Loveless, George, 73
Løvtrup, Søren, 284–5, 342
Lowell, James Russell, 350
Lubbock, Ellen Frances, Lady, 211
Lubbock, Sir John, 66, 188, 211, 265, 314, 349–50
‘Lucy’ (Australopithecus afarensis), 343
Ludwig, Miss (governess), 227
Lunar Men (Society), 23, 26, 45
Luther, Martin, 320
Lyell, Sir Charles: on geology, 4, 96–8, 145, 255; quotes Prévost, 10; encourages CD, 15, 220; influenced by Brocchi, 51; career, 98; scientific influence, 124, 335, 367; on transmutation of species, 124, 149, 152, 279; CD dedicates second edition of Voyage of the Beagle to, 150; on geomorphology of South America, 150–1; on human origins, 152–3; praises CD, 154; on fossil evidence, 159; and CD’s engagement to Emma, 163; CD sends reports to from Beagle, 169; and CD’s ill health, 172; accepts Agassiz’s glaciation theory, 174; influence on religious beliefs, 185; CD wishes to edit ‘The Variation of Organic Beings’, 190; CD confides in, 194; on evolution of species, 218, 229, 329; doubts on CD’s evolution theory, 222; presents CD’s and Wallace’s findings to Linnean Society, 232–6, 240; finds publisher for On the Origin of Species, 240; accepts theory of natural selection, 241, 324; attends BAAS Oxford meeting (1860), 258, 261; Wilberforce accuses CD of misusing, 259; Wallace introduced to, 281; Haeckel visits, 317–18; Dawkins on, 359; Principles of Geology, 83, 96–8, 110, 123–4, 149, 151, 153, 238, 257, 279
Lyons, Israel, 65
Macaulay, Rose, 313
Macaulay, Thomas Babington, Baron, 117
Macaulay, Zachary, 44
McCormick, Robert: as surgeon on Beagle, 90, 98–100; career, 99; jealousy of CD, 101; withdraws from voyage, 101
McDermott, Francis, 352
Mackintosh, James: Dissertation on the Progress of Ethical Philosophy, 161
Macquarie, Lachlan, 143
Maer Hall, near Shrewsbury, 26–7, 32, 37, 42–3, 63, 72, 163, 173
Magazine of Natural History, 135–7, 139, 149–50, 174
Magellan, Ferdinand, 111
Magellan, Straits of, 115
Maillet, Benoît de, 55, 58
Malay Archipelago, 229, 232, 252
Malm, August Wilhelm, 290–1
Malthus, Thomas R.: influence on CD, 19, 166, 248, 328; on struggle for survival, 20, 61, 248, 250, 294, 304–5, 328; Wallace reads, 232; and famine, 294–5; and eugenics, 315; Essay on the Principle of Population, 9, 156–9
Malvern, 202–3, 205–6, 213–15, 272–3
Malvern Hills, 207
Mao Zedong, 346
Maoris, 141–2
Marat, Jean Paul, 29, 157
Marshall, Mrs (spiritualist medium), 325–6
Martineau, Harriet, 154, 156–60, 163, 212; ‘Illustrations of Political Economy’, 160
Martyn, Revd Thomas, 69
Marx, Eleanor, 328
Marx, Karl, 157, 286, 328–30, 346; Das Kapital, 33, 328
Matthews, Richard, 87
Matthews, Stephanie B., 271
May, Arthur Dampier, 336–7
Mechanics Institute, 230
Mendel, Gregor, 10, 275–9, 282, 357, 367
Mengden, Nicolai Aleksandrovich, 320
Meredith, George, 301
middle class: religious scepticism, 185; and authorship of Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation, 191; low breeding rate, 313–15; see also gentry
Mill, John Stuart, 212, 284–5, 330
Millais, Sir John Everett, 21
Miller, Alexander, 181
Milton, John: Paradise Lost, 116–17
Minster, York (Fuegian), 87, 90, 111, 118
missing links, 253, 319
Mivart, St George Jackson: background, 287; Catholicism, 287, 314; as convinced evolutionist, 287; opposes CD’s theory of natural selection, 288–91, 331, 341; CD reacts to, 291, 342, 366; renounces The Descent of Man, 308–11; mistake over Suárez, 310; criticizes George Darwin’s views on eugenics, 314–15; The Genesis of Species, 308
Monboddo, James Burnett, Lord, 55–6, 60, 193
Monro, Alexander, 41
Montevideo, 106–7
Moor Park, Surrey, 243
Moore, Sam, 328
Morlot, Adolph von, 190
Mortillet, Gabriel de, 302
Mount, The, Shrewsbury, 24, 32, 35, 72
Mozley, Thomas, 22
Mudie’s Circulating Library, 245
Mulgrave, Constantine John Phipps, 2nd Baron, 65
Munby, Arthur, 312
Murchison, Sir Roderick Impey, 174, 302
Murray, John III (publisher), 97, 196–7, 240–2, 244–5, 296, 299, 315, 338
Myers, Frederic, 325–6
Nagel, Thomas: Mind and Cosmos, 6, 361
Napoleon I (Bonaparte), Emperor of the French, 19, 76, 102, 179
Natural History Museum, Edinburgh: Jameson lectures at, 49–50
Natural History Museum, London: CD’s statue, 7, 9, 358
natural selection: evolution by, 14, 60, 220–1, 248; as non-purposive, 18; and religious belief, 81; CD proposes theory, 135–6, 250–1; Blyth on, 136–7, 220; as creative process, 186, 250–1; Wallace on, 232, 283, 308–10, 324, 362, 365; and survival of fittest, 248, 311; Hooker on, 280; Mivart questions, 287–9; and population control, 296; and moral behaviour, 305; and human beings, 315; Haeckel on, 319; Lyell accepts theory, 324; and emergence of new species, 360–1
nature: avoids leaps, 2, 139, 228, 248, 367; and struggle for existence, 2, 150, 297–8, 355–6, 362, 367; self-propelling, 58; Hume and Paley on, 79–80, 82; ever-changing, 156; and selection of species, 186; Mivart on as process, 287
Nature (periodical), 301
Nazism, 317
Neander Valley, Germany, 302–3
Neanderthals, 303, 308, 363–4
neo-Darwinism, 277, 287, 355–7, 360–1
Neptunist theory, 48
Netley Hall, near Shrewsbury, 73
New Genetics, 344–6
New South Wales, 142–3
New Statesman (magazine), 12
New Zealand, 141–2
Newman, Francis, 43, 216; Phases of Faith, 212, 213
Newman, John Henry, 43, 216; The Development of Christian Doctrine, 196
Newton, Sir Isaac: laws, 16, 54; religious beliefs, 125
Nightingale, Florence, 202
Nilsson, Dan-Eric and Susanne Pelger: ‘A Pessimistic Estimate of the Time Required for an Eye to Evolve’, 254
Noggs, Newman, 230
North British Review, 279
Norton, W.W. & Co. (New York publishers), 256
Nowak, Martin, 356
‘Observations of proofs of recent elevation on the coast of Chili’ (CD), 123
Olby, Robert, 278
Oliver, Daniel, 236
On the Origin of Species (CD): central contentions, 1, 247–50; scientists’ opinions on, 3; disagreements over, 13, 17; and natural selection, 14; editions, 32, 255–6, 309, 327; on Lamarck’s theory of evolution, 59; and religious belief, 81–2, 239; on racial differences, 105–6; on stability of species, 137; on forelimbs of vertebrates, 138; on common source for all life, 139–40; writing, 148, 240; and CD’s notebook, 161; and evolution as word, 180; publication, 190, 238–41, 244–5, 266–7; convinces Huxley of evolution, 218; title, 244; reception and effect, 245–6, 278–9, 281, 286, 293, 342, 359; translations, 245; revised and emended, 268, 272, 278, 286, 292–3, 309; Mivart criticizes, 288; silence on origin of human race, 293–4; on painlessness in struggle for existence, 297; errors, 360
orang-outangs, 18, 55–6, 61, 181
orchids, 268–9
Ornithological Society of London, 134
Osmaston Hall, near Derby, 72
Osorno (volcano), Chile, 129
Otway, Admiral Sir Robert, 86
Ovid, 193
Owen family (of Woodhouse), 63
Owen, Fanny Mostyn, 63–4, 93
Owen, Richard: career, 7, 16; differences with CD, 8, 10–11, 177; statue, 9; and classificati
on, 10, 110; Huxley criticizes, 10; on homologues and adaptive masks, 15; on relation of birds and reptiles, 175; scientific reputation and achievements, 177–8; background, 178; interest in evolution, 179–80; and CD’s study of barnacles, 199; on hippopotamus, 210; on identifying fossil mammals, 222–3; on animal anatomy, 252; Wilberforce attends lectures, 259; present at BAAS Oxford meeting, 260–1; On the Nature of Limbs, 14–15
Owen, Sarah, 62–3
Oxford: Natural History Museum, 261; see also British Association for the Advancement of Science: Oxford meeting
Oxford University: chair of zoology founded, 73; CD nominated for honorary doctorate, 321, 330
Paget, Francis, Dean of Christ Church, 334
palaeontology: and lack of intermediary stages, 5, 153
Paley, William, 158, 185, 353; Evidences of Christianity, 68, 77, 79–81, 83; Natural Theology, 79–80, 82
Palmerston, Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount, 3, 105
pangenesis, 282, 333, 342
Papua New Guinea, 364
Parker, Dr Henry, 201
Parry, Rear Admiral Sir Edward, 147–8
Parslow, Joseph, 168, 184, 187, 241
Patagonia, 106–7, 114; see also Argentina; Tierra del Fuego
Patterson, Clair Cameron, 292
Pattison, Mark, 196
Peacock, George, 88
Pearn, Alison, 336
Pearson, John: An Exposition of the Creed, 63
Pearson, Karl, 316
peas: Mendel’s research on, 275–6; Knight on, 278–9
Peel, Sir Robert, 178
Pelger, Susanne see Nilsson, Dan-Eric and Susanne Pelger
Penck, Albrecht, 174
Pengelly, William, 302
phenotypes, 275
Phillips, John, 193
Philoperisteron Society, 225
photography: development, 204
pigeons see doves and pigeons
Piltdown Man, 307
Pinker, Stephen, 324
Pithecanthropus erectus, 302, 307, 319
Pitt, William the younger, 19
plants (flowering), 269
Plas Edwards, Wales, 37
Plato, 13; Symposium, 200
Plinian Natural History Society, Edinburgh, 46, 51–4, 59, 71
Pliny the elder, 130, 137
Plutonist (or Vulcanist) theory, 48
Pollock, George Frederick, 242
Pomare, Queen of Tahiti, 141
Pompeii, 130
population: increase, 9, 19–20, 157–8, 248, 294–6; controls on, 314–17; see also Malthus, Thomas R.
Potter, Beatrix: The Tale of Peter Rabbit, 364–5
Prévost, Constant, 10
Priessnitz, Vincenz, 201
Priestley, Joseph, 26, 28–9, 124, 225
Pritchard, Charles, 226
prostitution, 315
Proudhon, Pierre Joseph, 33
Pugh, Miss (governess), 227, 243
punctuated equilibrium, 5, 17, 51
Punta Alta, Argentina, 108–9
Pusey, Edward Bouverie, 310, 321
Quail Island, 96
Quarterly Review, 159, 170, 196, 241, 309, 314–15
rabbits: variations in, 223
race: CD’s views on, 105–6, 299–300; and population control, 317
Ramsgate, 211–12
Randall, Revd Mr (vicar of Malvern), 215
Rattlesnake, HMS, 217
Raverat, Gwen, 70, 313, 327
recapitulation, laws of, 319
Reform Bill, first (1832), 92, 164
religion: argument from design, 78; growing scepticism towards, 185; CD’s declining belief in, 208, 213, 351–2; compatibility with evolution theory, 310; on creation, 361
Resolution, HMS, 171–2; see also Cook, Captain James
Rhodes, Cecil, 304
Richmond, George, 168
Rio de Janeiro, 100–4
RNA (ribonucleic acid), 345
Robespierre, Maximilien, 45, 58, 77
Romanes, George John: friendship with CD, 332–5; On Christian Prayer and General Laws, 334
Romans (ancient): scientific incuriosity, 125
Rosas, General Juan Manuel de, 115
Rose, Michael R.: Darwin’s Spectre, 278
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 55, 346
Rowlett, George, 90, 122
Royal College of Surgeons: Hunterian collection, 177
Royal Commission on the Care and Control of the Feeble-Minded (1904–8), 316
Royal Commission on Venereal Diseases (1913–16), 316
Royal Society of London: awards Royal Medal to CD, 198
Rugby school, 224, 226
Rupke, Nicolaas, 177
Rüppell, Eduard: Atlas zur der Reise in nordlichen Afrika, 146
Ruskin, John, 273; Praeterita, 329
Russell, Bertrand, 307–8, 315
Rutherford, Ernest, 291
St Sebastian’s Channel, Tierra del Fuego, 116
Saint-Hilaire, Etienne Geoffroy, 14, 50, 155, 179, 252
Salisbury, Georgina, Marchioness of (née Alderson), 321
Salisbury, Robert Arthur Talbot Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of, 11, 273–4, 321, 330
Sanderson, Michael J.: ‘Back to the Past’, 269
Sanger, Frederick, 345
Santa Cruz, river, 120
Schimmelpenninck, Mary Anne, 338
Schwartz, Joel, 333
science: and verifiable fact, 3; Romans lack interest in, 125; progress in, 185; descriptive language, 348
scientist: as word, 66
scientists: religious beliefs, 124–5
Scott, Dr John, 216
Scott, Sir Walter, 33, 40, 52, 168, 195; St Ronan’s Well, 201
Secord, James, 266
Sedgwick, Adam: at Cambridge, 38, 67, 69; relations with CD, 67, 82–4; scientific studies, 77; expedition to Wales, 83–5, 88; and CD’s departure on Beagle voyage, 93; letter from Lyell on origin of species, 152; on creation, 153; and CD’s status as scientist, 154; rejects Agassiz’s glacier theory, 174; and CD’s evolutionary theory, 190; on Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation, 191–2, 194, 324, 364; denounces The Origin of Species, 267, 293, 306; on monkeys not talking, 307, 324; and psychical research, 325
segregation, law of, 275
Seward, Anna, 338
Seymour, Captain Michael, 131, 151
Sharp, Granville, 44
Shaw, George Bernard, 316, 336; The Doctor’s Dilemma, 328
Sherbrooke, Robert Lowe, 1st Viscount, 84, 85
Shrewsbury, 24, 28, 31, 35
Shrewsbury School, 35–8, 46
Sidney, Sir Philip, 36
Simpson, George Gaylord: Tempo and Mode in Evolution, 277
Skyring, Lieut. W. G., 86
slave trade: Wilberforce denounces, 44, 234; Brazilian, 105; Josiah Wedgwood condemns, 220, 304
Smiles, Samuel: Self-Help, 194
Smirke, Robert, 167
Smith, John Maynard: The Theory of Evolution, 2, 296
Smith, Sydney, 44
Social Darwinism: E. O. Wilson and, 4; Kropotkin on, 355
Society of German Natural Scientists and Physicians, 320
Society for Psychical Research (British), 325–6
Solander, Daniel, 65
Sömmerring, Samuel Thomas, 220
South America: palaeontology, 108–10; CD travels in, 114–15; see also Argentina; Chile; Patagonia; Tierra del Fuego
Souza, Tomé de, 102
Spanish Inquisition, 303
spas, 201–2
species: evolution within, 5–6; slow adaptation, 15–16; origins and extinctions, 50–1, 57–9, 251–2, 255, 360; and Linnaean classification, 54; mutability, 56, 97, 110, 117, 124, 137, 149–50, 151, 155, 159, 171, 174, 176, 184, 196, 222, 232, 245, 249, 279; and artificial breeding, 136, 185, 223–4; derivation from single source, 139–40, 149, 176, 220; Blyth on evolution of, 148–9, 174–5; CD on origin of, 156, 189, 228; adaptation within, 159, 179, 185, 220–2
, 228; Chambers on origin of, 195; fertility, 248; and survival, 248; uncertain definition, 249; and inheritance, 276–80
Spencer, Herbert: on materialism, 11; contributes to Westminster Review, 212; on survival of the fittest, 248, 284, 346, 355; influence on John Draper, 262; on inheritance, 283–4; reputation and influence, 284–7, 330; on linguistics, 300–1, 324; Romanes baffled by, 334; at CD’s funeral, 350; First Principles, 284, 301; The Man against the State, 306
Spikins, Penny: How Compassion Made Us Human, 363
Spinoza, Benedict de (Baruch), 12, 186
spiritualism, 325–7
Spottiswoode, William, 349–50
Stalin, Joseph V., 346
Stephen, James, 44
Stephen, Leslie, 78, 325
Stevens, Nettie M., 276
Stevens, Samuel, 236
Stokes, John Lort, 90, 143
Stokes, Captain Pringle, 86–7
Storr, Anthony, 30
Stove, David, 295–6; ‘Darwinism’s Dilemma’, 305–6
Strachey, Lytton, 315; Eminent Victorians, 239
Stubbs, George, 24
Suárez (Spanish Jesuit), 310
Sulivan, James, 90, 100, 148
Sulloway, Frank, 134
Sumner, John Bird, Archbishop of Canterbury, 211
survival of the fittest, 248, 311, 367
Swift, Jonathan, 242
Swinburne, Richard, 12–13
Sydney, Australia, 142–3
Tahiti, 140–1
Tarnita, Corina, 356
taxonomy, 249–50; see also Linnaeus, Carolus
Tegetmeier, William Bernhard, 225
Teilhard de Chardin, Pierre: The Phenomenon of Man, 298–9
Temin, Howard and David Baltimore, 344–5
Temple, Sir William, 242
Tenerife, 85
Tennyson, Alfred, 1st Baron: takes water cure, 202; grows beard, 273; and psychical research, 325; In Memoriam, 123, 238, 359
Thackeray, William Makepeace, 183–4
theory of everything, 330
Thomson, Keith: The Young Charles Darwin, 52–3
Thomson, William see Kelvin, Baron
Thorley, Miss (governess), 205–6, 209–11, 213, 215, 227, 243
Thorley, Miss Emily (sister), 227, 243
Thornton, Henry, 44
Tiedemann, Friedrich: A Systematic Treatise on Comparative Physiology, 191
Tierra del Fuego, 87, 110–13, 116–19, 300
Tolpuddle Martyrs, 73
Torell, Otto, 174
travellers: observations on natural history, 55
Trollope, Anthony, 273
Trotsky, Leon, 346
Tschermak, Erich von, 276
tuberculosis, 209
Twain, Mark, 325
Tylor, Edward Burnett, 314