Poet in New York: A Bilingual Edition

  POET IN NEW YORK

  POET IN NEW YORK

  (Poeta en Nueva York)

  Federico Garcia Lorca

  Translated by

  Pablo Medina and Mark Statman

  Ala Nena (P.M.)

  For Katherine and Jesse (M.S.)

  Contents

  Foreword by Edward Hirsch xi

  Introduction xv

  1. POEMAS DE LA SOLEDAD EN COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2

  1. POEMS OF SOLITUDE AT COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 3

  Vuelta de paseo 4

  Back from a Walk 5

  1910 (Intermedio) 6

  1910 (Interlude) 7

  Fibula y rueda de los tres amigos 6

  Fable and Round of the Three Friends 9

  Tu infancia en Menton 14

  Your Infancy in Menton 15

  II. LOS NEGROS 18

  II. THE BLACKS 19

  Norma y paraiso de los negros 20

  Norm and Paradise of the Blacks 21

  El rev de Harlem 24

  The King of Harlem 25

  Iglesia abandonada (Balada de la Gran Guerra) 34

  Abandoned Church (Ballad of the Great War) 35

  III. CALLES Y SUENOS 38

  III. STREETS AND DREAMS 39

  Danza de la muerte 40

  Dance of Death 41

  Paisaje de la multitud que vomita (Anochecer de Coney Island) 48

  Landscape of the Vomiting Crowd (Twilight at Coney Island) 49

  Paisaje de la multitud que orina (Nocturno de Battery Place) 52

  Landscape of the Urinating Crowd (Nocturne of Battery Place) 53

  Asesinato (Dos voces de madrugada en Riverside Drive) 56

  Murder (Two Voices at Dawn on Riverside Drive) 57

  Navidad en el Hudson 58

  Christmas on the Hudson 59

  Ciudad sin sueno (Nocturno del Brooklyn Bridge) 62

  City Without Sleep (Nocturne of the Brooklyn Bridge) 63

  Panorama ciego de Nueva York 66

  Blind Panorama of New York 67

  Nacimiento de Cristo 70

  Birth of Christ 71

  La aurora 72

  Dawn 73

  IV. POEMAS DEL LAGO EDEN MILLS 74

  IV. POEMS OF LAKE EDEN MILLS 75

  Poema doble del lago Eden 76

  Double Poem of Lake Eden 77

  Cielo vivo 80

  Living Sky 81

  V. EN LA CABANA DEL FARMER (Campo de Newburg) 84

  V. IN THE FARMER'S CABIN (Newburgh Countryside) 85

  El nino Stanton 86

  The Boy Stanton 87

  Vaca 92

  Cow 93

  Nina ahogada en el pozo (Granada y Newburg) 94

  Girl Drowned in the Well (Granada and Newburgh) 95

  VI. INTRODUCTION ALA MUERTE

  Poemas de la soledad en Vermont 98

  VI. INTRODUCTION TO DEATH

  Poems of Solitude in Vermont 99

  Muerte 100

  Death 101

  Nocturno del hueco 102

  Nocturne of the Hole 103

  Paisaje con dos tumbas y tin perro asirio 108

  Landscape with Two Tombs and an Assyrian Dog 109

  Ruing 110

  Ruin 111

  Luna y panorama de los insectos (Poema de amor) 114

  Moon and Panorama of the Insects (Love Poem) 115

  VII. VUELTA A LA CIUDAD 120

  VII. RETURN TO THE CITY 121

  New York (Oficina y Denuncia) 122

  New York (Office and Denunciation) 123

  Cementerio judio 128

  Jewish Cemetery 129

  Pequeno poema infinito 132

  Small Infinite Poem 133

  Crucifixion 136

  Crucifixion 137

  VIII. DOS ODAS 140

  VIII. TWO ODES 141

  Grito hacia Roma (desde la torre del Chrysler Building) 142

  Cry Toward Rome (From the Tower of the Chrysler Building) 143

  Oda a Walt Whitman 148

  Ode to Walt Whitman 149

  IX. HUIDA DE NUEVA YORK

  Dos valses hacia la civilizaci6n 158

  IN. FLIGHT FROM NEW YORK

  Two Waltzes Toward Civilization 159

  Pequeno vals vienes 160

  Small Viennese Waltz 161

  Vats en las ramas 164

  Waltz in the Branches 165

  X. EL POETA LLEGA A LA HABANA 168

  X. THE POET ARRIVES IN HAVANA 169

  Son de negros en Cuba 170

  Son of Blacks in Cuba 171

  Acknowledgments 175

  Notes on the Poems 177

  Father Reading 183

  Foreword

  Federico Garcia Lorca spent a critical nine months in New York (June 1929-March 1930), and created from the experience an indelible work of art, an agonized spiritual tribute to the urban milieu, a ferocious testament. Lorca was extremely energized and deeply appalled by the city he discovered-its "extrahuman architecture and furious rhythm," its "geometry and anguish"-and the work he left behind still carries a sense of shock and surprise, a weird feeling of recognition, after all this time.

  Pablo Medina and Mark Statman have given us a marvelous new version of Lorca's anguished masterpiece, Poet in New York. The destruction of the twin towers of the World Trade Center, the wake of September It, 2001, sent them back to the great poetry of New York City, especially Lorca's fiery symphonic cycle, which was mostly created in the midst of the Great Depression. Lorca spoke of "a poet in New York," but he recognized that he might just as well have said "New York in a poet." So, too, we might say that New York has lived inside these translators, two poets who have recast his work in the light of a traumatized American city. Lorca had at different times considered calling his book The City (La Ciudad) and Introduction to Death (Introduccion a la muerte) and, indeed, death and the city are its twin inspiring presences, which is one of the reasons that Medina and Statman find it so disturbingly relevant. Their translation is a major reclamation. They have given us a Poet in New York for our time.

  Lorca always recalled his stay in New York as "one of the most useful experiences" of his life. It was his first trip abroad. He called New York "Senegal with machines" and said that all of his native Granada could fit into three skyscrapers. He felt "murdered by the sky." He was stunned by the vastness and scale of the city, which was for him a place where during the day people were mired in mindless games, fruitless labors, and at dusk poured into the streets in a human flood. Lorca's tenderness was affronted by the unforgiving angles and buildings. He was disoriented and carried off by the terrible rootlessness of the crowds, and he spoke of his unimaginable sadness, of being an "armless poet, lost/in the vomiting crowd." Lorca's vision of the crowd was influenced both by Walt Whitman who, he said, "searched it for solitudes" and by T. S. Eliot who squeezed everything out of it "like a lemon." Poet in New York is part "Song of Myself," part "The Waste Land."

  The poet in Lorca's urban cycle is an intense flaneur- enraptured, enraged-who wanders all over New York City. Lorca's favorite neighborhood was Harlem, where he heard African American spirituals and jazz tunes that reminded him of Spanish folk music, especially his beloved canto jondo ("deep song"), traditional flamenco. His wanderings took him from the Upper West Side, where he lived in a series of residence halls at Columbia University, to Coney Island ("Landscape of the Vomiting Crowd"); he found his way from Riverside Drive to Battery Place ("Landscape of the Urinating Crowd") and over the Brooklyn Bridge ("City Without Sleep"). He was on Wall Street on the day of the stock market crash and afterward claimed to have seen six people commit suicide during Black Tuesday. There he felt, to an unprecedented degree, "
the sensation of real death, death without hope." Lorca was staggered by the suffering around him, the greed, the anthropocentrism of urban life, and he responded with a series of phantasmagoric images, such as the opening of his "Nocturne of the Brooklyn Bridge":

  "I have come from the countryside," Lorca said, "and do not believe that man is the most important thing of all." He was dumbfounded by the daily slaughter of animals, which he described as "a river of tender blood." He captured his disgust in "New York (Office and Denunciation)," where he wrote: "Every day in New York, they slaughter/four million ducks,/five million pigs,/two thousand doves for the pleasure of the dying,/a million cows,/a million lambs,/and two million roosters/that leave the sky in splinters." He denounces "the endless trains of milk,/the endless trains of blood," and becomes a bitter prophet who works himself into a frenzy of condemnation and offers himself up as a sacrifice:

  "Being born in Granada," Lorca once said, "has given me a sympathetic understanding of all those who are persecuted-the Gypsy, the black, the Jew, the Moor, which all Grandians have inside them." He identified with those on the edges, the periphery. Lorca was thunderstruck by the racism he found in the New World ("Oh Harlem! Harlem!/There is no anguish compared to your oppressed reds"), and the theme of racial injustice, of social inequity, runs like a current through Poet in New York. He wanted to write, as he put it, "the poem of the black race in North America," and he struggled to understand, as he later told an interviewer, "a world shameless and cruel enough to divide people by color when in fact color is the sign of God's artistic genius."

  The city Lorca discovered on his many solitary walks becomes in his book a prototype of the twentieth-century urban world. Lorca's diagnosis still holds as he inveighs against our hos tility to nature, "the painful slavery of both men and machines," the agonizing social injustice, and the indifference to suffering that seems to permeate the very atmosphere. Yet there is also a great exuberance underlying Lorca's nocturnes and morning songs, his furious rambles that took him all over New York City. The testament he left behind is a fierce indictment of the modern world incarnated in city life, but it is also a wildly imaginative and joyously alienated declaration of residence.

  -Edward Hirsch

  Introduction

  Already a well-known poet and dramatist in his native Spain, Federico Garcia Lorca arrived in New York in August 1929, at age thirty-one, in time to witness the collapse of the stock market that sent the city into a tailspin and much of the world into the Great Depression. That October he experienced firsthand the despair of people who had lost everything. He saw the suicides splayed on the sidewalks. He sensed a city on the verge of moral and spiritual collapse. Depressed and grieving over the results of a broken love affair, Lorca had been eager to reach the city and throw himself into its streets. He had read accounts of the grandeur, bustle, and diversity of the great metropolis and seen its images projected on movie screens. What he found had little to do with what he had read or seen. New York was larger and more consuming than any other city he knew. It was abrasive, dirty, caustic, cold, shadowy, and dangerous; in short, it was an analog of hell as terrifying as any depicted in literature or art to that time. All of what he experienced on the streets of the city, however, paled before the horror he felt on Wall Street, where, he wrote in an essay, "rivers of gold arrived from all parts of the earth, and with it death. Nowhere else on earth but there can one feel the total absence of the spirit." Coming to rid himself of grief, he encounters an abundance of grief; coming to witness the power of human endeavor, he finds inhumanity, tragedy, failure.

  Seventy years later, those of us who had seen the twin towers of the World Trade Center rise over the cityscape and accepted them, reluctantly, as symbols of New York's vigor and permanence found it difficult to witness how easily they came down, how the raw materials of our daily lives-glass, steel, concrete, and human flesh-could, in the space of two hours, turn to rubble: "Murdered by the sky./Among the forms that move toward the snake/and the forms searching for crystal...." Their weakness was our weakness, their impermanence our impermanence. For weeks after the disaster, smoke and dust filled the air, and the prevailing winds carried them uptown to the Bronx, east toward Brooklyn and Queens, west toward New Jersey. That smoke had the strangest smell of wrecked buildings and decaying bodies, which we tried to avoid by closing our windows, by wearing ineffective felt masks, or by holding handkerchiefs to our faces. New York had received a deep wound and we felt those airplanes reach inside us, crash, and burn through our stin-filled morning again and again:

  Seeking solace we read the literature of New York: the poetry of Whitman, the chronicles of Jose Marti, Hart Crane's "The Bridge," E. B. White's extraordinary essay, "Here Is New York," the myriad novels and plays the city has inspired; and we dove into Ginsberg, Corso, Koch, O'Hara-in short, into the body of work that informs and defines the spiritual fabric of our city. Then we came to Garcia Lorca's Poet in New York and saw reflected in this book the range of emotions we ourselves felt and images strangely reminiscent of the ones we witnessed on September 11 and its aftermath.

  One afternoon a couple of years later, we realized a new translation of Poet in New York was needed that showed the city, not just as it was then but as it became after September 11, riven by tragedy, burdened by rage, humbled by grief. Who would be better suited to the job than two NewYork poets, neither of whom was a professional translator or scholar but who were for decades (still are) devoted readers of Lorca?

  While Lorca could have admitted defeat and returned home soon after his arrival in 1929, instead he confronted the city and in so doing he faced the sources of his grief and the repositories of his fears, a New York transformed into Lorca, a Lorca transformed into New York. As he himself wrote, "I have said a poet in New York, and I should have said, `New York in a poet."' Stripped bare, made vulnerable before this new world, Lorca kept his anguish from his family and in frequent letters home he chronicled a time filled with friends and parties, visits and discoveries. But his struggles with New York were real. Through poetry he discovered a way to contain and shape the experience, offering not so much a shield for protection as a way into himself and a conduit through the heartless modern megalopolis. Lorca's journey not only led to some of his finest writ ing, it also provided him with ways to address personal and social issues that would continue the rest of his shortlife. He became much less ambivalent about his homosexuality, more accepting of his conflicted but nevertheless deeply held religious faith, and deeply critical of the destructive capacity of unchecked industry and capitalism. Like a performer of cante jondo, or deep song, an especially emotive form of flamenco, he ended tip struggling with duende, that mysterious force that underlies all great art, his own particular duende as well as that of the city. As Lorca wrote in "Play and Theory of the Duende," duende leads neither to victory nor defeat; it is not a protective cloak or a fiery sword. And it certainly is not diversion. It doesn't keep "the lobsters of arsenic" from falling on your head. Duende wounds and with the wounding comes creation, the poem "baptizing with dark waters all who behold it."

  When Lorca left New York for Cuba in 1930 he was not fleeing duende. It had come and gone, perhaps never to return again. In Cuba he found forms of music and dance-we should say forms of living-that were parallel to those he found among the North American blacks in the Harlem he so admired: "Blacks ... are among the most spiritual and delicate [beings] of that world. Because they believe, because they hope, because they sing, and because they have a truly religious lassitude...." And in those Cuban roots he encountered echoes and convergences of flamenco, of Hispanic notes embedded among African rhythms. As he approached Cuba he asked, "What is this? Once again Spain? Once again the global Andalusia?" In Cuba he discovered the Spanish duende and the African duende joined at the hip. Through his experiences in New York, through duende, he had discovered himself, wounded and wiser, a fuller man and a greater poet.

  The great poets speak to each other, across
time and language and they echo each other, not always consciously. To find Lorca's poetic peers we must look to Dante, Blake, Baudelaire, and Eliot. Dante's travels through the Inferno, like Eliot's through the Wasteland, are not unlike Lorca's through New York. His sense of innocence and experience, mediated by the imagination and driven to engage and understand the physical and spiritual world, echoes Blake. And his view of reality in which good and evil are in a continual dance, at times so manic they blur together, brings us to Baudelaire.

  Lorca was not in any strict sense a man of politics, a poet of the political. He did not belong to any political party or subscribe to a particular ideology. He was, however, a man of deeply held convictions. From a very early age he felt a special bond to the peasants and gypsies, the common people of his native Andalusia. He witnessed the dire poverty in which they lived and was privy to the sordid conditions under which they functioned daily. For hundreds of years Spain had ignored the backbone of its population, the agrarian poor, who lived away from the centers of culture, such as Madrid and Barcelona. Lorca was a steadfast supporter of the Spanish Republic and in the 1930s, at a time when the republic was being challenged by the Nationalists, who longed for a return of the monarchy, with government support he founded La Barraca, a grass-roots theater project that took classical and contemporary plays, including his own, to all corners of Spain. Such an association, no matter that it was on behalf of Spanish culture, an immense source of pride for all Spaniards despite their political affiliation, was one of the factors that contributed to Lorca's murder.

  In July 1936, long after Lorca returned from his trip to New York and Cuba, the tensions between loyalist supporters of the See and Spanish Republic and the Nationalists spilled over into open civil war. The following month Lorca was apprehended by a group of disaffected Nationalists and taken to the village of Viznar, a place notorious as an execution site. At dawn on the nineteenth of August, Lorca, along with a teacher and two anarchist bullfighters, was taken to a place called Fuente Grande and executed.