Northumberland, Thomas Percy, 7th earl of, ref 1
Norwich: in Kett’s rebellion, ref 1
Nostradamus, ref 1
Nottingham, Charles Howard, 1st earl of (earlier 2nd baron Howard of Effingham): commands English fleet against Spanish Armada, ref 1; on sickness of seamen, ref 1; earldom, ref 1; leads attack on Spain (1597), ref 1; calms Essex in outburst against Elizabeth, ref 1; in Cecil’s court faction, ref 1; and Elizabeth’s ageing, ref 1
Nun of Kent see Barton, Elizabeth
nuns: and dissolution of convents, ref 1
oath: Whitgift makes compulsory, ref 1
Orsini, Cardinal Flavio, ref 1
Oxford: religious dissidents, ref 1; Elizabeth visits, ref 1
Paget, Sir William, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
papist: as term of contempt, ref 1
parish churches: design, ref 1
parish registers: introduced, ref 1
Parker, Matthew, archbishop of Canterbury: meets at White Horse tavern, ref 1; consecrated as archbishop, ref 1; and Elizabeth’s distaste for marriage, ref 1; on Elizabeth’s treatment of Mary Stuart, ref 1; death, ref 1
parliament: called for 1529, ref 2; petition against Church, ref 1, ref 2; Henry seeks support, ref 1; religious opinions and discussions, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8; supports Henry over succession, ref 1; Reformation (1536), ref 1; discusses status of Mary and Elizabeth after Anne of Boleyn’s death, ref 1; called (1543), ref 1; inaugurated with Mass sung in English (1547), ref 1; assembles (January 1552), ref 1; under Mary Tudor, ref 1; Pole addresses, ref 1; demands free speech, ref 1, ref 2; meets after Elizabeth’s coronation, ref 1; Elizabeth’s relations with, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5; debates succession to Elizabeth, ref 1; legislation under Elizabeth, ref 1; discusses Elizabeth’s marriage prospects, ref 1, ref 2; condemns Mary for role in Ridolfi plot, ref 1; legislates for Queen’s Safety, ref 1; votes moneys to Elizabeth, ref 1, ref 2
Parma, Alexander Farnese, duke of: commands Spanish forces in Netherlands, ref 1, ref 2; awaits Spanish Armada for invasion of England, ref 1
Parry, Thomas, ref 1
Parry, William, ref 1
Parsons, Robert, SJ, ref 1, ref 2
Paul III, pope: establishes Inquisition, ref 1
Paulet, Sir Amyas, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
Paulet, Sir William, ref 1
Pavia, battle of (1525), ref 1
Peasants’ Revolt (1381), ref 1
Pembroke, William Herbert, 1st earl of, ref 1
Percy, Sir Thomas, ref 1
Peto, Father William, ref 1, ref 2
Philip II, king of Spain: betrothal to Mary Tudor, ref 1; marriage to Mary in England, ref 1, ref 2; welcomes Pole to England, ref 1; visits Elizabeth, ref 1; leaves England, ref 1; leadership in Spanish Netherlands, ref 1, ref 2; as invasion threat against England, ref 1; declares war against Henry II, ref 1; returns to England, ref 1; proposes recapturing Calais, ref 1; proposes marriage to Elizabeth, ref 1, ref 2; supports Elizabeth against France, ref 1; and Elizabeth’s prospective marriage to Dudley, ref 1; and French wars of religion, ref 1; Elizabeth’s relations with, ref 1; proposes assisting Mary Stuart to English throne, ref 1; sends army to Netherlands, ref 1; marriage (to Isabella of France), ref 1; defeats in Netherlands, ref 1; and Elizabeth’s neutrality in Netherlands war, ref 1; Elizabeth supports over Anjou’s invasion of Netherlands, ref 1; Elizabeth’s diplomatic dealings with, ref 1; and Elizabeth’s relations with Anjou, ref 1; promotes rebellion in Ireland, ref 1; on throne of Portugal, ref 1; finances pro-Mary plot, ref 1; orders assassination of William of Orange, ref 1; treaty with Guise against Henry of Navarre and Elizabeth, ref 1; ships captured by British adventurers, ref 1; and settlement in Netherlands, ref 1; and fate of Mary queen of Scots, ref 1; plans invasion of England, ref 1; and despatch of Spanish Armada, ref 1; and defeat and return of Armada, ref 1; power, ref 1; England provokes, ref 1; and Essex’s expedition against Cadiz, ref 1; sends further armadas (1596–7), ref 1; death, ref 1
Phillips, Thomas, ref 1
Pilgrimage of Grace (1536), ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
Pinkie Cleugh, battle of (1547), ref 1, ref 2
Pitcairn, Robert: Ancient Criminal Trials in Scotland, ref 1
Pius V, pope: excommunicates Elizabeth, ref 1
plague: (1537), ref 1; (1562), ref 1
Plat, Robert, ref 1
Plumpton, Robert, ref 1
Pole, Sir Geoffrey, ref 1
Pole, Margaret, ref 1
Pole, Cardinal Reginald: as papal legate, ref 1; and mother’s beheading, ref 1; returns to England, ref 1; persecutions, ref 1; Mary Tudor’s reliance on, ref 1; made archbishop of Canterbury, ref 1; death, ref 1; learns of Mary’s death, ref 1
Pontefract Castle: Aske threatens and occupies, ref 1, ref 2
Poor Catholics of the Humiliati, ref 1
poor laws, ref 1, ref 2
population: rural decline, ref 1; increase, ref 1
portents, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4
Portugal: Philip annexes, ref 1; Elizabeth provokes unrest in, ref 1; Drake sails against, ref 1
Potter, Gilbert, ref 1
Poverty, Captain, ref 1
praemunire, ref 1, ref 2
Prayer Book see Book of Common Prayer
predestination, ref 1
Presbyterianism: beginnings, ref 1, ref 2
prices: rise, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4
priests: in Church of England, ref 1
privateering: against Spain, ref 1
privy council: restored under Northumberland, ref 1; Elizabeth meets on accession, ref 1; as authority on death of Elizabeth, ref 1
Profitable and Necessary Doctrine, A, ref 1
‘prophesyings’ (exercises), ref 1, ref 2
Protestant faith: and English Bible, ref 1; creed and practices, ref 1; persecuted under Mary Tudor, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; opposition to Mary’s Catholicism, ref 1; under Elizabeth, ref 1; professed in Scotland, ref 1; persecuted in France, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; radical activists, ref 1; spread in England, ref 1; influential supporters under Elizabeth, ref 1; and war against Spanish in Netherlands, ref 1; in continental Europe, ref 1; and submission to secular authority, ref 1
Provisors, Statute of (1351), ref 1
Puckering, Sir John, ref 1, ref 2
Puritanism: beginnings, ref 1, ref 2; strength in universities, ref 1; Whitgift opposes, ref 1; members fight against Armada, ref 1; strength and influence, ref 1; opposition to, ref 1; portrayed on stage, ref 1; parliament legislates against, ref 1
Queen’s Safety, Act for (1584), ref 1, ref 2
Raleigh, Walter, Senior, ref 1
Raleigh, Sir Walter, ref 1, ref 2
Reading abbey, ref 1
rebellions and riots: (1549), ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; Wyatt’s (1554), ref 1; northern (1569–70), ref 1; see also Pilgrimage of Grace
recusant priests, ref 1
Reformation: beginnings, ref 1; effect on government, ref 1; as political and dynastic movement, ref 1; effect on individual and nation, ref 1; theology, ref 1; cultural effects, ref 1; see also Protestant faith
religion: affinity with agricultural changes, ref 1; disputes and controversies over, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4; imagery attacked, ref 1; Henry deplores differences, ref 1; in England at Henry’s death, ref 1; restrictions under Edward VI, ref 1; reforms restored under Elizabeth, ref 1, ref 2; visitations under Elizabeth, ref 1; active practitioners, ref 1; and rise of extreme Puritans, ref 1; sects established, ref 1; popular indifference to, ref 1; see also Book of Common Prayer; Catholic Church; Protestant faith
Restraint of Appeals, Act of (1533), ref 1
Rich, Robert, 3rd baron (later earl of Warwick), ref 1
Richard II, king, ref 1
Richmond, Henry FitzRoy, Duke of (Henry VIII’s illegitimate son): birth, ref 1; Katherine of Aragon and, ref 1; as prospective successor to Henry, ref 1, ref 2; and death of Anne Boleyn, ref 1; death, ref 1, ref 2
Ridley, Nicholas: meets at Whi
te Horse tavern, ref 1; detained and interrogated, ref 1; degraded and burnt at stake, ref 1
Ridolfi, Roberto di, ref 1, ref 2
Ripon, ref 1
Rising of the North (1569–70), ref 1
Rizzio (or Riccio), David, ref 1, ref 2
Roanoke colony, North Carolina, ref 1
Roche Abbey, Yorkshire, ref 1
Rochford, George Boleyn, viscount (Anne Boleyn’s brother): executed, ref 1
Rochford, Jane, viscountess, ref 1
Rochford, Thomas Boleyn, 1st viscount (Anne’s father) see Wiltshire, earl of, 1763
Rogers, John, canon of St Paul’s, ref 1
Rokewood, Edward, ref 1
Rouen, ref 1
Rowlands, Samuel, ref 1
Rudd, Anthony, bishop of St David’s, ref 1
Russell, John, baron (later 1st earl of Bedford), ref 1
Rutland, John Manners, 6th earl of, ref 1
St Bartholomew’s Day massacre (14 August 1572), ref 1
St Bartholomew’s hospital, London, ref 1
St Margaret Pattens church, London, ref 1
St Nicholas priory, Exeter, ref 1
St Paul’s Cathedral, London: rood removed, ref 1; altar replaced, ref 1; damaged by lightning, ref 1
St Thomas’s hospital, London, ref 1
saints: as intercessors, ref 1
Salisbury, Margaret Pole, countess of, ref 1
Sampford Courtenay, Devon, ref 1, ref 2
Sander, Nicholas, ref 1
Santa Cruz, Don Alvaro de Bazan, marquis of, ref 1
Saxton, Christopher, ref 1
Scarborough: attacked by French ships, ref 1
schools: founded and endowed, ref 1, ref 2
Schorne, Master John, ref 1
Scotland: war with England (1513), ref 1; Cromwell proposes war on (1522), ref 1; allies with France, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4; dissolution of monasteries, ref 1; border raids into England, ref 1; war with England (1542), ref 1; Hertford invades and ravages, ref 1; Protector Somerset hopes for union with England, ref 1, ref 2; Somerset invades (1547), ref 1; attack on England (1557), ref 1; Elizabeth seeks agreement with, ref 1; request to Elizabeth to remove French, ref 1; professes Protestant faith, ref 1; treaty of Edinburgh settles peace with England (1560), ref 1; James VI proclaimed king, ref 1; rebel northern earls flee to, ref 1, ref 2
Scroope, Philadelphia, Lady, ref 1
seminarians (Catholic): in England, ref 1
Servetus, Michael, ref 1
Seymour, Edward see Hertford, earl of; Somerset, 1st duke of
Seymour of Sudeley, Thomas, baron, ref 1; marriage to Katherine Parr, ref 1; relations with brother, ref 1; counsels Edward VI, ref 1; interest in Elizabeth, ref 1, ref 2; on Protector Somerset’s invasion of Scotland, ref 1; ambitions, ref 1; arrested, charged and beheaded, ref 1
Shakespeare, William: use of English, ref 1; A Midsummer Night’s Dream, ref 1; Twelfth Night, ref 1
Sharington, Sir Edward, ref 1
Shaxton, Nicholas, bishop of Salisbury, ref 1, ref 2
sheep: and change of land use, ref 1
Sheffield Castle, ref 1
Shrewsbury, George Talbot, 4th earl of, ref 1
Shrewsbury, George Talbot, 6th earl of, ref 1, ref 2
Sidney, Sir Philip, ref 1, ref 2
Simier, Jean de, ref 1
Six Articles, Act of (1539), ref 1; abolished, ref 1
Sixtus V, pope, ref 1, ref 2
Skelton, John, ref 1, ref 2
slave trade: beginnings, ref 1
Smeaton, Mark, ref 1
Solway Moss, battle of (1543), ref 1, ref 2
Somerset, Edward Seymour, 1st duke of (earlier earl of Hertford): burns Edinburgh, ref 1; at Henry’s death, ref 1; as religious reformer, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5; as Protector in Edward’s regency, ref 1, ref 2; tolerance, ref 1; hopes for union with Scotland, ref 1, ref 2; and national defence, ref 1; proclamations, ref 1; builds London palace, ref 1; invades Scotland (1547), ref 1, ref 2; warned of unrest in kingdom, ref 1; and arrest and execution of brother Thomas, ref 1; restores common land, ref 1; and Act of Uniformity, ref 1; and suppression of popular risings, ref 1, ref 2; deposed, ref 1; executed, ref 1; opposes Northumberland, ref 1
Somerville, John, ref 1
Southampton, Henry Wriothesley, 2nd earl of, ref 1
Southampton, Henry Wriothesley, 3rd earl of: in Ireland, ref 1; in Essex’s court faction, ref 1; and Essex’s rebellion, ref 1, ref 2; sentenced to life imprisonment, ref 1
Southampton, William Fitzwilliam, earl of, ref 1
Southwick, Anne, ref 1
Spain: in Holy League against France, ref 1; English troops in, ref 1; Pavia victory (1525), ref 1; invited to invade England, ref 1; invasion threat against Henry, ref 1; allies with France, ref 1; victory at St Quentin (1557), ref 1; rivalry with France, ref 1; force in Netherlands, ref 1; rift with England, ref 1; ships impounded in Falmouth and Plymouth, ref 1; support for Mary Stuart, ref 1; Netherlands revolt against, ref 1, ref 2; bullion from Latin America, ref 1; treaty with England (1573), ref 1; troops mutiny and massacre in Netherlands, ref 1; ships and treasure attacked by English, ref 1; trade with England, ref 1; and settlement in Netherlands, ref 1; prepares expedition against England, ref 1; Elizabeth orders attack on fleet (1597), ref 1; sends further armadas against England (1596–7), ref 1; supports Tyrone’s rebellion in Ireland, ref 1; Essex’s 1596 expedition against, 551
Spanish Armada: prepared, ref 1; sails, ref 2; engagement, ref 1; losses, ref 1; retreat and return to Spain, ref 1
Spenser, Edmund: The Faerie Queene, ref 1
Spurs, battle of the (1513), ref 1
Stafford, Anne: as Henry’s lover, ref 1, ref 2
Stafford, Sir Thomas, ref 1
Standish, Henry, ref 1
Stanford in the Vale, Berkshire, ref 1
Star Chamber: instituted, ref 1; forbids treatises against queen’s injunctions, ref 1; tries Puritan, ref 1
Statute of Artificers (1563), ref 1
Stephano (assassin), ref 1
Stevens, Thomas, ref 1
Stonor Park, Oxfordshire, ref 1
Stow, John, ref 1, ref 2; Survey of London, ref 1
Strype, William, ref 1
Stuart dynasty, ref 1, ref 2
Submission of the Clergy, ref 1, ref 2
Succession, Act of (1534), ref 1
Suffolk, Henry Grey, duke of, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
Suffolk, Katherine, duchess of, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4
Suffolk, Thomas Brandon, 1st duke of: dukedom, ref 1; commands force against France (1523), ref 1; protests at delay to Henry–Katherine divorce, ref 1; in Henry’s service, ref 1; appropriates monastic possessions, ref 1
Supremacy Act (1534), ref 1
Surrey, Henry Howard, earl of: imprisoned, ref 1
Surrey, Thomas Howard, earl of see Norfolk, dukes of
Sussex, Henry Radcliffe, 2nd earl of, ref 1
Sussex, Thomas Radcliffe, 3rd earl of: differences with Leicester, ref 1; and Elizabeth’s marriage prospects, ref 1; travels to Vienna to negotiate Elizabeth’s marriage with archduke Charles, ref 1; supports Elizabeth against northern earls, ref 1; Elizabeth considers giving Newhall manor to, ref 1
sweating sickness: Prince Arthur dies from, ref 1; in London (1517), ref 1; in England (1551), ref 1
taxes: under Henry, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3; under Elizabeth, ref 1
Taylor, John (the ‘water poet’), ref 1
theatre see drama
Thérouanne, Flanders, ref 1
Thirty-Nine Articles (Church of England), ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
Throgmorton, Francis, ref 1, ref 2
Tilbury: Elizabeth visits, ref 1
Titchfield Abbey, ref 1
Toorwoort, Henry, ref 1
Topcliffe, Richard, ref 1
torture: practice of, ref 1
Tournai, ref 1
transubstantiation, ref 1, ref 2,
ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6; see also Eucharist
Treason Acts: (1534), ref 1; (1547), ref 1; (1552), ref 1
Tunstall, Cuthbert, bishop of Durham, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3
Turkey: as threat, ref 1, ref 2; trade with England, ref 1
Turner, William, ref 1
Tutbury Castle, Staffordshire, ref 1, ref 2
Tyndale, William: influenced by Luther, ref 1; New Testament translation, ref 1, ref 2; The Obedience of a Christian Man, ref 1
Tyrone, Hugh O’Neill, 2nd earl of, ref 1, ref 2
Tyttenhanger (house), near St Albans, ref 1
Underhill, Thomas, ref 1
Uniformity, Acts of: (1549), ref 1; (1552), ref 1; (1559), ref 1, ref 2
United Provinces see Netherlands
universities (English): reforms, ref 1
universities (European): involvement in Henry’s divorce proceedings, ref 1
Vagrancy Act (1547), ref 1
vagrants and vagabondage, ref 1, ref 2
Wade, Sir William, ref 1
Walpole, Henry, ref 1
Walsingham, Norfolk: Henry’s pilgrimage to, ref 1; Wolsey’s pilgrimage to, ref 1
Walsingham, Sir Francis: joins queen’s counsels, ref 1; as spymaster, ref 1; Protestantism, ref 1; Elizabeth presents painting to, ref 1; restlessness, ref 1; campaign against Jesuits, ref 1; foils pro–Mary Stuart plots, ref 1; proposes alliance with Protestants of Low Countries, ref 1; drafts Bond of Association, ref 1; questions Parry, ref 1; accompanies Elizabeth on 27th anniversary of accession celebrations, ref 1; and cost of war in Netherlands, ref 1; opposes peace proposals for Netherlands, ref 1; uncovers Babington plot, ref 1; and trial of Mary queen of Scots, ref 1, ref 2; informed of plot against Elizabeth, ref 1; and Elizabeth’s signing Mary’s death warrant, ref 1; death, ref 1
Wandsworth, ref 1
Warham, William, archbishop of Canterbury: as chancellor, ref 1; grand manner, ref 1; death, ref 1, ref 2; denounces legislation against Church, ref 1, ref 2
Warwick, Ambrose Dudley, earl of, ref 1
Weelmaker, John, ref 1