A Persian Requiem
Simin Daneshvar
A Persian Requiem is a powerful and evocative novel. Set in the southern Persian town of Shiraz in the last years of World War II, when the British army occupied the south of Persia, the novel chronicles the life of Zari, a traditional, anxious and superstitious woman whose husband, Yusef, is an idealistic feudal landlord. The occupying army upsets the balance of traditional life and throws the local people into conflict. Yusef is anxious to protect those who depend upon him and will stop at nothing to do so. His brother, on the other hand, thinks nothing of exploiting his kinsmen to further his own political ambitions. Thus a web of political intrigue and hostilities is created, which slowly destroys families. In the background, tribal leaders are in open rebellion against the government, and a picture of a society torn apart by unrest emerges.
In the midst of this turbulence, normal life carries on in the beautiful courtyard of Zari’s house, in the rituals she imposes upon herself and in her attempt to keep the family safe from external events. But the corruption engendered by occupation is pervasive – some try to profit as much as possible from it, others look towards communism for hope, whilst yet others resort to opium. Finally even Zari’s attempts to maintain normal family life are shattered as disaster strikes.
An immensely moving story, A Persian Requiem is also a powerful indictment of the corrupting effects of colonization.
A Persian Requiem (first published in 1969 in Iran under the title Savushun), was the first novel written by an Iranian woman and, sixteen reprints and half a million copies later, it remains the most widely read Persian novel. In Iran it has helped shape the ideas and attitudes of a generation in its revelation of the factors that contributed to the Islamic Revolution in 1979.
Simin Daneshvar’s A Persian Requiem … goes a long way towards deepening our understanding of Islam and the events leading up to the 1979 Revolution … The central characters adroitly reflect different Persian attitudes of the time, attitudes that were eventually to harden into support for either the Ayatollah and his Islamic fundamentalism or, alternatively, for the corrupting Westernisation of the Shah. The value of the book lies in its ability to present these emergent struggles in human terms, in the day-to-day realities of small-town life … Complex and delicately crafted, this subtle and ironic book unites reader and writer in the knowledge that human weakness, fanaticism, love and terror are not confined to any one creed.
The Financial Times
A Persian Requiem is not just a great Iranian novel, but a world classic.
The Independent on Sunday
… it would be no exaggeration to say that all of Iranian life is there.
Spare Rib
For an English reader, there is almost an embarrassment of new settings, themes and ideas … Under the guise of something resembling a family saga – although the period covered is only a few months – A Persian Requiem teaches many lessons about a society little understood in the West.
Rachel Billington, The Tablet
This very human novel avoids ideological cant while revealing complex political insights, particularly in light of the 1979 Iranian revolution.
Publishers Weekly
A Persian Requiem, originally published [in Iran] in 1969, was a first novel by Iran’s first woman novelist. It has seen sixteen reprints, sold over half a million copies, and achieved the status of a classic, literally shaping the ideas of a generation. Yet when asked about the specific appeal of the novel, most readers are at a loss to pinpoint a single, or even prominent aspect to account for this phenomenal success. Is it the uniquely feminine perspective, allowing the reader to travel freely between the microcosm of the family and the larger framework of society? Is it the actual plot which mimics so presciently the events of the Islamic Revolution? Or does it lie in the deftly woven anecdotes and fragments which add up to a descriptive whole? It is each and all of these, and perhaps more.
Feminist Review
Daneshvar offers a fascinating, detailed view of what seems to Western eyes the complicated, rarified world of Iranian culture.
Belles Lettres
In addition to being an important literary document of historical events, [A Persian Requiem] represents a pioneering attempt to probe the multi-faceted aspects of Iranian womanhood in a period of great social and political upheaval.
San Francisco Review of Books
Daneshvar combines creative vision with an exceptional talent for conveying atmosphere to give a powerful portrait of the struggles and dilemmas of ordinary individuals caught in the maelstrom of war and occupation.
Middle East International
This is a colourful and accurate portrayal of Persian character and spirit, a beautifully evoked picture of traditional life in times of upheaval. Its popularity in Iran is eloquent of Persian perceptions not only of themselves but also of the role of the British in their country. Roxane Zand is to be thanked for giving the English reader the chance to enjoy this sensitive and important novel.
British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies
A powerful portrait of a bygone era of Iranian social history.
The Jerusalem Post
“…a revelation of freshness and vivacity…”
Anita Desai
“Not to be missed.”
Shusha Guppy
“Beautifully translated, and many-layered, A Persian Requiem challenges convention, of east and west.”
Fred Halliday
“…a great work by a great Persian writer.”
Han Suyin
A PERSIAN REQUIEM
A Novel by
Simin Daneshvar
Translated by
Roxane Zand
Contents
Praise
Title Page
About the translator
Acknowledgements
Map
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
Glossary
About the Author
Copyright
About the translator
Roxane Zand was born in Tehran. She studied Comparative Literature at Harvard University, and Social History at Oxford University. She takes a strong interest in women’s issues.
Acknowledgements
I would like to thank the following for their generous help and involvement with this translation, ever since it was first undertaken, and throughout the many years it collected dust or met with misadventure: Dr. John Gurney, Keyvan Mahjour, Mohsen Ashtiani, the late Dr. Hamid Enayat, Aamer Hussein, Iradj Bagherzade and Ali Gheissari.
A special thanks to Simin Daneshvar whose place in our hearts extends beyond that of artist and humanist to a particular kind of inspiration. My gratitude for her patience and loyal support.
Finally, my love and thanks to Hamid who has journeyed with me through this book, and to my sons, Vahid and Karim.
This translation is dedicated to the memory of Amou Sarrafi, who first introduced me to it in 1969.
Roxane Zand
1
It was the wedding day of the Governor’s daughter. The Shirazi bakers had got together to bake an impressive sangak loaf, the likes of which had never been seen before.
Groups of guests filed into the marriage room just to admire the bread. Zari Khanom and Yusef Khan also managed to see it close up. The minute Yusef set eyes on it, he blurted out loud: “Those fools! Licking the boots that kick them! And
to waste so much at a time like this …”
The guests nearby who overheard Yusef first edged away and then left the room. Zari, suppressing her admiration, caught Yusef’s hand and implored him, “For God’s sake, Yusef, don’t talk like that, not tonight.”
Yusef laughed at his wife. He always tried to laugh her off. His full, well-defined lips parted to reveal teeth which had once sparkled, but were now yellow from pipe-smoking. Then he left, but Zari stayed behind to gaze at the bread. Bending over, she lifted the hand-printed calico tablecloth to reveal an improvised table made of two old doors. All around the table were trays of wild rue arranged in flowery patterns and pairs of lovers. And in the centre was the bread, baked the colour of burnished copper. A poppy-seed inscription read: “Presented by the Bakers’ Guild to our honourable Governor” with “congratulations” written all around the edge.
“Where on earth did they find an oven big enough to bake it?” Zari wondered silently. “How much flour did it take? Yusef’s right—what a time for all this! A time when a loaf like that would make supper for a whole family, when getting bread from the bakery is a major feat. Only recently there was a rumour in town that the Governor had threatened to throw a baker into his own oven as an example to others because everyone who had eaten his bread had come down with stomach cramps and vomiting. They said the bread was black as ink from all the dirt and scraps mixed in it. But then, as Yusef says, how can you blame the bakers? All the town’s provisions—from wheat to onions—have been bought up by the occupying army. And now … how on earth do I cover up for what Yusef has just said?”
Suddenly a voice broke into her thoughts.
“Salaam.”
She looked up and saw the English missionary doctor, Khanom Hakim, standing in front of her with Captain Singer. They shook hands with her. Both spoke only broken Persian.
“How are being the twins?” Khanom Hakim asked, adding to Captain Singer in the same clumsy language, “All of her three children being delivered by me.”
“I did not doubt it,” replied Captain Singer.
Turning back to Zari, she asked, “The babies’ dummy still being used?” Struggling through a few more sentences in Persian, she finally tired of it and carried on in English. But Zari was too distracted to understand, even though she had studied at the English school and her late father was considered the best English teacher in town.
It was really Singer who captured her attention, and although Zari had heard about his transformation, she refused to believe it until she saw him with her own eyes. The present Captain Singer was none other than Mr Singer, the sewing machine salesman who had come to Shiraz seventeen years ago, and who treated anyone buying his sewing machines to ten free sewing lessons delivered by himself in his barely understandable Persian. He would squeeze his enormous bulk behind the sewing machine and teach the girls of Shiraz embroidery, lattice-work and pleating. It was a wonder he didn’t laugh at the ridiculous figure he cut. But the girls, including Zari, learned well.
Zari had been told that overnight, as soon as war broke out, Mr Singer had donned a military uniform, complete with badges of rank. Now she could see that it really suited him. It must have taken a lot, she thought, to live as an impostor for seventeen years. To have a fake job, fake clothes—to be a fraud in every respect. But what an expert he had been! How cunningly he had persuaded Zari’s mother to buy a sewing machine—Zari’s mother, whose sole fortune was her husband’s modest pension. Mr Singer had told her that all a young woman needed for her dowry was a Singer sewing machine. He had claimed that the owner of a sewing machine could always earn her own living, and had said that all the leading families in town had bought one from him for their daughters’ dowry; as proof, he had produced a notebook containing a list of his influential customers.
At this moment, three Scottish officers, wearing kilts and what seemed like women’s knee-length socks, broke Zari’s train of thoughts as they came forward to join them. Behind them came McMahon, the Irishman, who was Yusef’s friend. McMahon was a war correspondent and always carried a camera. He greeted Zari and asked her to tell him all about the wedding ceremony. Willingly she described all the details of the vase, the candlesticks, the silver mirror, and the reasons for the shawl, the ring wrapped in silk brocade and the symbolic meaning of the bread and cheese, the herbs and the wild rue.
Two large sugar cones, made at the Marvdasht Sugar Refinery especially for the wedding, were placed one at either end of the ceremonial table. One cone was decorated as a bride and the other as a groom, complete with top hat. In one corner of the room stood a baby’s pram lined in pink satin and piled high with coins and sugar-plums. Zari pulled back the silk brocade cloth covering the traditional saddle and explained to McMahon, “The bride sits on this so she can dominate her husband forever.”
A few people around them chuckled loudly and McMahon clicked away busily with his camera.
Just then, Zari’s glance fell on Gilan Taj, the Governor’s younger daughter, who seemed to be beckoning to her. She excused herself and went over to the young girl. Gilan Taj was no more than ten or eleven, the same age as Zari’s own son, with honey-coloured eyes and sleek, brown shoulder-length hair. She was wearing ankle socks and a short skirt.
“Mother says would you please lend her your earrings,” Gilan Taj asked Zari. “She wants the bride to wear them just for tonight. They’ll be returned to you first thing tomorrow morning. It’s Khanom Ezzat-ud-Dowleh’s fault for bringing a length of green silk for the bride to put around her shoulders. She says it will bring good luck, but my sister isn’t wearing anything green to match it.” The young girl could have been repeating a lesson by heart.
Zari was dumb-struck. When had they spotted her emerald earrings, let alone made plans for getting their clutches on them? In all the bustle, who could have spared the time to fuss over such minor details of the bride’s dress? She said to herself, “I bet it was that woman Ezzat-ud-Dowleh’s doing. Those beady eyes of hers constantly keep track of what everyone has.” Aloud she replied nervously, “Those were a wedding present—a special gift from Yusef’s poor mother.”
Her mind flashed back to that night in the bridal chamber when Yusef had put the earrings on her himself. He was sweating profusely, and in all the hustle and bustle he had groped nervously under the women’s scrutiny to find the small holes in her earlobes.
“They’re playing the wedding tune,” Gilan Taj prompted. “Please hurry. Tomorrow morning then …”
Zari took off the earrings.
“Be very careful,” she warned, “make sure the drops don’t come off.” In her heart she knew that the likelihood of ever seeing those earrings again was very remote indeed. Yet how could she refuse?
At this point the bride entered on Ezzat-ud-Dowleh’s arm. “Yes,” thought Zari, “that woman is never slow to become confidante and busybody to every new governor of the town.” The bride was followed by five little girls each carrying a posy of flowers and wearing frilly dresses, and five boys in suits and ties. The room was now full, and the ladies started to clap. The British officers who were still there quickly followed suit. Clearly all the pomp and formality was for their benefit, but to Zari the wedding march seemed more like a mournful procession out of a Tazieh passion play.
The bride sat on the saddle, in front of the silver mirror and Ezzat-ud-Dowleh rubbed the sugar cones together over her head to ensure sweetness in the marriage. Then a woman holding a needle and red thread pretended to sew up the tongues of the groom’s relatives. This raised a loud guffaw from the British officers. Next, a black nursemaid carrying a brazier of smoking incense suddenly appeared out of nowhere like a genie.
“All the villains of the Ta’zieh are here,” Zari mused to herself. “Marhab, Shemr and Yazid, the farangi, the unwanted Zeynab, the rapacious Hend, Aysheh, and last but not least Fezza!” And for an instant it occurred to her that she was thinking just like Yusef.
The crowded room was noisy and stifling. Th
e smell of incense mixed with the strong scent of tuberoses, carnations and gladioli which were displayed in large silver vases around the room but glimpsed only from time to time between the whirl of the ladies’ dresses.
Zari missed the moment when the bride gave her consent. Suddenly she felt a hand on her arm.
“Mother is very grateful,” whispered Gilan Taj; “they really suit her …”
The rest of her sentence was drowned in the commotion and blare of military music which followed the wedding tune. A booming which pulsated like the beating of battle drums …
Now it was Ferdows, the wife of Ezzat-ud-Dowleh’s manservant, who came in, threading her way past the guests to give her mistress her handbag. Ezzat-ud-Dowleh took out a pouch full of sugar-plums and coins which she showered over the bride’s head. To save the foreign officers the trouble of scrambling for a coin, she handed one to each of them and one to Khanom Hakim. Until that moment Zari had not seen Ezzat-ud-Dowleh’s son, Hamid Khan, in the wedding room, but she noticed him now speaking to the British officers.
“My dear mother has the Midas touch!” she heard him saying. Turning to her abruptly, he said, “Zari Khanom, please translate for them.”
Zari ignored him.
“Not on your life!” she retorted silently. “My former suitor! I had more than enough of you and your ways that time when our history teacher took us sixteen-year-old girls to your home on the pretext of visiting an eighteenth-century house. You looked us over with your lecherous eyes, supposedly showing us the baths and the Zurkhaneh, boasting that your ancestor, the famous Sheriff, built the hall of mirrors and that Lutf-Ali Khan had done the painting on the mirrors. And then your mother had the nerve to come to the Shapuri public baths on our usual bath-day and barge her way into our cubicle just so she could size up my naked body. It was lucky Yusef had already asked for my hand, otherwise my mother and brother might well have been taken in by your extravagant life-style.”
