Foreign Information Service, 29
Formichelli, Michael, 91–92
Fort Belvoir, Virginia, 63
Fort Benning, Georgia, 64
Fort Jackson, South Carolina, 63
Foucault, André, 171
Francis, Philip, 249–250, 261
François, Gilbert, 168
Franc Tireurs, 167
Frasier, Simon, 46
Free French, 168
French Commandos, 127–128
French Committee of National Liberation, 152
French Forces of the Interior, 152–153, 171, 173
French Militia, 170
French North Africa, 36
Fusco, Luigi, 210–212
G
Galante, Angelo, 194
Gallagher, Robert, 249
Gardiner, William T., 83
Garibaldi units, 190–191, 198, 315
Geisel, Theodor Seuss, 19
Geneva Convention, 55–57
Genoa, 8, 191, 240, 253–256, 261, 263
Giannino, Victor, 100, 204–205, 207
Gibraltar, 37
Gish, Lillian, 19
Giustizia e Libertà units, 191, 198, 200
Goebbels, Joseph, 54
Goering, Hermann, 120
Golodetz, Alexander, 275–276, 289
Gordon, Thomas L., 99–100
Gorrieri, Enrico, 262
Gothic Line, 122–124, 148, 193, 197, 200, 240, 252–254, 269
Greece, 41
Greek OGs, 68–69
Green Flames, 191
Griffi, Pierre, 76–77
Groupe de Commandos d’Afrique, 126
Gruber, Franz, 304–306
Gruppi di Azione Patriottica (GAP), 190
Guglielmini, Commissario, 135
H
Hagerstown, Maryland, 65
Halyard mission, 228–229, 233, 236–237
Hamilton, John D. M., 22
Hammond, Franklin T., Jr., 283
Hand-to-hand combat, 73–74
Highlanders Plan, 169, 172, 188
Himmler, Heinrich, 42, 58
Hitler, Adolf, 57–59, 82, 264
Holland, 40
Holohan, William V., 203–205, 207, 209, 211–216, 278–279, 309–315, 318–322, 324–326, 329, 332
Hoover, J. Edgar, 29
Hoppers, Vernon G., 175–176, 178–179, 188
Horne, Frederick J., 36, 38
Houseman, John, 175, 176–177, 182, 186–187
Howland, Charles W., 84–88
Huet, François, 175, 178, 182, 185
Hungary, 40
Huntington, Ellery C., 65
I
Icardi, Aldo, 204–205, 207, 209–211, 214–215, 279–280, 310–312, 314–331
Ickes, Harold L., 16
Indochina, 13
Ingersoll, Ralph, 19
International Red Cross, 55
Istria, Paul Colona, 77
Italian OGs, 8, 63–67
Italian Social Republic, 89, 122, 190
J
Jaynes, Lawrence C., 283–284, 291, 299–300
Jedburghs, 155–156, 171, 334, 336, 339
Jibilian, Arthur (Jibby), 228–232, 234, 236–237
Johnson, Ellsworth, 159–160, 163
Juin, Alfred, 194
Justice and Liberty units, 191, 198, 200
K
Kampfen-Truppen, 39
Keech, Richmond B., 331–332
Kennedy, Alexander, 289
Kesselring, Albert, 97, 121–123, 141, 264, 277, 286, 294, 297–298, 303–304, 308
Kilday, Paul J., 326–327
Klaps, Friedrich, 136–138, 140–142, 147, 274, 284, 286, 292–294, 296
Knell, Wilhelm, 287–289
Knox, Frank, 22, 25, 32
Knox, John C., 15
Koenig, Marie-Pierre, 152–153, 155, 173–174, 189
Koerbitz, Wolfgang, 136–137, 139, 141–142, 144, 147, 284, 296
Koons, Franklin M., 52
Korean War, 339
Kraigher, George, 225, 234
K-Truppen, 39
Kuomintang, 13–14
L
Lagaxo, Franco, 132–134
La Guardia, Fiorello, 15–16
Lalich, Nick, 233, 236
Lange, Desmond, 175, 182, 186–187
Lanier, Albert G., 266, 269–271, 277–278, 288
La Spezia, 8, 251, 268–269, 273, 289
Lehr und Bau Kompanie z.b.V. 800 (Special Duty Training and Construction Company No. 800), 40
Leip, Hans, 120
Leone, John J., 130
Lewis, Sinclair, 18–19
Libardi, Joseph A., 130
Liberal Party, 191
Libya, 13
Lieberman, Arthur N., 306
“Lilli Marlene” (song), 120–121
Lindbergh, Charles A., 14, 18
Livermore, Russell J., 62–63, 114, 116, 124, 137, 149, 267, 274–275, 334, 338–340
Livorno, 240
Locust network, 193
Lo Dolce, Carl, 117, 148, 204, 207–209, 211, 214, 311–317, 319–327, 329, 331
Lofoten Islands, 45
Loustalot, Edward, 52
Lovat, Lord, 51
Lucas, John P., 122
Lussi, Tullio, 204
M
Madison Square Garden, 17–18
Magnocavallo, John H., 306–307
Maheu, Robert, 328
Manfredi, Henry, 311, 325
Mangosteen-Chrysler mission, 203–216
Manini, Giuseppe, 207–208, 214–215, 311, 319–320, 323–325, 327–329, 332
Manning, William T., 16
Manzani, Nevio J., 266, 268–271
Mao Zedong, 13–14
Maquisards, 156, 161–164, 168–171, 173–176, 178–179, 183–187
Maquis of Vercors, 167–169, 171–172, 184, 188–189
Mark XIII torpedoes, 6
Marshall, George C., 38, 50, 78
Martha’s Vineyard, Massachusetts, 67
Martin, Henri, 97
Massa, 251–252
Materazzi, Albert R., 8–9, 11–12, 117–118, 124–125, 130–131, 195, 267, 271, 284, 307
Matteotti units, 191
Maulini, Edoardo, 321, 324
Mauro, Dominic, 11, 130
McCarthy, Joe, 327
McNarney, Joseph T., 35–36, 38, 281–283
Meinhold, Günther, 254–255
Melee training, 73–74
Meridien network, 193
Mezzadra, Domenico, 199, 246
Migliari, Aminta, 207–209, 211, 213, 278–279, 310–311, 320–325, 332
Mihailovich, Drazha, 220–224, 236–237
Milice or Milice Française, 170, 186
Mongols, 245
Monroe, Lucy, 17
Montgomery, Bernard, 61
Monticello, USS, 65–66
Morale, 74
Morgan, Frederick E., 300
Morocco, 61
Moscatelli, Vincenzo (Cino), 206, 211–213, 318, 320, 322, 328–329
Motor Torpedo Squadron Fifteen, 5–6
Mountbatten, Louis, 46–47, 49
Mowrer, Edgar, 24
Murialdi, Paolo, 261–262
Murray, James W., 305
Mussolini, Benito, 42, 81–82, 88–89, 259–260
Musulin, George, 228–233, 236
Myers, Chester L., 175, 185
N
National Liberation Committee for Upper Italy, 191, 198–199, 205, 216, 239, 253, 258–259
Nembo division, 95–96
New York City, 14–18
Noia, Joseph, 130
North, Henry R., 84, 86–87
North Africa, 36, 65–66
Norway, 60
Notestein, James, 283, 293–294
Nouveau Port, 5
O
Oberkommando der Wehrmacht (OKW), 97
Obolensky, Serge, 90–92, 94–96, 156, 158–159, 163–164
Oerlikon antiaircraft gun, 7
Office of Policy Coordination (OPC), 338
OGs. See Operational Group(s) (OGs)
Oliver, Thomas K., 222–224, 230–231
Olson, Eric, 339
Oneto, Gaetano, 133–134
Operational Group(s) (OGs)
Company A, 64, 67, 69, 101, 115, 256, 333
Company B, 67, 156, 305, 333–334
Company C, 68
conception of, 62
in France, 151–165
Greek, 68–69
prisoners of war and, 103–104, 109–110
structure of, 62
in Tuscan Archipelago, 115–116
Yugoslavian, 68
Operation Avalanche, 84, 88
Operation Bettina, 174–175, 180
Operation Dragoon, 151, 194, 334
Operation Grenoble, 170
Operation Husky, 77–81
Operation Overlord, 151–152
Operation Torch, 36–38, 53, 76
Oral Intelligence Unit, 29
Oran, Algeria, 66
Orbach, Fred, 257–258
Organizzazione per la Vigilanza e la Repressione dell’Antifascismo (OVRA) (Organization for Vigilance and Repression of Anti-Fascism), 75–77, 168
Ortiz, Peter J., 171
Ossola, 205–209, 213
P
Paderewski Fund for Polish Relief, 21, 79
Padula, Joseph, 111–114
Palestine, 43
Pantaleoni, Guido, 79–81
Panzarella, Neal M., 104–109, 111
Parachute training, 66–67
Parri, Ferruccio, 260
Patch, Alexander M., 334
Patriotic Action Groups, 190
Patrol torpedo boats, 5–8
Patton, George S., 78–79
Pavia, Vincent, 93
Pearl Harbor, 29
Pearl Harbor (mission), 75–77
Pecquet, André, 175, 178, 186
Peedee-Roanoke mission, 238–266
Pertini, Sandro, 260
Petacci, Claretta, 259–260
Pflaum, Karl, 169–170, 180
Pianosa, 125–126
Pierce, Ralph W., 326
Pierotti, Erminia, 192
Pietra, Italo, 246, 258–259
Pistol training, 71–72
Piteri, James, 98–99
Plan Montagnards, 169, 172, 188
Ploesti, 219, 221
Poland, 39–40
Pranjani, 222, 225, 228–229, 231–232, 234
Preziosi, Laurent, 76–77
Prisoners of war (POWs), 53–60, 102–114
PT boats, 5–8
PTRon 15, 5–6
Puleo, Joseph, 93
Purdy, Ken W., 316
Q
Quantico, Virginia, 64–65
Queensberry rules, 73
R
Rajacich, Michael (Mike), 228–231, 236
Red Cross, 55
Red Tails, 234
Republican Party, 22
Republican Party (Italy), 191
Republicca Sociale Italiana (RSI), 89, 122, 190
Revelli, Nuto, 197
Ribarich, Anthony, 80–81
Ridgeway, Mathew B., 300, 304–305
Robinson, Bill “Bojangles,” 17
Roche, Frederick W., 281, 283, 286–290, 293–295, 298
Romania, 40, 236
Rommel, Erwin, 13, 60–61, 120
Roosevelt, Eleanor, 21
Roosevelt, Franklin, 22, 25, 27, 33, 335–336
Roosevelt, Theodore, Jr., 92, 94–96
Russell, James, 91, 130–131
Russo, Vincent J., 5–6, 129–130, 135, 137–138, 301
S
San Fratello (mission), 80
Sark Island, 54, 56
Saule, Roger de, 76–77
Sauro, Peter, 103–109, 111
Savino, Thomas N., 130
Scamporino, Vincent, 78
Schultze, Norman, 120
Serbia, 222
Servizio Informazioni Militare (SIM), 93–94
Sessler, Georg, 136–139, 143, 147, 273–274, 284, 296
Seventh Column (film), 220–221
Shaler, Harrison, 283
Sherwood, William, 91
Shultz, Hans-Georg, 277, 286–287
Sicher, Francesco, 321–322, 324
Sicily, 61, 75, 77–81, 226
Simonds, A. G. (Tony), 103
Sirico, Angelo, 130
Sixth Operational Zone, 193, 238, 240–241, 245–246
Skorzeny, Otto, 42, 88–89
Smith, Lloyd G., 226–228
Smith, Quayle N., 194–195, 201
Smith, R. T., 195
Socialist Party, 191, 260
Solborg, Robert A., 30–32
“Song of a Young Sentry, The” (song), 120
South Africa, 43
Souza, M. Pedro, 271
Special Air Service (SAS), 102–103
Special Forces Headquarters (SFHQ), 152
Special Operations (SO), 69–71, 74, 151–152, 155
Special Operations Executive (SOE), 30–31, 149, 154, 226, 239
Special Operations Service (SOS), 31–32
Special Training School 103, 31
Squatrito, Rosario F., 130
Station X, 66, 75
Steinbeck, John, 84, 121
Stemson, Kenneth, 52
Stern, Michael, 315–316, 325
Stimson, Henry L., 22, 25
Strong, Kenneth D., 82
Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Forces (SHAEF), 151, 154
Szima, Alex J., 52
T
Taquay, Charles, 93
Tarallo, Frank J., 84–87
Tarrantino, Mario, 247
Taylor, Maxwell D., 83
Taylor, Rawleigh, 246–247, 256–258, 262
Team Eucalyptus, 176, 178, 180–181, 185
Team Justine, 176, 178, 182, 185, 187–188
Team Patrick, 156, 159–165
Tessitore, John, 99
Thackthwaite, H. A. A., 171
Thomas, Norman, 14, 18–19
Tito, Josip Broz, 219, 221, 236–237
Tittmann, Harold, 305
Todt Organization, 122, 144
Toussaint, Rudolph, 273
Tozzini, Gualtiero, 207–208, 214–215, 311, 319–325, 327–329
Trafficante, Paul J., 9–11, 103, 130, 132, 135–137, 143
Training Area F, 64
Tremonte, Liberty J., 130
Truman, Harry S., 237, 301, 336–337
Truscott, Lucien K., Jr., 50–51, 194, 250
Tunisia, 61
Tuskegee Airmen, 234
Twining, Nathan F., 218, 225, 234
U
Ukmar, Anton, 198–200, 250
Union (mission), 171
USS Monticello, 65–66
V
“Val Toce” division, 206
Vanoncini, Les, 241, 247–248, 261, 266, 269
Varzi, 249
Vassieux, 175–188
Vaughn, Charles, 49
Ventotene, 84–85
Vercors, 166–189
Victor Emanuel III, 82, 84
Vieceli, Livio, 11, 130
Vieux Port, 5
Vis, 68
Visual Presentation Branch, 29
Voghera, 257–258, 261
von Falkenhorst, Nikolaus, 59–60, 307–308
von Foelkersam, Adrian, 41
von Paulus, Friedrich, 89
von Senger und Etterlin, Fridolin, 78, 89–90, 97–98, 121–122, 264–265, 283, 290–291, 304
von Vietinghoff, Heinrich, 264–265, 300
von Zangen, Gustav-Adolf, 123, 275–277, 289–290, 292, 294–295, 302
W
Waggoner, David, 249
Walla Walla mission, 190–202, 241, 243
War crimes, 267–284
Wentzel, Donald B., 9
Westphal, Siegfried, 302–303
Wheeler, Burton K., 14, 18–19
Wheeler, William C., 194, 199, 201
White, George, 43
Wilkinson, Gordon W., 305
Williams, Edward Bennett, 327–332
Willie, Walter L., 305–306
Willoughby, Robert J., 270–271
Wills, Richard L., 46, 52
Wittibort, Lieutenant Junior Grade, 8
Wolfe, Claudius O., 283, 291–292, 294–299, 301–302, 304
Wood, Robert E., 14, 19
World War I, 20, 62
Y
Yugoslavia, 40–41, 68, 219–221, 223–224, 226, 232, 236
Z
zu Dohna, Fuerst, 286, 292–294
Major General William J. Donovan circa 1944.
The compound at 25th and E Streets, NW, in Washington, DC, was OSS headquarters from 1942 to 1945 and CIA’s headquarters from 1947 to 1961.
The OSS Memorial Wall in CIA’s Lobby commemorates the 116 OSS officers who died in the line of duty during World War II. Donovan’s statue stands to the right.
Area F at the Congressional Country Club in Bethesda, Maryland, served as training ground for the OGs.
William Fairbairn demonstrates the correct stance with the stiletto knife designed for the OSS.
Two paratroopers practice close combat. Note the almost perfect fighting stance of the soldier to the left.
OGs aboard a Skytrain C-47 transport airplane prepare for a practice parachute drop.
French OGs at the Brookhall Estate in England in 1944.
Lieutenant Colonel Serge Obolensky, executive officer of French OGs and leader of Team Patrick.
Team Patrick in a victory parade in a French town they helped liberate in August 1944.
Team Justine in Vercors.
Supply drops over Vercors on Bastille Day, July 14, 1944.
Rescued nurses arriving in Italy from Albania.
A member of the Greek OGs with weapons to be distributed to Greek partisans in the background.
Lieutenant Nick Lalich, Master Sergeant Michael Rajacich wearing a chetnik cap, and Lieutenant George Musulin of mission Halyard in Pranjani, Serbia.
PT boat at harbor in Bastia in February 1944—one of several PT boats that carried the Italian OGs to their missions in Italy.
Captain Albert Materazzi, executive officer of the Italian OGs.
A group of Italian OGs in Corsica.
Three unidentified members of the Italian Sixth Zone command, Anton Ukmar (Miro), commander of the Sixth Zone, and Captain Les Vanoncini, leader of the OSS Peedee mission at the victory parade in Genoa, on May 2, 1945.
Members of the Chrysler-Mangosteen team and three OSS Italian agents who parachuted on September 26, 1944, near Lake Orta, in Italy. Rear (L–R): Major William V. Holohan, Lieutenant Aldo Icardi, Sergeant Carl Lo Dolce, Tullio Lussi, and Lieutenant Victor Giannino. Front, center: Sergeant Arthur Ciarmicoli with two Italian OSS agents.