pointed questions, 132
tape record, 3–4
reflective questions, 132
self-appraisal questions, 133
P
why question, 131
presentation, 129–130
PEACE model, 29–30
witnesses and suspects, 127
Preparation, 19
Pretexting, 5–6
Proxemics, 116
R
Psychology, 21–22
Rapport
Public and private interviewing
attitude, 66–67
evidence collection, 61–62
cooperation, 67
investigations, 60–61
expressions, 66–67
offenses (see Uniform Crime Reporting
friendliness, 66
Survey (UCR))
interpersonal relationship, 66
perceptions and objectives, 53–54
interviewee’s self-image, 66–67
property crimes, 59–60
role reversal, 67–68
reporting and classifying crime
truth, 65–66
CCJS, 54
unsuccessful interview, 68
crime data, 54–55
Reid model, 29
Criminal Code of Canada, 54
Report writing
FBI, 55
clear expression, 48–49
UCR, 54
fundamental communication skills, 48
testimonial evidence, 62–63
good notes, 49
violent crimes, 59
official documents, 48
steps, 49
Q
suggestions, 50–51
trained ability, 48
Questioning techniques
well-written report characteristics, 49–50
closed questions, 130–131
Research, 25–26
effective interview questions
affirmative answer, 136
S
encouraging cooperation, 135–136
guidelines, 134
Style, 26–27
hard questions, 134
identifying and challenging deception,
T
137–138
TLOxp, 4
pursuing unanswered questions,
136–137
U
terminating the interview, 138–139
Uniform Crime Reporting Survey (UCR),
trial balloon questions, 138
54
formulation, 128
Part II offenses
Index
171
assaults and attempted assaults, 56
Part I offenses
curfew and loitering laws, 58
aggravated assault, 56
disorderly conduct, 58
arson, 56
driving under the influence, 58
burglary (breaking or entering), 56
drug abuse violations, 57
criminal homicide, 55
drunkenness, 58
forcible rape, 56
embezzlement, 57
larceny; theft (except motor vehicle
forgery and counterfeiting, 56
theft), 56
fraud, 57
motor vehicle theft, 56
gambling, 58
robbery, 56
liquor laws, 58
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
offenses against the family and children,
(UNODC), 54
58
United Nations Survey on Crime Trends
prostitution and commercialized vice,
and Operations Criminal Justice
57
Systems (UN-CTS), 54
sex offenses, 57
state/local laws violations, 58
W
stolen property, 57
White-collar crimes, 60–61
suspicion, 58
Wicklander-Zulawski model, 29
vagrancy, 58
vandalism, 57
Z
weapons, 57
Zaba Search, 4
Document Outline
The Art of Investigative Interviewing
Copyright
Dedication
Mission Statement
Acknowledgments
About the Author
Foreword
Preface
Introduction
So You Want to Be an Investigative Interviewer? Interviewing, interrogations, and investigations
Benefits of being a notary public
Research tools
Pretexting
Qualifications preferred
Ethical Standards and Professionalism Ethical standards
Ethics from the top down
The code of ethics Ethics and Behavioral Standards
Security Professionals’ Code of Conduct
Ethical and unethical interviewing
Conflicts of interest
Review questions
Preparation and So Much More Preparation
Attitude
Psychology
Intuition The Intuition of Interviewees
Flexibility
Curiosity
Imagination
Research
Review questions
Deception and the Interview The interviewer’s goal The Interviewer’s Needs
Deception Verbal Signs
Nonverbal Signs
Body Language and Body Physical Signs
Truthfulness
Refusal to Cooperate
Physiological Signs
Psychological Motives for Deception
The Pathological Liar
The Psychopathic Personality
Rationalization
Projection
Concluding That There Has Been Deception
Review questions
Evidence Real, documentary, and testimonial evidence
Voluntary confessions When the Miranda Warnings Are Required
Legal tactics used in seeking a confession
Evidence collection and preservation
Report writing Characteristics of a Well-Written Report
Testimony in a court of law
Review questions
Public and Private Interviewing Reporting and classifying crime Offense Definitions
Violent crime
Property crime
Investigations in the public and private spheres
The collection of evidence
Testimonial evidence
Review questions
Rapport, Active Listening, and Other Techniques Building rapport
Active listening Attentiveness and Concentration
Acceptance
Detachment
Patience
Signaling active listening Body Language
Body Posture and Movement
Gestures, Facial Expression, and Tone of Voice
Eye Contact
Touch
Positive Silence
Review questions
Authority Securitys place in the organization Definition of Authority
Levels of Authority
The Power of Security Personnel
Authority and Neutrality in the Investigative Interview
Authority and power Liability Concerns for Investigators
The Misuse of Authority
The Positive Application of Authority
Neutrality Signaling Your Neutrality
Making an Accusation
Review Questions
Overview of the Interview Process The historical phase
The personal preparation phase
The initial phase Precontact
The Floating-Point Strategy
The Preliminary Inquiry
Strategic Planning
Evaluating Potential Interviewees
Creating an Interview Strategy
Preparing Psychologically for the Interview
Contact
Uncovering the truth First Impressions
The Interviewee’s Evaluation Process
Elements of Contact Introduction and Greeting
Seating
Announcing Your Objective
Setting the Tone
Contact at the Crime Scene
The primary phase ``Bones´´ The Narration Question
Thè`You´´ Question
Thè`Who´´ Question
Thè`Suspicion´´ Question
Thè`Verification´´ Question
ThèÀpproach´´ Question
Thè`Thoughts´´ Question
ThèÌnstruction´´ Question
Thè`Willingness´´ Question
Thè`Consequences´´ Questions
Thè`Kind to Do It´´ Question
Thè`Why It Happened´´ Question
Thè`They Say You Did It´´ Question
Thè`They Say They Saw You´´ Question
Thè`What Would You Say´´ Question
ThèÈxpanding Inquiry´´ Question
The terminal phase Step 1
Step 2
The follow-up phase Step 3
Step 4
Review questions
Setting, Location, Intensity, and Approach in the Interview Environmental setting
Location of participants Personal Space
Conversation, Moderate, and Intimate Locations The Conversation Location
The Moderate Location
The Intimate Locations
Review and encouragement intensities Review
Encouragement
Intensity Levels Level One
Level Two
Level Three
Level Four
Level Five
Approaches The Structured Approach
The Semistructured Approach
The Nonstructured Approach
Putting it all together
Review questions
Questioning Techniques Question formulation
Question presentation
Types of questions Closed Questions
Open Questions Reflective Questions
Directive Questions
Pointed Questions
Indirect Questions
Self-Appraisal Questions
Diversion Questions
Leading Questions
Techniques for effective questioning Having the Gall to Ask
Encouraging Cooperation
Mentally Assuming an Affirmative Answer
Pursuing Unanswered Questions
Identifying and Challenging Deception
Handling Trial Balloons
Terminating the Interview
Conclusion
Review questions
Internal Investigations and Controls Introduction
What is honesty?
The dishonest employee The Fraud Triangle
Danger Signs
What Employees Steal
Methods of Theft
The Contagion of Theft
Moral Obligation to Control Theft
Employment History and Reference Checking
Review questions
Investigative Interviewing: One Hundred Things You Should Know
Conclusion
References
Index