces Tavern, 128
Freemasons, 130, 201, 238n
Freneau, Philip, 146
Fugitive Slave Law, 178, 199
Funding Act, 140
Gage, Thomas, 56
Gates, Horatio, 91
Gazette of the United States, 146
generals of the American Revolution, 56
Genêt, Edmond-Charles, 156–57, 243n
George II, King, 5, 14
George III, King, 46, 63, 107
Germantown, Battle of, 61
Gerry, Elbridge, 103
Gibbs, Caleb, 66
Gist, Christopher, 16
Gordon-Reed, Annette, xxvi, 213n, 219n
Gradual Abolition Act, 141–42
Graham, Pearl, 213n
Great Britain, see Britain, British
Greenwood, John, xxix
Hale, Nathan, 78, 226n
Half War, 191–92
Hamilton, Alexander, 68, 98, 102, 119–20, 137, 146, 153, 154, 163, 191, 213n, 232n, 242n
bank proposal of, 138–39
in cabinet, 144–45
Jay Treaty and, 163–64
Jefferson and, 146, 147–49, 161, 171
Madison and, 139
Randolph and, 166
resignation of, 161, 165
university idea and, 245n
Washington’s letter to, 148–49
Washington’s valedictory address and, 173
Whiskey Rebellion and, 157–59
Hamilton, Eliza, 242n
Hancock, John, 51, 58, 64, 67, 91–92
Harlem Heights, Battle of, 59
Harrison, Benjamin, 94–95
Heath, William, 77
Heidler, Jeanne, 213n
Henry, Patrick, 49
Hercules (slave), 142–43, 175, 176, 196
Hessian mercenaries, 58, 59, 60, 68, 72, 75, 83, 91
historians and biographers, xxvi–xxvii
on Mary Washington, xxxiv–xxxix
on Washington, xxv–xxviii, xxi–xxxix
women, xxvi–xxvii, 213n
hoecakes, 183–85
Honeyman, John, 82–83
House of Representatives, U.S., 121, 123, 124, 129, 155, 166, 167, 174
Howe, Richard “Black Dick,” 63–65, 69
Howe, William, 56, 58, 61, 62, 63–65, 69, 141
Humphreys, David, 130
Indians, 15–19, 24, 35, 37, 44–46
American Revolution and, 74–75, 135
British and, 74, 135
missionaries and, 136
U.S. treaties with, 135–38, 160
violent suppression of, 160
Washington and, 74–75, 135–38, 160
Industry, 12
Injunctions of Secrecy, 117
Intolerable Acts, 47
Jackson, Andrew, xxxvii, 174
Jackson, Robert, 8
Jay, James, 77
Jay, John, 68, 77, 103, 116–17, 137, 139, 163
Jay Treaty, 163–66, 171, 174, 189, 244n
Jefferson, Thomas, xxxi, xxxvii, 43, 51, 91, 94, 103, 113–14, 137, 150, 154–57, 163, 166, 171, 175, 202–3, 213n, 219n, 234n, 240n, 249n
in cabinet, 144–45
and criticisms of Washington, 146
in election of 1796, 174
Hamilton and, 146, 147–49, 161, 171
Madison and, 146
Martha Washington and, 202–3
political parties and, 147
presidential title and, 122
resignations and extensions of, 149, 154, 161, 242n
Washington’s correspondence with, 147–49
Washington’s relationship with, 111, 171
on Washington’s temper, 190
on Whiskey Rebellion, 160–61
Johnson, Robert, 158
Johnson, Samuel, 50
Judge, Andrew, 169–70
Judge, Betty, 169–70
Judge, Delphy, 175
Judge, Molly, 124
Judge, Ona (Oney), xxvi, 124, 169–71, 175–79, 196
Jumonville, Joseph Coulon de, 18–19, 174
Kip’s Bay, Battle of, 58
Kitt, Frederick, 170
Knox, Henry, 65, 67, 96, 118, 122, 136–38, 154, 159, 160
in cabinet, 144–45
resignation of, 161, 164
Knox, Lucy, 67
Lafayette, Adrienne de, 115
Lafayette, Anastasie, 115
Lafayette, Georges Washington, xxxiii, 155
Lafayette, Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de, xxxiii, 75, 79, 82, 88, 94, 98, 115–16, 138, 155
Lafayette, James Armistead, 79
La Péronie, William, 29
Latrobe, Benjamin, 155
Laurens, Henry, 103
Laurens, John, 98, 232n
Law, Betsy, 169, 175
Law, Thomas, 169
Lear, Fanny Bassett Washington (niece of Martha), 113, 118, 120, 140, 153, 206
Lear, Tobias, 115, 128, 140–44, 170, 175, 189
marriage of, 169
and Washington’s final illness and death, 193–95, 198–200
Lee, Billy, 92–93, 101, 103, 118, 194, 297–98
forced retirement of, 125
Lee, Charles (attorney general), 162
Lee, Charles (general), 51, 62
Lee, Frank, 92
Lee, Henry, 202
Lee, John, 92
Lee, Margaret “Peggy,” 125
Lee, Mary (widow of John), 92
Lee, Mary Anna Randolph Custis (daughter of “Wash” Custis), 203
Lee, Richard Henry, 115
Leutze, Emanuel Gottlieb, 75–76
Lewis, Betty Washington (sister), xxxix, 4, 5, 9, 93–95, 124, 131, 132
Lewis, Charles (nephew), 93
Lewis, Fielding, 9, 93
Lewis, Francis Parke, 193
Lewis, George (nephew), xxxviii
Lewis, Jan, 213n
Lewis, Lawrence (nephew), 44
Lewis, Robert (nephew), 124, 127
Life of George Washington, The (Weems), xxx
Lincoln, Abraham, 75
Little, Shelby, xxxvii
Livingston, Robert R., 130
Livingston, William, 73
Long Island, Battle of, 58, 80, 227n
Louis VI, King, 19
Louis XVI, King, 153
Maccubin, Martha Rolle, 104
Maclay, William, 135–37
Madison, James, xxxi, 51, 117, 120, 130, 139, 145, 150, 155–57, 161, 175, 194
Hamilton and, 139
Jay Treaty and, 164, 166, 244n
Jefferson and, 146
political parties and, 147
retirement contemplated by, 166
War of 1812 and, 244n
Washington’s relationship with, 111
Washington’s valedictory address and, 173
Malone, Dumas, 240n
Marshall, John, 204, 249n
Martin, William, 68
Maryland, 21, 24
Masons, 130, 201, 238n
Massachusetts, 24
McHenry, James, 103, 188, 192, 233n
in cabinet, 162
Mercer, George, 29
Mifflin, Thomas, 103, 107, 126, 158–59
Mississippi Land Company, 44
Mitchell, John, 161
Molly (slave), 194
money and currency, 139, 150, 211
counterfeit, 78
U.S. dollars, 114
Monmouth, Battle, 62
Monongahela, Battle of, 24–25, 35
Monroe, James, 76, 160–61, 171, 172, 194, 225n
Paine and, 172
A View of the Conduct of the Executive, in the Foreign Affairs of the United States, 189–91
Washington’s relationship with, 111
Monticello, 94, 149
Morison, Samuel Eliot, xxxvii
Morris, Gouverneur, 119, 120
Morris, Robert, 78, 141, 144, 171, 192
Moses the Son, 24
Mount Airy, 87–88
Mount Vernon, xxi–xxii, 4–7, 9, 13, 28, 30, 32, 38, 40, 42–44, 46, 66, 87–90, 98–99, 101, 103, 113–20, 140, 149, 169–71, 187–88, 191, 199, 202–4
mules, xxii, 113–14
Napoleon, 107, 213n
National Gazette, 146, 156
Native Americans, see Indians
Naturalization Act, 150
Naval Act, 154
Neutrality Proclamation, 153–55, 163
Never Caught: The Washingtons’ Relentless Pursuit of Their Runaway Slave, Ona Judge (Dunbar), xxvi
Neville, John, 158
New Jersey, 83, 126
New Jersey Journal, 73
newspapers, 146, 149
New Statesman, xxxv
New York City, 103, 126–27, 133, 140
Great Fire of 1776, 226n
president’s mansion in, 127–28
New York Royal Gazette, 80
Niles, Blair, 213n
Noailles, Philippe de, 115
Orme, Robert, xxxv
Otis, Samuel, 129–30
Paine, Thomas, 171–72
Common Sense, 172
Washington’s relationship with, 111, 171–72
Palmer, Abigail, 71–72, 73
Palmer, Edmund, 71–72, 73
Paris, Treaty of, 103, 117
Parliament, 44–48, 50, 63–65, 137, 146
partisanship, 146, 149, 174
Paterson, James, 67
Peale, Charles Willson, 39
Pennsylvania, 21, 24
Perrins, Susannah, 232n
Peters, John, 225n
Philadelphia, Pa., 140, 141, 143
black community in, 170
Philadelphia Gazette and Universal Daily Advertiser, 170
Phillips, Mary, 71
Pickering, Timothy, 162, 164–65, 167
Pinckney, Charles C., 191
“plantations,” use of word, 43
political parties, 147
Democratic-Republicans, 147, 161, 166, 167, 174, 202
Federalists, 146, 147, 161, 162, 164, 172, 174, 191, 192
partisanship and, 146, 149, 174
in Washington’s cabinets, 162, 167
Potomac River, 88, 140
Powel, Elizabeth, 113, 119, 149–50, 175, 188, 242n
Powel, Samuel, 119, 242n
presidential elections, 147
Adams’s election in, 174, 176
of 1788–1789, 121
of 1792, 151
of 1796, 174, 176
of 1800, 192
Washington’s election in, 110, 119–20, 121–22
Washington’s reelection in, 151
presidential term limits, 172
Presidents’ Day, xxxii
Princeton, Battle of, 60
prisoners, 67–69, 224n
Provisional Army, 191
Pulitzer Prize, xxxii, xxxv
Quakers, 24
Quarles, Benjamin, 79
Quasi-War, 191–92
Rall, Johann, 83
Randolph, Benjamin, 91, 92
Randolph, Edmund, 141–42, 144, 155, 165
in cabinet, 144–45, 162
France and, 165–66
resignation of, 165–66
Vindication, 166
Randolph, Peyton, 49
rape, 71–73
Rawdon-Hastings, Francis, 72
Rawlins, George, 194–95
Reed, Joseph, 65, 74
religion:
Bible, xxxvii, xxxviii, 126, 129–30
separation of church and state, 147
Washington’s views on, xiv, 130, 132–33
Residence
Act, 140
Revere, Paul, 238n
Richmond, Va., 94
Richmond (son of Hercules), 175
Rivington, James, 227n
Robert Cary & Company, 33, 42–43
Rogers, Robert, 226n
Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 172
Rules of Civility & Decent Behaviour in Company and Conversation, 6–7, 21
Rush, Benjamin, 49, 73
Russo-Turkish War, 51
Savage, HMS, 88, 89
Saxton, Jared, 73
Saxton, Martha, 237n
Scharff, Virginia, 213n
Senate, U.S., 121, 123, 124, 129, 135–37, 164, 166
separation of church and state, 147
Serle, Ambrose, 65
sexual assault, 71–73
Shaw, John, 18, 68
Sheels, Austin, 124
Sheels, Christopher, 124, 194
Shenandoah Valley, 10
Simpson, Gilbert, 114
slaves, slavery, 50, 73–74, 79, 139, 199
British and, 50, 74, 79, 88, 89
colonists’ oppression as slavery, 50
emancipation of, 178, 199
emancipation in Virginia, 79, 88, 178, 199
Fugitive Slave Law and, 178, 199
Gradual Abolition Act and, 141–42
living quarters of, 45
Martha Washington’s freeing of, 204
Mary Washington and, 94, 133
in New York, 127
“Wash” Custis and, 203
of Washington, graves of, 206
Washington and, xxvi, xxix, 12, 29, 43–45, 50, 74, 88, 89, 92–93, 115, 118–19, 124, 125, 141–43, 169–71, 175–79, 196–99
Washington family’s separation of families, 133, 204, 205
Washington’s pursuit of runaways, xxvi, 170–71, 175–76, 196
Washington’s selling of, 177–78
Washington’s will and, 196–99, 203–4
smallpox, xx, 12, 90–92
Smith, John Cotton, 202, 249n
Somerset v. Stewart, 50
Spain, 65, 113–14, 156
Sparks, Jared, 249n
spying, 69, 77–78, 81–86, 226n, 228n
Stamp Act, 46
Stanton, Elizabeth Cady, xxxvii
Stanton, Lucia Cinder, 213n
states’ rights, 147
Steuben, Friedrich Wilhelm von, 104
Stiles, T. J., xxxv
Strong, Anna, 80
Stuart, David, 235n
Stuart, Gilbert, xxviii
Stuart, Nelly Custis, 96–99, 235n
Success, 11
Sullivan, John, 75
Supreme Court, U.S., 150, 163, 204
Sweden, 163
Swift, 177
Tallmadge, Benjamin, 78–82, 85, 227n
Tallmadge, William, 227n
Tanacharison (the “Half-King”), 15–18
taxes:
on tea, 47
on whiskey, 157–58, 243n
tea, 47
Tecumseh, 160
Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings: An American Controversy (Gordon-Reed), xxvi