Cole, David
Coley, Rebekah Levine
colorblindness; and affirmative action; and black exceptionalism; and “interracial racial caste system,”; and mass incarceration; problem of flawed pursuit of; Reagan’s racialized campaign rhetoric; resisting temptation to ignore race in advocacy; and U.S. Constitution; and whites’ reluctance to acknowledge race
Colvin, Claudette
Common (rap artist)
Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS) program
Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevent and Control Act (1970)
Congressional Black Caucus (CBC)
consent searches and traffic stops
conservative philosophy of race relations (Reconstruction era)
conspiracy theories and War on Drugs
Constitution, U.S.. See also individual amendments
Corrections Corporation of America
Cosby, Bill
Cotton, Jarvious
crack cocaine; conspiracy theories; and drunk driving campaigns; hundred-to-one ratio; media campaign; and outdoor drug activity/open-air drug markets; and prosecutors’ extraordinary discretion; and racially discriminatory sentencing; and Reagan’s drug war
crime and “get tough” policies; black support for; and Clinton administration; and mass incarceration system; and white voters
crime rates; crime reduction and incarceration rates; drug crime; and joblessness; violent crime
“criminalblackman,”
Criminology (journal)
Davis, Angela J.
death penalty: Baldus study findings; and drug-related offenses; and legal advocacy; and Obama; racial bias in sentencing
Declaration of Independence
deindustrialization
Democratic Party
denial, collective; “birdcage” metaphor and structural racism; by civil rights advocates; and mass incarceration of black men
Denton, Nancy
Diallo, Amadou
disenfranchisement. See voting rights
dogs, drug-sniffing
Doing Time on the Outside (Braman)
Douglas, Justice William O.
Douglass, Frederick
Drake, Clinton
Dred Scott v. Sanford
driver’s licenses
Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA); antidrug spending; cash grants/federal aid to law enforcement; “drug-courier profiles,”; Operation Pipeline
drug forfeiture laws; creation of an “innocent owner,”; and police shakedowns and seizures; and Reform Act (2000)
Drug Reform Act (1986)
drug treatment, mandated
drug use, arrests, and conviction rates: cities and demographic differences; prison admissions for drug offenses; and rates of illegal drug use; and whites; and youths
“drug-courier profiles,”
drug-law enforcement and racial discrimination; cognitive bias research; consent searches and traffic stops; crack cases; and drug forfeiture laws; “drug-courier profiles,”; financial incentives to law enforcement; and Fourth Amendment; and ghettos; and jury selection; outdoor drug activity/open-air drug markets; paramilitary drug raids and police SWAT teams; police training programs; and police/police departments; pretext traffic stops; and prosecutorial discretion; race as factor in police decision making; racial profiling by police; racially discriminatory sentencing; searches and seizures with unreasonable suspicion; sociological research on; Supreme Court and claims of racial bias; traffic stops; and the War on Drugs
drunk driving, campaigns addressing
Du Bois, W.E.B.
Dukakis, Michael
Dyson, Michael Eric
Ebony magazine
Economic Opportunities Bill (1964)
Edsall, Mary
Edsall, Thomas
education and racial caste system
Eighteenth Amendment
Eighth Amendment
Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals
Eleventh Amendment
Emancipation Proclamation
Emanuel, Rahm
The Emerging Republican Majority (Phillips)
employment: and ex-criminal offenders; joblessness and violent crime rates; manufacturing jobs and deindustrialization; the “negative credential” and system of state-sponsored stratification; service-sector jobs; unemployment/joblessness
Erlichman, John
Farrakhan, Louis
fathers, black
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), antidrug funding
Federalism
Fields, C. Virginia
Fifteenth Amendment
The Fire Next Time (Baldwin)
Flavor of Love (VH1)
Florida v. Bostick
Forman, James, Jr.
Fourteenth Amendment; and crack sentencing; and death penalty sentencing; and jury exclusion; and police traffic stops; and racially discriminatory law enforcement
Fourth Amendment
Freedmen’s Bureau
Frye, Marilyn
Futterman, Craig
gang databases
“gangsta culture,”
gender gap (black men and women)
genocide and War on Drugs
Gideon v. Wainwright
globalization
Goldwater, Barry
Goodwill Industries
Great Depression
Guinier, Lani
Haldeman, H.R.
Harlem riots (1964)
Harmelin v. Michigan
Harwood, Richard
Hill, Barbara
Hininger, Damon
Hispanics/Latinos: prison admissions for drug offenses; rates of illegal drug use
homelessness
Housing and Urban Development (HUD)
housing discrimination
human rights approach
Human Rights Watch
Hurley, Ora Lee
In re Gault (1967)
incarceration. See mass incarceration system
indentured servitude
indifference, racial
inner-city economic collapse
Irving, Lawrence
Jackson, Jesse
Jefferson, Thomas
“Jena 6,”
Jim Crow system: birth of; black cooperation with; and Civil Rights Movement; death of; and Supreme Court; voting rights and disenfranchisement; and World War II, 36. See also mass incarceration and Jim Crow (parallels/differences)
Johnson, Lyndon B.
Johnson, Sheri Lynn
Johnson, Willie
Journal of Alcohol and Drug Education
juries: and felon exclusion; and peremptory strikes; and prosecutors’ discretion; and “stereotypically black” defendants; Supreme Court rulings governing jury selection
Justice Department, U.S.; Bureau of Statistics; report in impact of bias in criminal justice system; and street crime
Justice Policy Institute
Karlan, Pamela
Kennedy, Justice Anthony
Kennedy, John F.
Kerlikowske, Gil
Kilty, Keith
King, Martin Luther, Jr.; and affirmative action; call for complete restructuring of society; and civil rights lawyers/legal cases; on colorblindness and indifference; and human rights approach; and Poor People’s Movement; and Rosa Parks
Klarman, Michael
Kraska, Peter
Ku Klux Klan
Ku Klux Klan Acts
Lambright, Nshombi
Law & Order (television)
law enforcement. See drug-law enforcement and racial discrimination; police/police departments and drug-law enforcement
Lawrence, Charles
Lawyers’ Committee for Civil Rights of the San Francisco Bay Area
Leadership Conference on Civil Rights
Lee, William
Levine, Harry
liberal philosophy of race relations (Reconstruction era)
Lincoln,
Abraham
Lockyer v. Andrade
Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD): databases for “gang-related” activity; and lethal chokeholds
Los Angeles Times
Loury, Glenn
Lyons, Adolph
Maclin, Tracey
Madison, James
Malcolm X
mandatory minimum sentencing; and Anti-Drug Abuse Act; and plea bargaining; reform efforts; and Supreme Court
March on Washington for Jobs and Economic Freedom (1963)
marijuana: and deaths; decriminalization of; felony possession and arrests; and mandatory sentencing guidelines; use by Clinton/Obama; and voting rights; white middle class users; white/black student users
Marshall, Prentiss
Marshall, Stanley
Marshall, Justice Thurgood
mass incarceration and Jim Crow (parallels/ differences); and argument that race has always influenced the criminal justice system; black support for “get tough” policies on crime; collective denial; differences /limits of the analogy; exclusion from juries; historical parallels; legalized discrimination; and marginalization; and overt racial hostility; parallels; political disenfranchisement; racial segregation; stereotypes about black men/ fathers; Supreme Court’s pattern of responding to racial caste/claims of racial bias; the symbolic production of race; white victims
mass incarceration system; and absence of black men/black fathers; arguments that race has always influenced the criminal justice system; collective denial of; and colorblindness; and crime reduction statistics; final stage (period of invisible punishment); first stage; incarceration rates; origins of; prison profiteers; private prisons; reform and dismantling of; second phase; size of; and stigma of criminality. See also post-prison release (ex-offenders); prisons; War on Drugs and the criminal justice system
Massey, Douglas
Matsuda, Mari
Mauer, Marc
McCaffrey, Barry
McClesky, Warren
McClesky v. Kemp
McCormick Institute of Public Affairs
McKnight, Gerald
McLaurin v. Oklahoma (1950)
McNair, Murray
media coverage: crack cocaine stories; imagery of black drug users/drug criminals; and “Jena 6,”; and Obama’s campaign speech on fatherhood and personal responsibility; Reagan administration and War on Drugs
Miami Herald
Military Cooperation with Law Enforcement Act (1981)
military policing and War on Drugs
Miller, Jerome
Miller El v. Cockrell
The Miner’s Canary (Torres and Guinier)
minstrel shows
Montgomery Bus Boycott
moratorium campaign (closing prisons)
Morgan, Edmund
Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD)
Moynihan, Daniel Patrick
Munnerlynn, William
Musto, David
Myrdal, Gunnar
NAACP: legal challenges to Jim Crow; Web site
NAACP Legal Defense Fund
National Advisory Commission on Criminal Justice Standards and Goals, 1973 recommendations
National Center for Institutions and Alternatives
National Colored Convention ( 1853)
National Household Survey on Drug Abuse
National Institute on Drug Abuse
National Journal
National Legal Aid & Defender Association
National Security Decision Directive (Reagan administration)
Neal v. Delaware
New Deal
New York Police Department (NYPD)
New York Times
Newsweek
Nicaragua
Nietzsche, Friedrich
Nilsen, Eva
Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals
Nixon, Richard
Nunn, Dorsey
Obama, Barack; and black exceptionalism; and Byrne grant program; campaign speech on fatherhood and personal responsibility; and crack sentencing; and death penalty; presidency and racial justice advocacy; and War on Drugs; on white guilt and history of racial discrimination
O’Connor, Justice Sandra Day
Ohio v. Robinette
Omi, Michael
“One Strike and You’re Out” legislation
open-air drug markets
Operation Pipeline
Pager, Devah
paramilitary drug raids
Parchman, Farm
Parks, Rosa
parole violations
“passing,”
Pentagon military resources and War on Drugs
Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (1996)
PEW Charitable Trusts
Phillips, Kevin
Piven, Frances Fox
plea bargaining
Plessy v. Ferguson
“pluralistic ignorance,”
Poitier, Sidney
police/police departments and drug-law enforcement; affirmative action and minority officers; consent searches; and drug forfeiture laws; and federal suits for damages; and financial incentives; and ghetto neighborhoods; lethal chokeholds; paramilitary drug raids and SWAT teams; police brutality; pretext stops; race as factor in decision making; racial profiling; searches and seizures and unreasonable suspicion; shakedowns and seizures; traffic stops; training programs. See also drug-law enforcement and racial discrimination; War on Drugs and the criminal justice system
Poor People’s Movement
Populist movement
Posse Comitatus Act
post-arrest legal services
postconviction fees; and preconviction service fees; and probation revocations
post-prison release (ex-offenders); Chicago; and education; and “gangsta culture,”; ineligibility for federally funded public assistance; jury exclusion; postconviction fees; public housing discrimination; rearrest rates; re-entry programs; the shame and stigma of criminality; voting rights/felony disenfranchisement; work/employment
Powell, Colin
powell, john a.
presidential elections: and disenfranchisement of ex-felons; and law and order rhetoric
pretext stops
prisons: admissions for drug offenses; closing; construction of; corporate and private profiteers; inmate work in; private; rearrest rates and parole and probation violations; and redistricting processes; and residential racial segregation; and violent crime (homicide) offenders
probation violations
prosecutorial discretion: crack cocaine cases; and drug-law enforcement; and jury selection; and racial bias
public defender system
public housing agencies/assistance
Purkett v. Elm
Quality Housing and Work Responsibility Act (1998)
racial caste system in the U.S.; black codes and vagrancy laws; and Civil Rights Movement; and collective denial; and colorblindness; competing schools of thought on race, poverty, and social order; convict leasing and forced labor; end of Jim Crow system; flawed public consensus at heart of; and “get tough on crime” policies; and language of racial caste; law and order rhetoric; new; and philosophies of race relations; and political parties; poor and working class whites; and Populist movement; postemancipation period; Reconstruction Era; and Republican Party; and slavery; Southern “Redemption” campaign; structural racism; systems of control/recurring periods of transition and uncertainty. See also drug-law enforcement and racial discrimination; mass incarceration and Jim Crow (parallels/differences); mass incarceration system; post-prison release; War on Drugs