NOTES
A NOTE ON SOURCES
The most important sources for an understanding of the life and work of Henry R. Luce are the vast Time Inc. Archives, which combine many of Luce’s personal papers with the archives of the company he founded and led. The archives also contain a small collection of the papers of Briton Hadden and oral histories of a number of other Time Inc. founders.
Another invaluable source is a collection of letters and other materials that were for many decades in the possession of Luce’s first wife, Lila Luce Tyng. My own use of these papers preceded their transfer to Harvard University, where they are now in the possession of the Schlesinger Library at the Radcliffe Institute.
A third important source is the collections of John Shaw Billings, who was one of the most important editors in the first three decades of Time Inc.’s existence. They are held in the South Caroliniana Library at the University of South Carolina, Columbia. Billings joined the company in the 1920s, became managing editor of Time in the 1930s, then the first managing editor of Life, and after that the editorial director of all Time Inc. magazines. His meticulously recorded diary is one of the most revealing sources for an understanding of the day-to-day workings of the company and of his own relationship with Luce. His papers duplicate many documents in the Time Inc. Archives but contain some that are not available elsewhere.
Another important window into the internal workings of Time Inc. is the vast collection of Time dispatches sent to New York from correspondents around the country and the world and preserved by the longtime general manager of the company, Roy Larsen. They are now at the Houghton Library at Harvard University. Also at Harvard are the papers of Theodore H. White, an important Time Inc. journalist in the 1940s and again in the 1960s.
The Clare Boothe Luce Papers in the Manuscripts Division of the Library of Congress are of great value in understanding her long and difficult marriage to Henry Luce. Also in the Library of Congress is another collection of the papers of Henry Luce, much of it duplicative of material in the Time Inc. Archives, but also with some materials not available elsewhere.
An important published work for anyone interested in the history of Time Inc. (and of Henry Luce) is the internally produced three-volume history of the company. The first two volumes are by Robert T. Elson: Time Inc.: The Intimate History of a Publishing Enterprise, 1923–1941 (1968) and The World of Time Inc.: The Intimate History of a Publishing Enterprise, 1941–1960 (1973). The third volume is by Curtis Prendergast: The World of Time Inc.: The Intimate History of a Changing Enterprise, 1960–1980 (1986). In researching the first two volumes Elson did extensive interviews with Luce, transcripts of which are available in the Time Inc. Archives.
ABBREVIATIONS
BH Briton Hadden
CBL Clare Boothe Luce
COHP Columbia Oral History Project
ERL Elisabeth Root Luce
FDR Franklin D. Roosevelt
FDRL Franklin D. Roosevelt Library
HRL Elson Robert T. Elson interviews with Henry R. Luce, 1965–66
HRL Henry Robinson Luce
HWL Henry Winters Luce
JFKL John F. Kennedy Library
JSB John Shaw Billings
JSBD John Shaw Billings Diary
LC Library of Congress
LH Lila Hotz/Lila Hotz Luce
LT Lila Luce Tyng
MBW Margaret Bourke-White
PPF President’s Personal File
PSF President’s Secretary File
TD Time Dispatches
THW Theodore H. White
TIA Time Inc. Archives
MANUSCRIPT COLLECTIONS
Carl Albert Papers, University of Oklahoma Library
Frank Altschul Papers, Rare Books and Manuscript Library, Columbia University
American Friends of Vietnam Papers, Rare Books and Manuscript Library, Columbia University
Mary Bancroft Papers, Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University
John Shaw Billings Papers, South Caroliniana Library, University of South Carolina
Margaret Bourke-White Papers, George Arents Collection, Syracuse University Library
Thomas Corcoran Papers, Manuscripts Division, Library of Congress
Russell W. Davenport Papers, Manuscripts Division, Library of Congress
Stephen Early Papers, Franklin D. Roosevelt Library
B. A. Garside Papers, Hoover Institution Archives, Stanford University
Manfred Gottfried Oral History, Time Inc. Archives
Walter Graebner Papers, Time Inc. Archives
Frances Fineman Gunther Papers, Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University
Briton Hadden Papers, Time Inc. Archives
David Halberstam Papers, Mugar Library, Boston University
Stanley Hornbeck Papers, Hoover Institution Archives, Stanford University
Hotchkiss School Archives, Hotchkiss School Library
Ralph Ingersoll Papers, Howard Gottlieb Archival Research Center, Boston University
Institute for Pacific Relations Papers, Rare Books and Manuscript Library, Columbia University
Roy Larsen Papers, Time Inc. Archives
Daniel Longwell Oral History, Columbia Oral History Project, Columbia University
Daniel Longwell Papers, Rare Books and Manuscript Library, Columbia University
Clare Boothe Luce Papers, Manuscripts Division, Library of Congress
Henry R. Luce Papers, Time Inc. Archives
Henry R. Luce Papers, Manuscripts Division, Library of Congress
Henry W. Luce Papers, Hartford Seminary Foundation
Dwight Macdonald Papers, Sterling Library, Yale University
Nettie McCormick Papers, Wisconsin State Historical Society
Franklin D. Roosevelt Papers, Franklin D. Roosevelt Library
Henry Stimson Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress
W. A. Swanberg Papers, Rare Books and Manuscript Library, Columbia University
Time Dispatches, Houghton Library, Harvard University
Time Inc. Papers, Time Inc. Archives
Rexford Tugwell Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress
Lila Luce Tyng Papers, Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University
Henry A. Wallace Papers, University of Iowa Library
Albert C. Wedemeyer Papers, Hoover Institution Archives, Stanford University
Theodore H. White Papers, Houghton Library, Harvard University
Wendell Willkie Papers, Lilly Library, Indiana University
INTERVIEWS
Jeanne Campbell, New York, N.Y., 1997
Richard Clurman, New York, N.Y., 1993
Thomas Griffith, New York, N.Y., 1995
Henry Grunwald, New York, N.Y., 1997
David Halberstam, New York, N.Y., 2004
Andrew Heiskell, New York, N.Y., 1996
Christopher Luce, New York, N.Y., 1993
Henry Luce III, New York, N.Y., 1993–98
Elisabeth Luce Moore, New York, N.Y., 1994
David H. C. Read, New York, N.Y., 1995
Leslie Severinghaus, Coconut Grove, Fla., 1992
Lila Luce Tyng, Gladstone, N.J., 1993
PREFACE
1. Henry Luce interviewed by Eric Goldman, May 8, 1966, video, The Open Mind, WNBC Television, “A Profile of Henry R. Luce,” TIA.
2. Henry R. Luce, “The American Century,” Life, February 17, 1941.
3. W. A. Swanberg, Luce and His Empire (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1972).
I AMERICANS ABROAD
1. Charles E. Ronan and Bonnie B. C. Oh, eds., East Meets West: The Jesuits in China, 1582–1773 (Chicago: Loyola University Press, 1988); George H. Dunne, Generation of Giants: The Story of the Jesuits in China in the Last Decades of the Ming Dynasty (Notre Dame, Ind.: University of Notre Dame
Press, 1962); John King Fairbank, The United States and China, 4th ed. (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1983), pp. 152–55; William R. Hutchison, Errand to the World: Protestant Thought and Foreign Missions (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987), pp. 21–22.
2. James C. Thompson, Jr., Peter W. Stanley, John Curtis Perry, Sentimental Imperialists: The American Experience in East Asia (New York: Harper & Row, 1981), pp. 44–60; John King Fairbank, “The Many Faces of Protestant Missions,” in Fairbank, ed., The Missionary Enterprise in China and America (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1974), pp. 1–10; Jonathan Spence, To Change China: Western Advisers in China, 1620–1960 (Boston: Little, Brown, 1969), pp. 34–56; Michael H. Hunt, The Making of a Special Relationship: The United States and China to 1914 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1983), pp. 26–28.
3. George Marsden, Fundamentalism and American Culture: The Shaping of Twentieth-Century Evangelicalism (New York: Oxford University Press, 1980), pp. 30–31, 48, 86–88, 162–69; Jon H. Roberts, Darwinism and the Divine in America: Protestant Intellectuals and Organic Evolution, 1859–1900 (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1988), pp. 213–31; Randall Balmer and Lauren Winner, Protestantism in America (New York: Columbia University Press, 2002), pp. 73–75, 85.
4. William R. Hutchinson, “Modernism and Missions: The Liberal Search for an Exportable Christianity, 1886–1920,” in Fairbank, The Missionary Enterprise in China and America, pp. 110–31; Martin E. Marty, “Protestants and the Chinese Wall,” Reviews in American History 14 (September 1986): 391; Roberts, Darwinism and the Divine in America, pp. 181–208; Balmer and Winner, Protestantism in America, pp. 57–58, 84–85.
5. Clifton J. Philips, “The Student Volunteer Movement and Its Role in China Missions, 1886–1920,” in Fairbank, The Missionary Enterprise in China and America, pp. 91–109; Valentin H. Rabe, The Home Base of American China Missions, 1880–1920 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1978), pp. 90–93; Hutchison, Errand to the World, pp. 130–32.
6. Arthur T. Pierson, The Crisis of Missions (New York: Robert Carter and Brothers, 1886), p. 27; Philips, “The Student Volunteer Movement,” pp. 92–96.
7. Philips, “The Student Volunteer Movement,” pp. 102–3.
8. Spence, To Change China, pp. 34–36; Akira Iriye, Across the Pacific: An Inner History of American-East Asian Relations (New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1967), pp. 17–20; Rabe, The Home Base of American China Missions, pp. 92–106.
9. B. A. Garside, One Increasing Purpose: The Life of Henry Winters Luce (New York: Fleming H. Revell Company, 1948), pp. 23–28.
10. Ibid., pp. 29–34.
11. Ibid., pp. 30–34; Robert E. Speer, A Memorial to Horace Tracy Pitkin (New York: Fleming H. Revell Company, 1903), pp. 62–80; W. A. Swanberg, Luce and His Empire (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1972), pp. 15–17.
12. Garside, One Increasing Purpose, pp. 44–58, 82–83; HWL to Howard Thurman, February 12, 1936, HWL Mss.
13. ERL to HRL, February, n.d., 1942, May 26, 1946, TIA; Garside, One Increasing Purpose, pp. 58–72; Swanberg, Luce and His Empire, p. 17.
14. William R. Hutchison, “Modernism and Missions,” pp. 111–20; Jessie Gregory Lutz, China and the Christian Colleges, 1850–1950 (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1971), pp. 12–24.
15. Garside, One Increasing Purpose, pp. 78–87; Gladys Zehnpfennig, Henry R. Luce: Tycoon of Journalism (Minneapolis: T. S. Denison & Co., Inc., 1969), p. 14; Lutz, China and the Christian Colleges, pp. 28–29; Jane Hunter, The Gospel of Gentility: American Women Missionaries in Turn-of-the-Century China (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1984), pp. 164–66.
16. S. Cecil-Smith to HWL, July 20, 1913, LT; Garside, One Increasing Purpose, pp. 88–94.
17. Arthur H. Smith, Chinese Characteristics (New York: Fleming H. Revell, 1894), pp. 313, 329–30; Charles W. Hayford, “Chinese and American Characteristics: Arthur H. Smith and His China Book,” in Suzanne Wilson Barnett and John King Fairbank, eds., Christianity in China: Early Protestant Missionary Writings (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1985), pp. 153–74; Lawrence D. Kessler, The Jiangyin Mission Station: An American Missionary Community in China, 1895–1951 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996), pp. 43–66; Sidney A. Forsythe, An American Missionary Community in China, 1895–1905 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1971), pp. 21–30; Marty, “Protestants and the Chinese Wall,” pp. 388–89; Hunt, The Making of a Special Relationship, pp. 28–29.
18. Diana Preston, The Boxer Rebellion (New York: Walker & Company, 2000), p. 276; Henry Keown-Boyd, The Fists of Righteous Harmony: A History of the Boxer Uprising in China in the Year 1900 (London: Leo Cooper, 1991), pp. 27–29, 214–15; Jonathan Spence, The Gate of Heavenly Peace: The Chinese and Their Revolution, 1895–1980 (New York: Viking Penguin, 1981), pp. 58–62.
19. Frederic A. Sharf and Peter Harrington, China 1900: The Eyewitnesses Speak (London: Greenhill Books, 2000), pp. 26–28, 151–239; Preston, The Boxer Rebellion, pp. 275–82.
20. Stuart Creighton Miller, “Ends and Means: Missionary Justification of Force in Nineteenth-Century China,” in Fairbank, The Missionary Enterprise in China and America, pp. 273–80.
21. Lutz, China and the Christian Colleges, pp. 108–9, 121; John J. Heeren, On the Shantung Front: A History of the Presbyterian Church in the U.S.A., 1861–1940 (New York: Board of Foreign Missions of the Presbyterian Church, 1940), pp. 124, 137–39; B. A. Garside, Within the Four Seas (New York: Frederic C. Bell, 1985), pp. 58–59; Garside, One Increasing Purpose, p. 98.
22. Family birth record, TIA.
23. ERL notes, n.d., 1898, TIA.
24. HRL to HWL, June 12, 14, 1903, TIA.
25. Elisabeth Luce Moore interview.
26. Hunter, The Gospel of Gentility, pp. 128–73; Elisabeth Luce Moore interview.
27. Elisabeth Luce Moore interview; Elisabeth Luce Moore oral history, TIA.
28. HRL to parents, December 24, 1916, TIA; Elisabeth Luce Moore interview.
29. HRL to ERL, July 7, 1912, TIA; Elisabeth Luce Moore oral history, TIA; Elisabeth Luce Moore interview.
30. Elisabeth Luce Moore interview; Elisabeth Luce Moore oral history, TIA.
31. HRL to parents, n.d., TIA.
32. HRL to Mary Linen, n.d., 1903, TIA; Garside, Within the Four Seas, p. 58.
33. HRL Elson interview, 1965, TIA; ERL to HRL, August 6, 1918, LT.
34. HRL Elson interview, 1965, TIA; Elisabeth Luce Moore interview.
35. HRL Elson interview, 1965, TIA; HWL to HRL, n.d., 1913, TIA; Rabe, The Home Base of American Missions, pp. 109–71.
36. St. Nicholas, n.d., 1909, TIA.
37. E. Murray to HRL, October 1, 1913, LT; HRL speech, Nov. 17, 1932, LT; Richard H. Goldstone, Thornton Wilder: An Intimate Portrait (New York: E. P. Dutton, 1975), pp. 12–13.
38. HRL to ERL, September 3, 1911, HRL to parents, September 19, 20, 1908, TIA.
39. HRL to parents, October 13, 1909, February 20, 1910, September, n.d., 1908, May 22, September 4, 1910, TIA.
40. HRL to parents, May 16, 1909, September 17, 1911, February 11, July 21, 1912, TIA.
41. HRL to parents, April 3, July 25, 1909, May 8, 1910, n.d., 12, 1911, TIA.
42. HRL Elson interview, 1965, TIA; HRL speech, November 17, 1932, LT.
43. HRL to parents, October 29, 1911, March 10, 1912, HRL to Emmavail and Elisabeth, February 11, 1912, TIA; Spence, The Gate of Heavenly Peace, pp. 94–153.
44. HRL to Miss Dolph, March 4, 1912, HRL to Mrs. Linen, January, n.d., 1912; HRL speech at Saint Thomas Church, New York City, December 13, 1942, TIA.
45. HRL to parents, July 14, 21, 1912, TIA.
46. Elisabeth Luce Moore interview.
47. Ella Shields to ERL, November 7, 1912, Sheldon Luce to Henry Kobler, October 11, 1963, TIA.
48. HRL to ERL, October 31, November 13, multiple n.d., 1912, TIA.
49. HWL to HRL, February 3, n.d., 1912, LT.
50. Elisabeth L
uce Moore interview.
51. HRL to ERL, November 6, 1912, HRL to parents, November 8, 1912, TIA.
II THE STRIVER
1. HRL to parents, November 13, 14, 22, 1912, TIA.
2. HRL to parents, November 22, n.d., December 1, 7, 9, 12, 1912, HRL to Emmavail, December 10, 1912, TIA.
3. HWL to HRL, n.d., 1913, LT; HRL Elson interview, 1965, p. 43, TIA.
4. HRL to parents, December 11, 16, 24, 1912, January 12, 19, 1913, TIA; “Idolatry,” a poem by HRL, n.d., 1913, LT.
5. ERL to HRL, January 8, 1913, HWL to HRL, January 10, 13, 1913, LT; HRL to parents, January 26, 1913, HRL to ERL, February 9, 1913, TIA.
6. HRL to HWL, March 14, 1913, LT; HRL to HWL, March 18, 23, 1913, April, n.d., 1913, HRL to ERL, April 7, 1913, TIA; HRL travel diary, n.d., 1913, LT.
7. HRL to ERL, April 14, 1913, TIA; HWL to HRL, May 2, 1913, LT.
8. HRL to ERL, April 14, 1913, TIA; railroad tickets and tour receipts, n.d., 1913, LT; HRL to HWL, April 25, 1913, TIA.
9. Miss Dolph to HWL, August 6, 1913, LT; HRL to parents, August 24, 30, 1913, TIA; Harold Burt to ERL, August 31, 1913, Harold Burt to HRL, September 4, 1913, LT.
10. HWL to HRL, n.d., 1913, ERL to HRL, January 12, 1914, LT.
11. HRL Elson interview, 1965, p. 46, TIA; HWL to HRL, December 11, 1913, ERL to HRL, December 7, 1912, LT.
12. HRL to ERL, n.d., 1913, TIA.
13. E. Digby Baltzell, The Protestant Establishment: Aristocracy and Caste in America (New York: Random House, 1965), pp. 109–42.
14. Lael Tucker Wertenbaker and Maude Basserman, The Hotchkiss School: A Portrait (Lakeville, Conn.: Hotchkiss School, 1966), pp. 1–12; James McLachlan, American Boarding Schools: A Historical Study (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1970), pp. 189–97.
15. HRL to HWL, January 11, 1914, HRL to Emmavail, September 20, 1913, TIA; Wertenbaker and Basserman, The Hotchkiss School, pp. 54–55, 64.
16. HRL to HWL, January 18, 1914, HRL to ERL, November 22, 1913, HRL to HWL, December 4, 1913, January 18, 1914, TIA; Erdman Harris, “Harry Luce ‘16 at Hotchkiss,’” unpublished essay, Hotchkiss School Archives.